Studio di fattibilità di un impianto di condizionamento tramite sistema geotermico: il caso ospedale nuovo di Imola

L’obiettivo dell’elaborato è analizzare la fattibilità tecnica ed economica di un impianto di prelievo d’acqua da falda artesiana per lo scambio termico nell’impianto frigorifero centralizzato dell’ospedale civile nuovo di Imola. Esso provvede a fornire acqua refrigerata a tutte le unità di trattamento aria (u.t.a.) del complesso ospedaliero ed è finalizzato a garantire per ogni locale le specifiche condizioni igrometriche , nonchè il benessere degli operatori e dei pazienti della struttura. Il lavoro di progettazione ha riguardato il dimensionamento di componenti e reti idrauliche con l’ausilio del software “EPANET” (programma per la simulazione di reti idrauliche). L’idea che ha guidato il presente elaborato è stata la creazione di un “ciclo” dell’acqua tale per cui l’acqua di scarto delle torri evaporative viene utilizzata per l’irrigazione degli orti nei pressi dei quale sorge il pozzo e successivamente, va ad alimentare la falda stessa. Le scelte progettuali hanno quindi dovuto considerare questo importante vincolo e sono state tese alla minimizzazione dei consumi d’acqua e , quindi, alla sostenibilità ambientale dell’intero impianto. In generale, infatti non è detto che la soluzione economicamente più vantaggiosa lo sia anche dal punto di vista ambientale. La soluzione adottata con rilancio dell’acqua agli orti limita il prelievo medio giornaliero d’acqua di falda di 20 m3/gg durante il periodo estivo. E’stato dimostrato come il progetto sia tecnicamente fattibile e generi valore per l’impresa con indice di rendimento IR(VAN/Capitale investito) pari a 1,29 per i primi 20 anni e pari a 2,06 per n anni di funzionamento dell’impianto con un tempo di recupero del capitale investito pari a sei anni.

Atmospheric corrosion of quaternary bronzes (Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb): laboratory tests (accelerated ageing in wet & dry conditions)and field studies (the Bottego monument in Parma, Italy).

The interactions between outdoor bronzes and the environment, which lead to bronze corrosion, require a better understanding in order to design effective conservation strategies in the Cultural Heritage field. In the present work, investigations on real patinas of the outdoor monument to Vittorio Bottego (Parma, Italy) and laboratory studies on accelerated corrosion testing of inhibited (by silane-based films, with and without ceria nanoparticles) and non-inhibited quaternary bronzes are reported and discussed. In particular, a wet&dry ageing method was used both for testing the efficiency of the inhibitor and for patinating bronze coupons before applying the inhibitor. A wide range of spectroscopic techniques has been used, for characterizing the core metal (SEM+EDS, XRF, AAS), the corroded surfaces (SEM+EDS, portable XRF, micro-Raman, ATR-IR, Py-GC-MS) and the ageing solutions (AAS). The main conclusions were: 1. The investigations on the Bottego monument confirmed the differentiation of the corrosion products as a function of the exposure geometry, already observed in previous works, further highlighting the need to take into account the different surface features when selecting conservation procedures such as the application of inhibitors (i.e. the relative Sn enrichment in unsheltered areas requires inhibitors which effectively interact not only with Cu but also with Sn). 2. The ageing (pre-patination) cycle on coupons was able to reproduce the relative Sn enrichment that actually happens in real patinated surfaces, making the bronze specimens representative of the real support for bronze inhibitors. 3. The non-toxic silane-based inhibitors display a good protective efficiency towards pre-patinated surfaces, differently from other widely used inhibitors such as benzotriazole (BTA) and its derivatives. 4. The 3-mercapto-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (PropS-SH) additivated with CeO2 nanoparticles generally offered a better corrosion protection than PropS-SH.

