Knowledge and attitudes of health care workers from intensive care units regarding nosocomial transmission of influenza: a study on the immediate pre-pandemic period

The transmission of influenza in health care settings is a major threat to patients, especially those with severe diseases. The attitude of health care workers (HCWs) may influence the transmission of countless infections. The current study aimed to quantify knowledge and identify attitudes of HCWs involved in intensive care units (ICUs) regarding the risk of nosocomial influenza transmission. A questionnaire was applied through interviews to HCWs who worked in one of the five ICUs from a teaching hospital. Questions about influenza were deliberately dispersed among others that assessed several infectious agents. Forty-two HCWs were interviewed: nine physicians, ten nurses and 23 nursing technicians or auxiliaries. Among the 42 HCWs, 98% were aware of the potential transmission of influenza virus in the ICUs, but only 31% would indicate droplet precautions for patients with suspected infection. Moreover, only 31% of them had been vaccinated against influenza in the last campaign (2008). Nursing technicians or auxiliaries were more likely to have been vaccinated, both by univariate and multivariable analysis. When asked about absenteeism, only 10% of the study subjects stated that they would not go to work if they had an influenza-like illness. Those findings suggest that, in non-pandemic periods, influenza control in hospitals requires strategies that combine continuous education with changes in organizational culture.

Occurrence of pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients and the interference of the highly active antiretroviral therapy

From the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, pneumocystis pneumonia ( PCP) has been distinguished as one of the most frequent opportunistic diseases with high morbid-mortality. As from 1996, the advent of the highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART) has changed the characteristics of such epidemic by reducing its related diseases and, as a result, AIDS-related mortality. With the purpose to estimate PCP occurrence and HAART interference, 376 HIV-infected or AIDS patients were studied from January 1992 to December 2002. Among them, 58 ( 15.5%) PCP cases were found. There was a higher occurrence of PCP in the group of patients in which HAART was not used, with 40 ( 69.0%) of the episodes. As regards the studied period, a tendency to a linear reduction in annual PCP incidence was observed. The mean of T CD4+ lymphocytes in the patients with PCP ( 117 cells/mm(3)) was significantly lower when compared to that of the other individuals ( 325 cells/mm(3)). Therefore, this study suggests a temporal reduction in PCP occurrence related to HAART use with higher T CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Nevertheless, this opportunistic infection still shows significant incidence in AIDS patients. ( NCT00516581).

Risk factors for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in nonventilated adults

Although most recent publications focus on Ventilator-associated Pneumonia, Non-Ventilator-associated Hospital-acquired pneumonia (NVHAP) is still worrisome. We studied risk factors for NVHAP among patients admitted to a small teaching hospital. Sixty-six NVHAP case patients and 66 controls admitted to the hospital from November 2005 through November 2006 were enrolled in a case-control study. Variables under investigation included: demographic characteristics, comorbidities, procedures, invasive devices and use of medications (Sedatives, Antacids, Steroids and Antimicrobials). Univariate and multivariable analysis (hierarchical models of logistic regression) were performed. The incidence of NVHAP in our hospital was 0.68% (1.02 per 1,000 patients-day). Results from multivariable analysis identified risk factors for NVHAP: age (Odds Ratio[OR]=1.03, 95% Confidence Interval[CI]=1.01-1.05, p=0.002), use of Antacids (OR=5.29, 95%CI=1.89-4.79, p=0.001) and Central Nervous System disease (OR=3.13, 95%CI=1.24-7.93, p=0.02). Although our findings are coherent with previous reports, the association of Antacids with NVHAP recalls a controversial issue in the physiopathology of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia, with possible implications for preventive strategies.

Antibiotic treatment schemes for very severe community-acquired pneumonia in children: a randomized clinical study

Objective. To compare clinical response to initial empiric treatment with oxacillin plus ceftriaxone and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid in hospitalized children diagnosed with very severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).Methods. A prospective randomized clinical study was conducted among children 2 months to 5 years old with a diagnosis of very severe CAP in the pediatric ward of São Paulo State University Hospital in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, from April 2007 to May 2008. Patients were randomly divided into two groups by type of treatment: an oxacillin/ceftriaxone group (OCG, n = 48) and an amoxicillin/clavulanic acid group (ACG, n = 56). Analyzed outcomes were: time to clinical improvement (fever and tachypnea), time on oxygen therapy, length of stay in hospital, need to widen antimicrobial spectrum, and complications (including pleural effusion).Results. The two groups did not differ statistically for age, sex, symptom duration before admission, or previous antibiotic treatment. Time to improve tachypnea was less among ACG patients than OCG patients (4.8 +/- 2.2 versus 5.8 +/- 2.4 days respectively; P = 0.028), as was length of hospital stay (11.0 +/- 6.2 versus 14.4 +/- 4.5 days respectively; P = 0.002). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups for fever improvement time, time on oxygen therapy, need to widen antimicrobial spectrum, or frequency of pleural effusion.Conclusions. Both treatment plans are effective in treating very severe CAP in 2-monthto 5-year-old hospitalized children. The only analyzed outcome that favored amoxicillin/clavulanic acid treatment was time required to improve tachypnea.

