Variabilidade dos testes de adequação da diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua

Os testes de adequação da diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua – (CAPD) e a determinação das características de transporte de solutos pela membrana peritoneal são muito importantes para a prescrição e avaliação da dose de diálise, assim como para a individualização da prescrição. Esses testes fornecem informações objetivas e permitem uma monitorização da dose de diálise oferecida para o paciente. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a variabilidade e reprodutibilidade dos testes de adequação da CAPD − depuração fracional de uréia (KT/V) e depuração de creatinina total semanal (D cr total semanal), assim como, a taxa de catabolismo protéico (PCR) – e do teste de equilíbrio peritoneal (PET), em pacientes em programa regular de CAPD nos ambulatórios de Nefrologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria. Foram incluídos 24 pacientes e efetuadas três avaliações consecutivas, com realização dos testes de adequação da diálise e do teste de equilíbrio peritoneal em cada avaliação. O intervalo entre a avaliação I e II foi de 43,3 ± 23,4 dias e entre a avaliação II e III foi de 66,2 ± 42,8 dias. Em cada avaliação foram coletados dialisado e urina de 24 horas para dosagem de creatinina e uréia. Amostra de sangue foi coletada no final da coleta de 24 horas para dosagem de uréia e creatinina. Foi medido o volume de dialisado e de urina de 24 horas. No final da coleta de 24 horas foi realizado o teste de equilíbrio peritoneal (PET), com uma solução de diálise com concentração de 2,5% e com duração de quatro horas. Com esses resultados, foi possível calcular cada teste e realizar a análise estatística. Na avaliação I , os testes de adequação da CAPD apresentaram médias de KT/V de 2,15 ± 0,44; D cr total semanal de 66,8 ± 14,5 litros/semana; PCR de 55,5 ± 16,0 g/dia e PCRn de 1,04 ± 0,21 g/kg/dia. Na avaliação II, os testes apresentaram médias de KT/V de 2,11 ± 0,39; D cr total semanal de 65,3 ± 13,3 litros/semana; PCR de 55,0 ± 14,6 g/dia e PCRn de 1,03 ± 0,23 g/kg/dia. Na avaliação III, as médias foram: para o KT/V, 2,18 ± 0,35; para Dcr total semanal, 63,0 ± 11,4 litros/semana; para PCR, 55,2 ± 16,7 g/dia e para PCRn, 1,05 ± 0,25 g/kg/dia. A comparação entre as médias foi feita pelo teste de análise de variância e comparações múltiplas. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as três avaliações consecutivas. A variabilidade dos testes de adequação da CAPD foi analisada através do coeficiente de variação, a concordância de cada teste, em cada avaliação, foi feita pelo teste de concordância de kappa e a associação, pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado. O KT/V apresentou coeficiente de variação média (CV%) de 9,78%; a D cr total semanal teve coeficiente de variação média de 8,84%; a PCR apresentou CV% médio de 7,74% e a PCRn teve CV% médio de 7,09%. Esses testes mostraram uma fraca a média concordância e não mostraram associação entre as três avaliações. Os componentes do teste de equilíbrio peritoneal apresentaram os seguintes coeficientes de variação: relação glicose dialisado T4/T0 de 20,2%; relação creatinina dialisado T4/creatinina plasmática T4 de 14,1%; e volume drenado na quarta hora de 5,0%. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as três avaliações consecutivas. A relação da glicose apresentou a maior variabilidade, seguida pela relação da creatinina e pelo volume de dialisado drenado na quarta hora. O teste de equilíbrio peritoneal não foi reproduzível. Em apenas 20% dos testes, foi possível classificar os pacientes quanto às características de transporte peritoneal, considerando os três critérios, nas três avaliações. Em 80% dos testes, a classificação foi feita por dois critérios coincidentes ou pela relação dialisado plasmática da creatinina. Na classificação final, a maioria dos testes de equilíbrio peritoneal foram médio alto e médio baixo transportadores. Os resultados mostram que os testes de adequação da CAPD e o PET não apresentam diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as três avaliações consecutivas. A variabilidade dos testes de adequação da diálise foi de 8 a 10%. A função renal residual apresentou variabilidade muito mais elevada que a depuração peritoneal. Os testes de adequação da CAPD também apresentam fraca a boa concordância, considerando as três avaliações. Essa variabilidade pode ser clinicamente significativa e deve ser considerada na avaliação e prescrição dos pacientes em CAPD.