Farm tourism: a cross-country empirical study in Germany and Italy

PROBLEM In the last few years farm tourism or agritourism as it is also referred to has enjoyed increasing success because of its generally acknowledged role as a promoter of economic and social development of rural areas. As a consequence, a plethora of studies have been dedicated to this tourist sector, focusing on a variety of issues. Nevertheless, despite the difficulties of many farmers to orient their business towards potential customers, the contribution of the marketing literature has been moderate. PURPOSE This dissertation builds upon studies which advocate the necessity of farm tourism to innovate itself according to the increasingly demanding needs of customers. Henceforth, the purpose of this dissertation is to critically evaluate the level of professionalism reached in the farm tourism market within a marketing approach. METHODOLOGY This dissertation is a cross-country perspective incorporating the marketing of farm tourism studied in Germany and Italy. Hence, the marketing channels of this tourist sector are examined both from the supply and the demand side by means of five exploratory studies. The data collection has been conducted in the timeframe of 2006 to 2009 in manifold ways (online survey, catalogues of industry associations, face-to-face interviews, etc.) according to the purpose of the research of each study project. The data have been analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis. FINDINGS A comprehensive literature review provides the state of the art of the main differences and similarities of farm tourism in the two countries of study. The main findings contained in the empirical chapters provide insights on many aspects of agritourism including how the expectations of farm operators and customers differ, which development scenarios of farm tourism are more likely to meet individuals’ needs, how new technologies can impact the demand for farm tourism, etc. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The value of this study is in the investigation of the process by which farmers’ participation in the development of this sector intersects with consumer consumption patterns. Focusing on this process should allow farm operators and others including related businesses to more efficiently allocate resources.

Coastal flood vulnerability assessment with geomatic methods: Test sites of western Thailand, Sydney (Australia) and aeolian islands (south tyrrhenian sea, Italy)

The work undertaken in this PhD thesis is aimed at the development and testing of an innovative methodology for the assessment of the vulnerability of coastal areas to marine catastrophic inundation (tsunami). Different approaches are used at different spatial scales and are applied to three different study areas: 1. The entire western coast of Thailand 2. Two selected coastal suburbs of Sydney – Australia 3. The Aeolian Islands, in the South Tyrrhenian Sea – Italy I have discussed each of these cases study in at least one scientific paper: one paper about the Thailand case study (Dall’Osso et al., in review-b), three papers about the Sydney applications (Dall’Osso et al., 2009a; Dall’Osso et al., 2009b; Dall’Osso and Dominey-Howes, in review) and one last paper about the work at the Aeolian Islands (Dall’Osso et al., in review-a). These publications represent the core of the present PhD thesis. The main topics dealt with are outlined and discussed in a general introduction while the overall conclusions are outlined in the last section.

Velocity structure and seismic anisotropy in the crust and upper mantle from Receiver Function analysis: three case studies in Italy

The research for this PhD project consisted in the application of the RFs analysis technique to different data-sets of teleseismic events recorded at temporary and permanent stations located in three distinct study regions: Colli Albani area, Northern Apennines and Southern Apennines. We found some velocity models to interpret the structures in these regions, which possess very different geologic and tectonics characteristics and therefore offer interesting case study to face. In the Colli Albani some of the features evidenced in the RFs are shared by all the analyzed stations: the Moho is almost flat and is located at about 23 km depth, and the presence of a relatively shallow limestone layer is a stable feature; contrariwise there are features which vary from station to station, indicating local complexities. Three seismic stations, close to the central part of the former volcanic edifice, display relevant anisotropic signatures­­­ with symmetry axes consistent with the emplacement of the magmatic chamber. Two further anisotropic layers are present at greater depth, in the lower crust and the upper mantle, respectively, with symmetry axes directions related to the evolution of the volcano complex. In Northern Apennines we defined the isotropic structure of the area, finding the depth of the Tyrrhenian (almost 25 km and flat) and Adriatic (40 km and dipping underneath the Apennines crests) Mohos. We determined a zone in which the two Mohos overlap, and identified an anisotropic body in between, involved in the subduction and going down with the Adiratic Moho. We interpreted the downgoing anisotropic layer as generated by post-subduction delamination of the top-slab layer, probably made of metamorphosed crustal rocks caught in the subduction channel and buoyantly rising toward the surface. In the Southern Apennines, we found the Moho depth for 16 seismic stations, and highlighted the presence of an anisotropic layer underneath each station, at about 15-20 km below the whole study area. The moho displays a dome-like geometry, as it is shallow (29 km) in the central part of the study area, whereas it deepens peripherally (down to 45 km); the symmetry axes of anisotropic layer, interpreted as a layer separating the upper and the lower crust, show a moho-related pattern, indicated by the foliation of the layer which is parallel to the Moho trend. Moreover, due to the exceptional seismic event occurred on April 6th next to L’Aquila town, we determined the Vs model for two station located next to the epicenter. An extremely high velocity body is found underneath AQU station at 4-10 km depth, reaching Vs of about 4 km/s, while this body is lacking underneath FAGN station. We compared the presence of this body with other recent works and found an anti-correlation between the high Vs body, the max slip patches and earthquakes distribution. The nature of this body is speculative since such high velocities are consistent with deep crust or upper mantle, but can be interpreted as a as high strength barrier of which the high Vs is a typical connotation.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry in Italy Wide-field VLBI imaging and astrometry and prospects for an Italian VLBI network including the Sardinia Radio Telescope

