The time variable in the calculation of building structures. How to extend the working life until the 100 years?

The idea that a building and consequently its structure is for a lifetime has stopped being a reference. CTE establishes that the life utility of a normal construction structure should be of 50years. If the time variable is introduced in the calculation of actions on structures, seems evident thatdifferent values can be used for a standard building, for a provisional structure with ≤ 10 years of life utility or for a monumental building with a life utility of 100 years. The present presentation follows at all moment, the directives and formulations given in the different structural Eurocodes, till the moment not included in the CTE. Finally the values of the actions that must be used to extend the life utility of a building until. 100 years will be deduced, also it suitability and e conomic feasibility will be discuss.

Houses built from accommodating cabins

The current economic crisis has meant, particularly in Spain, the almost cessation of new buildings construction. This deep crisis will mean in future an irreversible change in the Spanish construction model, based to date almost exclusively on the brick. After focusing on the Spanish property boom and examining its impact on the concept of housing (in a few years the house has moved forward from being contemplated exclusively as a primary good to be also considered a capital asset), we analyse the influence that this transformation has had on architecture (housing typology, building methods, the architectural profession and the architect training) and offers architectural alternatives –trough the university– to the present crisis. The project “Houses built from accommodating cabins” is part of a larger research within the line “Modular Architecture” developed by the Research Group “Design and Industrial Production”, belonging to the Technical University of Madrid, which aims to respond to the need for decent housing at an affordable price, by offering through Internet the plans, resources and other technical details required to build a house oneself. The proposed houses are built from the combination of industrially made modules (accommodation cabins, which are prefabricated modules usually used as provisional constructions in conventional building works), prefabricated subsystems and other catalogue components available on the market, all they set together by dry joints.

Optical nonlinearities at the interface between liquid crystal and glass: behavior of the transmitted beam.

During the past years a great interest has been devoted to the study of possible applications of non-linear interfaces, mainly in the field of Optical Bistability. Several papers have been published in this field, and some of them dealing with liquid crystals as non-linear material.

Empirical and analytical study of instabilities in hybrid optical bistable systems

As it is well known from the work by Gibbs et al., optical turbulence and periodic oscillations are easily seen in hybrid optical bistable devices when a delay is added to the feedback. Such effects, as it was pointed out by Gibbs, may be used to convert cw laser power into a train of light pulses.

Self-beating instabilities in bistable devices

Since the observation of optical bistability by Gibbs et al., optical bistability has been the field where researchers from many fields have found a common place to work. More recently, when Ikeda and co-workers discussed the effect of a delayed feedback on instability of a ring cavity containing a non linear dielectric medium, and pointed out that the transmitted light from the ring cavity can be periodic or chaotic in time under a certain condition, optical bistable devices have shown new possibilities to be applied in many different fields. The novel phenomenon has been predicted to be observed in the hybrid optical device and has been confirmed by Gibbs et al. Moreover, as we have shown, a similar effect can be obtained when liquid crystal cells are employed as non linear element.

Instabilities In hybrid optical bistable devices with nonlinear feedback

As we have shown,several output conditions can be obtained from a hybrid optical bistable device when twisted nematic liquid crystal cells are employed as nonlinear elements.

Modulación electro-óptica basada en dispositivos biestables con alimentación controlada

En este trabajo se muestra un nuevo método para modular radiación laser. Se basa en las propiedades electro-ópticas de los dispositivos ópticos biestables híbridos. Las ventajas son la posibilidad de mejorar los tiempos de respuesta y rebajar simultáneamente, el voltaje umbral.

Mejora de la relación señal-ruido en comunicaciones ópticas atmosféricas mediante dispositivos biestables electroópticos

Como es conocido por la literatura, los dispositivos ópticos biestables pueden tener un amplio uso en campos, como las comunicaciones ópticas, donde la extracción de señales a partir del ruido es necesitada. En este trabajo se comentan los resultados que se obtienen al enlazar dos puntos mediante comunicación óptica atmosférica, al emplear en recepción un dispositivo biestable electroóptico.

Aplicaciones de la biestabilidad óptica

The main application of hybrid Optical Bistable devices to optical Communication and Optical Computing are reported. The employed nonlinear has been liquid crystal that modelizes very well the general behaviour of OBD's.

Respuesta en paso banda en estructuras de cristal líquido impurificadas con Rodamina 6-G

Como es sabido, los cristales líquidos poseen la propiedad de orientarse en dominios inducidos por las condiciones de contorno, así como de sufrir reorientaciones por la acción de campos externos magnéticos, eléctricos u ópticos. Se conoce, asimismo, que la introducción de sustancias no mesomórficas en una estructura de cristal líquido no modifica apreciablemente su ordenación, a condición de que la impurificación realizada sea muy pequeña (10-2 -10-3 M típicamente). Las moléculas no mesomórficas son en este caso inducidas por los dominios de cristal líquido a orientarse a su vez, efecto este que puede ser detectado estudiando la absorción y/o emisión de luz polarizada de las mismas. La reorientación por campos externos, por su parte, sigue produciéndose cualitativamente de igual manera, aunque se producen variaciones en el voltaje umbral y/o tiempo de respuesta.

Limitación de la amplitud de pulsos láser mediante cristales líquidos

Uno de los problemas más habituales que se presentan cuando se emplean dispositivos biestables híbridos ópticos (BHO) para la limitación de señales láser y, consecuentemente, para la limitación de un cierto tipo de ruido es la derivada de que la curva que da la intensidad de salida en función de la de entrada (Iout/Iin), no ofrece un único valor de la intensidad de salida para diferentes valores de la de entrada, en la regiones externas al correspondiente ciclo de histéresis. La consecuencia de ello es que una de las principales aplicaciones de la BHO, que es la limitación o fijación del nivel de salida en un cierto valor, no se cumple en todo el margen de trabajo.

Obtención de impulsos láser de corta duración por modulación biestable híbrida

Durante los últimos años se ha desarrollado un considerable esfuerzo en el campo de los dispositivos ópticos biestables, capaces de realizar funciones como: ganancia diferencial, mejora de la relación señal/ruido en un sistema de comunicaciones ópticas, limitación de la señal de salida, memorias ópticas, generación de oscilaciones regenerativas, funciones lógicas AND y OR ópticas, entre otras.

Estudio de las trayectorias de una radiación monocromática a través de un capilar con cristal líquido esméctico

The thin lens method, used for the interpretation of interferometric data - obtained from smectic liquid cristals, has been modified. The analysis employed has - been derived from the one presented by Granjean. The theoretical results are in a good agreement with the experimentals values from other authors.

Magneto-Optical deflector with nematic liquid crystals

In this paper we report a new metod for optical switching based on the magneto-optical properties of liquid crystal materials. In order to improve previous response times, we used a wedge structure.

Cristales líquidos: dispositivos electroópticos de representación (II)

En este segundo artículo sobre cristales líquidos, se tratarán aquellos aspectos de los mismos que han encontrado aplicación práctica en dispositivos de visualización y conversores ópticos. Se darán sus aspectos más usuales para empleos convencionales y un estudio comparativo de los diferentes tipos.