Peritoneal fluid changes in horses subjected to small colon distension

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Características celulares e bioquímicas do líquido peritoneal de equinos submetidos à obstrução experimental do duodeno, íleo e cólon maior

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Immunomodulatory Effects of Palladium(II) Complexes of 1,2,4-Triazole on Murine Peritoneal Macrophages

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Nutritional evaluation of stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em diálise apresentam alta prevalência de desnutrição proteico-energética. Não existe ainda um método uniforme para avaliar o estado nutricional desses pacientes. Recomenda-se a aplicação de um conjunto de métodos subjetivos e objetivos para se chegar aos diagnósticos nutricionais adequados. O objetivo deste estudo é traçar o perfil nutricional de pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal descritivo realizado na Unidade de Tratamento Dialítico de Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil, em 2008. MÉTODOS: 48 pacientes tiveram seus indicadores antropométricos e bioquímicos caracterizados, sendo também submetidos ao questionário Avaliação Global Subjetiva modificada (SGAm), verificando-se possíveis correlações entre esses indicadores. RESULTADOS: A frequência de desnutrição moderada e grave variou de 22% a 54%, de acordo com o parâmetro utilizado. Com relação à adequação do peso ideal, 29% da amostra estavam com porcentagem de adequação abaixo do percentil 75, classificados como portadores de desnutrição moderada e grave. As correlações mais significativas foram observadas entre índice de massa corporal (IMC) e adequações de prega triciptal (PCT), circunferência do braço (CB) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB); e entre o SGAm e adequações de CB e CMB. CONCLUSÃO: A desnutrição apresentou grande variabilidade de frequência entre os pacientes de acordo com o critério escolhido para avaliação. O acompanhamento nutricional de rotina e a validação de métodos que avaliem a composição corporal desses pacientes são de extrema importância para diagnosticar precocemente a desnutrição e assim prevenir complicações e reduzir as taxas de morbimortalidade nesta população.

TNF-alpha, H2O2 and NO response of peritoneal macrophages to Yersinia enterocolitica O : 3 derivatives

In this study, the effect of Yersinia derivatives on nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by murine peritoneal macrophages was investigated. Addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the macrophage culture resulted in NO production that was dose dependent. on the other hand, bacterial cellular extract (CE) and Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) had no effect on NO production. The possible inhibitory effect of Yops on macrophage cultures stimulated with LPS was investigated. Yops partially inhibited NO production (67.4%) when compared with aminoguanidine. The effects of Yersinia derivatives on H2O2 production by macrophages were similar to those on NO production. LPS was the only derivative that stimulated H2O2 release in a dose-dependent manner. All Yersinia derivatives provoked the production of TNF-alpha, but LPS had the strongest effect, as observed for NO production. CE and Yops stimulated TNF-alpha production to a lesser extent than LPS. The results indicate the possibility that in vivo Yops may aid the evasion of the bacteria from the host defense mechanism by impairing the secretion of NO by macrophages. (C) 2003 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Influence of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis outer proteins (Yops) on interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages

An essential key to pathogenicity in Yersinia is the presence of a 70 kb plasmid (pYV) which encodes a type-III secretion system and several virulence outer proteins whose main function is to enable the bacteria to survive in the host. Thus, a specific immune response is needed in which cytokines are engaged. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) released by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis on the production of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO) by murine peritoneal macrophages. To this end, female Swiss mice were infected intravenously with wild-type Y pseudotuberculosis or with mutant strains unable to secrete specific Yops (YopE, YopH, YopJ, YopM, and YpkA). on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after infection, the animals were sacrificed and the cytokines and NO were assayed in the peritoneal macrophages culture supernatants. A fall in NO production was observed during the course of infection with all the strains tested, though during the infection with the strains that did not secrete YopE and YopH, the suppression occurred later. There was, in general, an unchanged or sometimes increased production of TNF-alpha between the 7th and the 21st day after infection, compared to the control group, followed by an abrupt decrease on the last day of infection. The IL-12 production was also suppressed during the infection, with most of the strains tested, except with those that did not secrete YopJ and YopE. The results suggest that Yops may suppress IL-12, TNF-alpha, and NO production and that the most important proteins involved in this suppression are YopE and YopH. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Peritoneal pseudomyxoma associated with synchronic malignant mucinous neoplasias of the cecum, appendix and rectum: case report and review of the literature

O pseudomixoma peritoneal é uma condição patológica que acomete o peritoneo, caracterizada pela produção de grandes quantidades de líquido mucinoso, que progressivamente preenche a cavidade peritoneal, tendo em geral como origem tumores mucinosos apendiculares ou de ovário. Relatamos a ocorrência de um pseudomixoma peritoneal associado a adenocarcinoma mucinoso do apêndice sincrônico e adenocarcinoma do reto em paciente de 44 anos, cujo diagnóstico inicial foi de adenocarcinoma do reto. A neoplasia do apêndice e o pseudomixoma peritonial foram achados incidentais, intra-operatórios. Enfocamos as principais características anatomo-patológicas das lesões, o diagnóstico e tratamento, através de ampla revisão da literatura.

Can Delivery Dialysis Dose Affect Survival of Acute Kidney Injury Patients?