In this thesis the use of widefield imaging techniques and VLBI observations with a limited number of antennas are explored. I present techniques to efficiently and accurately image extremely large UV datasets. Very large VLBI datasets must be reduced into multiple, smaller datasets if today’s imaging algorithms are to be used to image them. I present a procedure for accurately shifting the phase centre of a visibility dataset. This procedure has been thoroughly tested and found to be almost two orders of magnitude more accurate than existing techniques. Errors have been found at the level of one part in 1.1 million. These are unlikely to be measurable except in the very largest UV datasets. Results of a four-station VLBI observation of a field containing multiple sources are presented. A 13 gigapixel image was constructed to search for sources across the entire primary beam of the array by generating over 700 smaller UV datasets. The source 1320+299A was detected and its astrometric position with respect to the calibrator J1329+3154 is presented. Various techniques for phase calibration and imaging across this field are explored including using the detected source as an in-beam calibrator and peeling of distant confusing sources from VLBI visibility datasets. A range of issues pertaining to wide-field VLBI have been explored including; parameterising the wide-field performance of VLBI arrays; estimating the sensitivity across the primary beam both for homogeneous and heterogeneous arrays; applying techniques such as mosaicing and primary beam correction to VLBI observations; quantifying the effects of time-average and bandwidth smearing; and calibration and imaging of wide-field VLBI datasets. The performance of a computer cluster at the Istituto di Radioastronomia in Bologna has been characterised with regard to its ability to correlate using the DiFX software correlator. Using existing software it was possible to characterise the network speed particularly for MPI applications. The capabilities of the DiFX software correlator, running on this cluster, were measured for a range of observation parameters and were shown to be commensurate with the generic performance parameters measured. The feasibility of an Italian VLBI array has been explored, with discussion of the infrastructure required, the performance of such an array, possible collaborations, and science which could be achieved. Results from a 22 GHz calibrator survey are also presented. 21 out of 33 sources were detected on a single baseline between two Italian antennas (Medicina to Noto). The results and discussions presented in this thesis suggest that wide-field VLBI is a technique whose time has finally come. Prospects for exciting new science are discussed in the final chapter.

Arte e commercio dell'arte. Le origini delle collezioni della cassa di risparmio in Bologna e il fondo di incisioni carraccesche della raccolta Casati