Soroprevalência da pneumonia progressiva ovina (Maedi-Visna) na região de Botucatu-SP

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Comparação da eficácia clínica da associação amoxicilina e ácido clavulânico com oxacilina e ceftriaxone para tratamento hospitalar de pneumonia comunitária grave em crianças: estudo clínico randomizado

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo microbiológico: amostragem de Cryptococcus sp em São José do Rio Preto/SP

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia - IBILCE

Estudo clínico, hemagasométrico e do estresse oxidativo em ovinos clinicamente sadios portadores de pneumonia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito da levofloxacina na microbiota intestinal de pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Pesquisa epidemiológica e molecular do vírus respiratório sincicial humano (VSRH) em amostras de pacientes hospitalizados com pneumonia, na cidade de Belém

A pneumonia e a bronquiolite na infância são as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo, sendo o Vírus Respiratório Sincicial Humano (VSRH) o principal agente viral. O VSRH está associado a surtos anuais de doenças respiratórias, onde a co-infecção bacteriana tem sido relatada. Este foi o primeiro estudo do VRSH em crianças hospitalizadas com Pneumonia Adquirida na Comunidade (PAC) em Belém, Pará (Norte do Brasil), que teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência da infecção pelo VSRH e avaliar as características clínicas e epidemiológicas dos pacientes. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em oito hospitais no período de novembro de 2006 a outubro de 2007. Foram testadas 1.050 amostras de aspirado nasofaríngeo para o VRSH, obtidas de crianças hospitalizadas com até três anos de idade com diagnóstico de PAC, pelo método da imunofluorescência direta e da reação em cadeia por polimerase após transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para identificação do subtipo viral. Foram obtidos resultados da dosagem de proteína C-reativa (PCR) e da cultura bacteriana. Resultados. A infecção pelo VSRH foi diagnosticada em 243 (23,1%) crianças. A idade média do grupo VRSH-positivo foi menor do que a do grupo VRSH-negativo (12,1 meses versus (vs) 15,5 meses, ambos com variância de 1-36 meses, p<0,001), enquanto que a distribuição por genero foi similar. O grupo VRSH-positivo apresentou menor dosagem (PCR) quando comparados ao grupo VRSH-negativo (15,3 vs 24.0 mg/dL, p<0,05). Os achados radiológicos confirmaram que 54,2% do grupo VRSH-positivo e 50,3% do grupo VRSH-negativo apresentavam infiltrado intersticial. A infecção bacteriana foi identificada predominantemente no grupo VRSH-positivo (10% vs 4,5%, p<0,05). Rinorréia e obstrução nasal foram predominantemente observadas no grupo VRSH-positivo. A co-circulação dos subtipos A e B foi observada, com predominância do subtipo B (209/227). A análise multivariada revelou que a idade de 1 ano (p<0,015), os níveis de PCR inferior a 48 mg/dL (p<0,001) e a co-infecção bacteriana (p<0,032) foram independentemente associados com a presença do VRSH em oposição ao grupo VRSH-negativo, e na análise dos sintomas, a obstrução nasal foi independentemente associada com o grupo VRSH-positivo (p<0,001). Conclusão. O presente estudo destaca a relevância da infecção por VSRH em casos hospitalizados de PAC em nossa região; nossos resultados justificam a realização de investigações adicionais que possam ajudar a elaborar estratégias para o controle da doença.

Estimating the average length of hospitalization due to pneumonia: a fuzzy approach

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Usual interstitial pneumonia and smoking-related interstitial fibrosis display epithelial to mesenchymal transition in fibroblastic foci

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Perfil de suscetibilidade, genes de resistência aos aminoglicosídeos e similaridade genética em amostras de Acinetobacter baumannii isoladas em um Hospital Terciário

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia - IBILCE

Infecção viral respiratória comunitária e hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas

Pós-graduação em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (Biotecnologia Médica) - FMB