Intensity of dialysis dose in acute kidney injury (AKI) might benefit critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) dose on mortality in patients with AKI. Methods: Prospective observational study was performed on AKI patients treated with IHD. The delivered dialysis dose per session was calculated based on single-pool Kt/V urea. Patients were allocated in two groups according to the weekly delivered median Kt/V: higher intensity dialysis dose (HID: Kt/V higher than median) and lower intensity dialysis dose (LID: Kt/V lower than median). Thereafter, AKI patients were divided according to the presence or absence of sepsis and urine output. Clinical and lab characteristics and survival of AKI patients were compared. Results: A total of 121 AKI patients were evaluated. Forty-two patients did not present with sepsis and 45 did not present with oliguria. Mortality rate after 30 days was lower in the HID group without sepsis (14.3% x 47.6%; p = 0.045) and without oliguria (31.8% x 69.5%; p = 0.025). Survival curves also showed that the HID group had higher survival rate when compared with the LID group in non-septic and non-oliguric patients (p = 0.007 and p = 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: Higher dialysis doses can be associated with better survival of less seriously ill AKI patients.

When is dialysis indicated in acute kidney injury?

The indications for dialysis in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), as well as the dose and timing of initiation, remain uncertain. Recent data have suggested that early initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) may be associated with decreased mortality but not with the recovery of kidney function. A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level of 75 mg/dL is a useful indicator for dialysis in asymptomatic patients, but one that is based on studies with limitations. Different parameters, including absolute and relative indicators, are needed. Currently, nephrologists should consider the trajectory of disease, and the clinical condition and prognosis of the patient are more important than numerical values in the decision to initiate dialysis.

Killing of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha activated murine peritoneal macrophages: evidence of H(2)O(2) and NO effector mechanisms

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a deep mycosis, endemic in Latin America, caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Macrophage activation by cytokines is the major effector mechanism against this fungus. This work aimed at a better understanding of the interaction between yeast cells-murine peritoneal macrophages and the cytokine signals required for the effective killing of high virulence yeast-form of P. brasiliensis. In addition, the killing effector mechanisms dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates were investigated. Cell preincubation with IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha, at adequate doses, resulted in effective yeast killing as demonstrated in short-term (4-h) assays. Both, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha activation were associated with higher levels of H(2)O(2) and NO when compared to nonactivation. Treatment with catalase (CAT), a H(2)O(2) scavenger, and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, reverted the killing effect of activated cells. Taken together, these results suggest that both oxygen and L-arginine-nitric oxide pathways play a role in the killing of highly virulent P. brasiliensis.

Effect of age and abomasal puncture on peritoneal fluid, hematology, and serum biochemical analyses in young calves

The goals of this study were to evaluate techniques for collection of peritoneal fluid from calves, establish reference ranges for fibrinogen in peritoneal fluid during the 1st month of life, and determine if abomasal puncture would alter peritoneal fluid or hematologic variables. Twenty-two healthy Holstein calves underwent 3 peritoneal fluid collections on day 1, day 15, and day 30 of age. Fibrinogen concentration in peritoneal fluid was 0.20 g/dL and 0.10 g/dL (P < .05) for day 1 and day 30, respectively, and 0.10 at day 15 (P > .05) for calves without abomasal puncture. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was 0.60 g/dL and 0.70 g/dL (P < .05) for days 15 and 30, respectively, in calves without abomasal puncture. There were no significant differences (P <= .05) in peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, specific gravity, total and differential cell count, or erythrocyte counts between calves with or without abomasal puncture. We concluded that the reference ranges established for fibrinogen and total protein concentration are important for accurate evaluation of peritoneal fluid in calves for further comparison with similar-aged animals with gastrointestinal-tract or abdominal-cavity disease. Additionally, accidental abomasal puncture does not alter values of fibrinogen, total protein, and nucleated cell Count in peritoneal fluid and does not cause apparent clinical abnormalities.

Evaluation of cytologic and biochemical variables in blood, plasma, and peritoneal fluid from calves before and after umbilical herniorrhaphy

Objective-To establish reference intervals for cytologic and biochemical variables in peritoneal fluid, whole blood, and plasma in calves with congenital umbilical hernias (CUHs) before and after herniorrhaphy and to assess whether those variables in calves with CUHs were altered, compared with findings in clinically normal calves.Animals-20 Holstein calves with or without a CUH.Procedures-10 calves with CUHs underwent herniorrhaphy. Blood and peritoneal fluid samples from all 20 calves were collected for cytologic and biochemical analyses on days 0 (before surgery), 1, 3, 5, 7, and 15. Data from the 2 groups were compared.Results-Reference intervals for the variables of interest were established for each group, Before surgery, calves with CUHs had significantly greater plasma total protein concentration and creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase activities and peritoneal fluid specific gravity values, compared with values for calves without CUHs. At various time points after surgery, peritoneal fluid total protein concentration; fibrinogen concentration; nucleated cell, polymorphonuclear cell, and lymphocyte counts; specific gravity; and lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and CK activities in calves with CUHs were significantly different from values in calves without CUHs. Some plasma and blood variables leg, total protein concentration, neutrophil count, and CK activity were significantly different between the 2 groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Values of certain cytologic and biochemical variables in peritoneal fluid, blood, and plasma were different between calves with and without CUHs. Thus, determination of reference intervals for these variables is important for interpreting diagnostic test results in calves with CUHs. (Am J Vet Res 2009;70:423-432)