La ricerca ha mirato a ricostruire storicamente quali furono le motivazioni che, tra la fine del XIX e gli inizi del XX secolo, portarono gli amministratori della Cassa Risparmio in Bologna a progettare la creazione di un Museo d’arte e di Storia della città, delineandone quelli che furono i principali responsabili e protagonisti. Dall’analisi dei documenti conservati presso l’Archivio della Cassa di Risparmio è emerso uno studio approfondito dei protagonisti della politica artistica e culturale dell’Istituto, oltre che dei legami e delle relazioni intessute con le principali istituzioni cittadine. Lo studio si è progressivamente focalizzato su un particolare momento della storia di Bologna, quando, in seguito all’approvazione del Piano Regolatore del 1889, la città fu per oltre un trentennio sottoposta a radicali trasformazioni urbanistiche che ne cambiarono completamente l’aspetto. Tra i personaggi finora ignoti di questa storia è emerso il nome dell’ingegnere Giambattista Comelli, consigliere e vice segretario della banca alla fine del XIX secolo, che per primo, nel 1896, avanzò la proposta di creare un museo dell’Istituto. A differenza di quanto ritenuto sino ad oggi, questo avrebbe dovuto avere, nelle intenzioni originarie, esclusivamente funzione di riunire e mostrare oggetti e documenti inerenti la nascita e lo sviluppo della Cassa di Risparmio. Un museo, dunque, che ne celebrasse l’attività, mostrando alla città come la banca avesse saputo rispondere prontamente e efficacemente, anche nei momenti più critici, alle esigenze dei bolognesi. Personaggio oggi dimenticato, Comelli fu in realtà figura piuttosto nota in ambito cittadino, inserita nei principali sodalizi culturali dell’epoca, tra cui la Regia Deputazione di Storia Patria e il Comitato per Bologna Storico Artistica, assieme a quei Rubbiani, Cavazza e Zucchini, che tanta influenza ebbero, come vedremo in seguito, sugli orientamenti Si dovettero tuttavia aspettare almeno due decenni, affinché l’idea originaria di fondare un Museo della Cassa di Risparmio si evolvesse in un senso più complesso e programmatico. Le ricerche hanno infatti evidenziato che le Raccolte d’Arte della Cassa di Risparmio non avrebbero acquistato l’importanza e la consistenza che oggi ci è dato constatare senza l’intervento decisivo di un personaggio noto fino ad oggi soltanto per i suoi indubbi meriti artistici: Alfredo Baruffi. Impiegato come ragioniere della Cassa fin dai diciotto anni, il Baruffi divenne, una volta pensionato, il “conservatore” delle Collezioni della Cassa di Risparmio. Fu lui a imprimere un nuovo corso all’originaria idea di Comelli, investendo tutte le proprie energie nella raccolta di dipinti, disegni, incisioni, libri, incunaboli, autografi, fotografie e oggetti d’uso quotidiano, col proposito di creare un museo che raccontasse la storia di Bologna e delle sue ultime grandi trasformazioni urbanistiche. Attraverso l’attenta analisi dei documenti cartacei e il raffronto con le opere in collezione è stato quindi possibile ricostruire passo dopo passo la nascita di un progetto culturale di ampia portata. La formazione della raccolta fu fortemente influenzata dalle teorie neomedievaliste di Alfonso Rubbiani, oltre che dalla volontà di salvaguardare, almeno a livello documentario, la memoria storica della Bologna medievale che in quegli anni stava per essere irrimediabilmente cancellata. Le scelte che orientarono la raccolta dei materiali, recentemente confluiti per la maggior parte nelle Collezioni della Fondazione della Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna, acquistano, con questo studio una nuova valenza grazie alla scoperta degli stretti rapporti che Baruffi intrattenne coi principali rappresentanti della cerchia rubbianesca, tra cui Francesco Cavazza, Guido Zucchini e Albano Sorbelli. Con essi Baruffi partecipò infatti a numerosi sodalizi e iniziative quali il Comitato per Bologna Storico Artistica, la “Mostra Bologna che fu” e la società Francesco Francia, che segnarono profondamente l’ambiente culturale cittadino. La portata e la qualità delle scelte condotte da Baruffi nell’acquisto e raccolta dei materiali si rivela ancora oggi, a distanza di quasi un secolo, attenta e mirata per il ruolo documentario che le Raccolte avevano e hanno assunto quali preziose e spesso uniche testimonianze del recente passato cittadino. Esaminata tutta la documentazione inerente la nascita delle Raccolte, la ricerca si è ha successivamente concentrata sulla vicenda di acquisto del fondo delle incisioni carraccesche della collezione Casati. La prima parte del lavoro è consistita nel repertoriare e trascrivere tutti i documenti relativi alla transazione d’acquisto, avvenuta nel 1937, vicenda che per la sua complessità impegnò per molti mesi, in un fitto carteggio, Baruffi, la direzione della Cassa e l’antiquario milanese Cesare Fasella. Il raffronto tra documenti d’archivio, inventari e materiale grafico ha permesso di ricostituire, seppur con qualche margine di incertezza, l’intera collezione Casati, individuando quasi 700 incisioni e 22 dei 23 disegni che la componevano. L’ultima fase di studio ha visto l’inventariazione e la catalogazione delle 700 incisioni. Il catalogo è stato suddiviso per autori, partendo dalle incisioni attribuite con certezza ad Agostino e ai suoi copisti, per poi passare ad Annibale e a Ludovico e ai loro copisti. Le incisioni studiate si sono rivelate tutte di grande qualità. Alcuni esemplari sono inoltre particolarmente significativi dal punto di vista storico-critico, perché mai citati nei tre principali e più recenti repertori di stampe carraccesche. Lo studio si conclude con l’individuazione di una stretta correlazione tra il pensiero e della pratica operatività in qualità di archivista, museografo e opinionista, di un altrettanto decisivo protagonista della ricerca, lo storico dell’arte Corrado Ricci, la cui influenza esercitata nell’ambiente culturale bolognese di quegli anni è già sottolineata nel primo capitolo. La conclusione approfondisce i possibili raporti e legami tra Baruffi e Corrado Ricci i cui interventi attorno alla questione della tutela e della salvaguardia del patrimonio storico, artistico, e paesaggistico italiano furono fondamentali per la nascita di una coscienza artistica e ambientale comune e per il conseguente sviluppo di leggi ad hoc. Numerose furono infatti le occasioni d’incontro tra Baruffi e Ricci. Qesti fu socio onorario del Comitato per Bologna Storico Artistica, nonché, quando era già Direttore Generale delle Belle Arti, presidente della storica mostra “Bologna che fu”. Sia Ricci che Baruffi fecero inoltre parte di quelle iniziative volte alla difesa e alla valorizzazione del paesaggio naturale, inteso anche in un ottica di promozione turistica, che videro la nascita proprio in Emilia Romagna: nel 1889 nasce l’Associazione Pro Montibus et silvis, del 1906 è l’Associazione nazionale per i paesaggi e monumenti pittoreschi, del 1912 è la Lega Nazionale per la protezione dei monumenti naturali. Queste iniziative si concretizzarono con la fondazione a Milano nel 1913 del Comitato Nazionale per la difesa del paesaggio e i monumenti italici, costituitosi presso la sede del Touring Club Italiano. Quelle occasioni d’incontro, come pure gli scritti di Ricci, trovarono certamente un terreno fertile in Baruffi conservatore, che nella formazione delle Collezioni, come pure nelle sua attività di “promotore culturale”, ci appare oggi guidato dalle teorie e dall’esempio pratico dei due numi tutelari: Alfonso Rubbiani e Corrado Ricci. La ricerca di documentazione all’interno di archivi e biblioteche cittadine, ha infine rivelato che il ruolo svolto da Baruffi come “operatore culturale” non fu quello di semplice sodale, ma di vero protagonista della scena bolognese. Soprattutto a partire dal secondo decennio del Novecento, quando fors’anche a seguito della morte del “maestro” Rubbiani, egli divenne uno tra i personaggi più impegnati in iniziative di tutela e promozione del patrimonio artistico cittadino, antico e moderno che fosse, intese a condizionare la progettualità politica e culturale della città. In tale contesto si può ben arguire il ruolo che avrebbero assunto le Collezioni storico artistiche numismatiche, popolaresche, della Cassa di Risparmio, cui Baruffi dedicò tutta la sua carriera successiva.

Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS): An evaluation of success factors in the agricultural sector. The case of Italy's Emilia Romagna region.

Different tools have been used to set up and adopt the model for the fulfillment of the objective of this research. 1. The Model The base model that has been used is the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) adapted with the aim to perform a Benefit Cost Analysis. The AHP developed by Thomas Saaty is a multicriteria decision - making technique which decomposes a complex problem into a hierarchy. It is used to derive ratio scales from both discreet and continuous paired comparisons in multilevel hierarchic structures. These comparisons may be taken from actual measurements or from a fundamental scale that reflects the relative strength of preferences and feelings. 2. Tools and methods 2.1. The Expert Choice Software The software Expert Choice is a tool that allows each operator to easily implement the AHP model in every stage of the problem. 2.2. Personal Interviews to the farms For this research, the farms of the region Emilia Romagna certified EMAS have been detected. Information has been given by EMAS center in Wien. Personal interviews have been carried out to each farm in order to have a complete and realistic judgment of each criteria of the hierarchy. 2.3. Questionnaire A supporting questionnaire has also been delivered and used for the interviews . 3. Elaboration of the data After data collection, the data elaboration has taken place. The software support Expert Choice has been used . 4. Results of the Analysis The result of the figures above (vedere altro documento) gives a series of numbers which are fractions of the unit. This has to be interpreted as the relative contribution of each element to the fulfillment of the relative objective. So calculating the Benefits/costs ratio for each alternative the following will be obtained: Alternative One: Implement EMAS Benefits ratio: 0, 877 Costs ratio: 0, 815 Benfit/Cost ratio: 0,877/0,815=1,08 Alternative Two: Not Implement EMAS Benefits ratio: 0,123 Costs ration: 0,185 Benefit/Cost ratio: 0,123/0,185=0,66 As stated above, the alternative with the highest ratio will be the best solution for the organization. This means that the research carried out and the model implemented suggests that EMAS adoption in the agricultural sector is the best alternative. It has to be noted that the ratio is 1,08 which is a relatively low positive value. This shows the fragility of this conclusion and suggests a careful exam of the benefits and costs for each farm before adopting the scheme. On the other part, the result needs to be taken in consideration by the policy makers in order to enhance their intervention regarding the scheme adoption on the agricultural sector. According to the AHP elaboration of judgments we have the following main considerations on Benefits: - Legal compliance seems to be the most important benefit for the agricultural sector since its rank is 0,471 - The next two most important benefits are Improved internal organization (ranking 0,230) followed by Competitive advantage (ranking 0, 221) mostly due to the sub-element Improved image (ranking 0,743) Finally, even though Incentives are not ranked among the most important elements, the financial ones seem to have been decisive on the decision making process. According to the AHP elaboration of judgments we have the following main considerations on Costs: - External costs seem to be largely more important than the internal ones (ranking 0, 857 over 0,143) suggesting that Emas costs over consultancy and verification remain the biggest obstacle. - The implementation of the EMS is the most challenging element regarding the internal costs (ranking 0,750).

Detailed study of the seismotectonic setting in the Lucanian Apennines and surrounding areas (Southern Italy)

In this research work I analyzed the instrumental seismicity of Southern Italy in the area including the Lucanian Apennines and Bradano foredeep, making use of the most recent seismological database available so far. I examined the seismicity occurred during the period between 2001 and 2006, considering 514 events with magnitudes M ≥ 2.0. In the first part of the work, P- and S-wave arrival times, recorded by the Italian National Seismic Network (RSNC) operated by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), were re-picked along with those of the SAPTEX temporary array (2001–2004). For some events located in the Upper Val d'Agri, I also used data from the Eni-Agip oil company seismic network. I computed the VP/VS ratio obtaining a value of 1.83 and I carried out an analysis for the one-dimensional (1D) velocity model that approximates the seismic structure of the study area. After this preliminary analysis, making use of the records obtained in the SeSCAL experiment, I incremented the database by handpicking new arrival times. My final dataset consists of 15,666 P- and 9228 S-arrival times associated to 1047 earthquakes with magnitude ML ≥ 1.5. I computed 162 fault-plane solutions and composite focal mechanisms for closely located events. I investigated stress field orientation inverting focal mechanism belonging to the Lucanian Apennine and the Pollino Range, both areas characterized by more concentrated background seismicity. Moreover, I applied the double difference technique (DD) to improve the earthquake locations. Considering these results and different datasets available in the literature, I carried out a detailed analysis of single sub-areas and of a swarm (November 2008) recorded by SeSCAL array. The relocated seismicity appears more concentrated within the upper crust and it is mostly clustered along the Lucanian Apennine chain. In particular, two well-defined clusters were located in the Potentino and in the Abriola-Pietrapertosa sector (central Lucanian region). Their hypocentral depths are slightly deeper than those observed beneath the chain. I suggest that these two seismic features are representative of the transition from the inner portion of the chain with NE-SW extension to the external margin characterized by dextral strike-slip kinematics. In the easternmost part of the study area, below the Bradano foredeep and the Apulia foreland, the seismicity is generally deeper and more scattered and is associated to the Murge uplift and to the small structures present in the area. I also observed a small structure NE-SW oriented in the Abriola-Pietrapertosa area (activated with a swarm in November 2008) that could be considered to act as a barrier to the propagation of a potential rupture of an active NW-SE striking faults system. Focal mechanisms computed in this study are in large part normal and strike-slip solutions and their tensional axes (T-axes) have a generalized NE-SW orientation. Thanks to denser coverage of seismic stations and the detailed analysis, this study is a further contribution to the comprehension of the seismogenesis and state of stress of the Southern Apennines region, giving important contributions to seismotectonic zoning and seismic hazard assessment.

Finite-strain analysis in orthogneiss of the Gran Paradiso massif, Western Alps, Italy

A finite-strain study in the Gran Paradiso massif of the Italian Western Alps has been carried out to elucidate whether ductile strain shows a relationship to nappe contacts and to shed light on the nature of the subhorizontal foliation typical of the gneiss nappes in the Alps. The Rf/_ and Fry methods used on feldspar porphyroclasts from 143 augengneiss and 11 conglomerate samples of the Gran Paradiso unit (upper tectonic unit of the Gran Paradiso massif), as well as, 9 augengneiss (Erfaulet granite) and 3 quartzite conglomerate samples from the underlying Erfaulet unit (lower unit of the Gran Paradiso massif), and 1 sample from mica schist. Microstructures and thermobarometric data show that feldspar ductility at temperatures >~450°C occurred only during high-pressure metamorphism, when the rocks were underplated beneath the overriding Adriatic plate. Therefore, the finite-strain data can be related to high-pressure metamorphism in the Alpine subduction zone. The augen gneiss was heterogeneously deformed and axial ratios of the strain ellipse in XZ sections range from 2.1 to 69.8. The long axes of the finite-strain ellipsoids trend W/WNW and the short axes are subvertical associated with a subhorizontal foliation. The strain magnitudes do not increase towards the nappe contacts. Geochemical work shows that the accumulation of finite strain was not associated with any significant volume strain. Hence, the data indicate flattening strain type in the Gran Paradiso unit and constrictional strain type in the Erfaulet unit and prove deviations from simple shear. In addition, electron microprobe work was undertaken to determine if the analysed fabrics formed during high-P metamorphism. The chemistry of phengites in the studied samples suggests that deformation and final structural juxtaposition of the Gran Paradiso unit against the Erfaulet took place during high-pressure metamorphism. On the other hand, nappe stacking occurred early during subduction probably by brittle imbrication and that ductile strain was superimposed on and modified the nappe structure during high-pressure underplating in the Alpine subduction zone. The accumulation of ductile strain during underplating was not by simple shear and involved a component of vertical shortening, which caused the subhorizontal foliation in the Gran Paradiso massif. It is concluded that this foliation formed during thrusting of the nappes onto each other suggesting that nappe stacking was associated with vertical shortening. The primary evidence for this interpretation is an attenuated metamorphic section with high-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Gran Paradiso unit juxtaposed against the Erfaulet unit. Therefore, the exhumation during high-pressure metamorphism in the Alpine subduction zone involved a component of vertical shortening, which is responsible for the subhorizontal foliation within the nappes.

Finite element models of coseismic deformation due to the 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) and 2008 Wenchuan(China) earthquakes

The topic of my Ph.D. thesis is the finite element modeling of coseismic deformation imaged by DInSAR and GPS data. I developed a method to calculate synthetic Green functions with finite element models (FEMs) and then use linear inversion methods to determine the slip distribution on the fault plane. The method is applied to the 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake (Italy) and to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (China). I focus on the influence of rheological features of the earth's crust by implementing seismic tomographic data and the influence of topography by implementing Digital Elevation Models (DEM) layers on the FEMs. Results for the L’Aquila earthquake highlight the non-negligible influence of the medium structure: homogeneous and heterogeneous models show discrepancies up to 20% in the fault slip distribution values. Furthermore, in the heterogeneous models a new area of slip appears above the hypocenter. Regarding the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the very steep topographic relief of Longmen Shan Range is implemented in my FE model. A large number of DEM layers corresponding to East China is used to achieve the complete coverage of the FE model. My objective was to explore the influence of the topography on the retrieved coseismic slip distribution. The inversion results reveals significant differences between the flat and topographic model. Thus, the flat models frequently adopted are inappropriate to represent the earth surface topographic features and especially in the case of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.

Magma injections and destabilization of basaltic volcanoes: a numerical study. Application to La Reunion (Indian ocean, France) and Stromboli (Tyrrhenian sea, Italy)

Most basaltic volcanoes are affected by recurrent lateral instabilities during their evolution. Numerous factors have been shown to be involved in the process of flank destabilization occurring over long periods of time or by instantaneous failures. However, the role of these factors on the mechanical behaviour and stability of volcanic edifices is poorly-constrained as lateral failure usually results from the combined effects of several parameters. Our study focuses on the morphological and structural comparison of two end-member basaltic systems, La Reunion (Indian ocean, France) and Stromboli (southern Tyrrhenian sea, Italy). We showed that despite major differences on their volumes and geodynamic settings, both systems present some similarities as they are characterized by an intense intrusive activity along well-developed rift zones and recurrent phenomena of flank collapse during their evolution. Among the factors of instability, the examples of la Reunion and Stromboli evidence the major contribution of intrusive complexes to volcano growth and destruction as attested by field observations and the monitoring of these active volcanoes. Classical models consider the relationship between vertical intrusions of magma and flank movements along a preexisting sliding surface. A set of published and new field data from Piton des Neiges volcano (La Reunion) allowed us to recognize the role of subhorizontal intrusions in the process of flank instability and to characterize the geometry of both subvertical and subhorizontal intrusions within basaltic edifices. This study compares the results of numerical modelling of the displacements associated with high-angle and low-angle intrusions within basaltic volcanoes. We use a Mixed Boundary Element Method to investigate the mechanical response of an edifice to the injection of magmatic intrusions in different stress fields. Our results indicate that the anisotropy of the stress field favours the slip along the intrusions due to cointrusive shear stress, generating flank-scale displacements of the edifice, especially in the case of subhorizontal intrusions, capable of triggering large-scale flank collapses on basaltic volcanoes. Applications of our theoretical results to real cases of flank displacements on basaltic volcanoes (such as the 2007 eruptive crisis at La Reunion and Stromboli) revealed that the previous model of subvertical intrusions-related collapse is a likely mechanism affecting small-scale steeply-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Stromboli. Furthermore, our field study combined to modelling results confirms the importance of shallow-dipping intrusions in the morpho-structural evolution of large gently-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Piton de la Fournaise, Etna and Kilauea, with particular regards to flank instability, which can cause catastrophic tsunamis.