Biology and conservation of the rare New Zealand land snail Paryphanta busbyi watti (Mollusca, Pulmonata)

The biology of Paryphanta busbyi watti, an endangered carnivorous land snail, was studied mostly by following large juvenile and adult snails with harmonic radar. The snails are nocturnally active and most (79%) hide during the day under leaf litter or in dense vegetation. Fecal analysis showed that the diet is primarily earthworms, but some cannibalism of smaller snails occurs. Empty shells appear to be an additional source of dietary calcium. Mating occurred most frequently between April and July. Mating snails stayed together for 4-7 days, and each pair reversed their positions at least twice. Four snails were first found mating 151-1240 d after they acquired adult shells, and 7 snails were observed mating a second time after 66-298 d. We found 8 nests and observed 6 snails ovipositing; 5 snails laid eggs in holes they dug and one laid eggs in a crevice between rocks. In 2 instances, oviposition was recorded 52 and 140 d after mating. Snails were estimated to lay on average similar to17.5 eggs per year in 3-5 clutches. Most oviposition was observed in August/September, but some occurred between November and February. Of the snails that died, pigs killed 13.6% and humans inadvertently killed another 13.6%. Other snails died from unknown causes mostly during the drier and warmer months, from November to April. This large land snail survives in the presence of introduced predators, but some life history traits could predispose it to a rapid decline in numbers if new predators arrive.

Sperm ultrastructure of the Actinocyclidae (Mollusca, Nudibranchia) and homology of the terminal region of nudibranch sperm

Sperm ultrastructure is examined and described for the actinocyclidid nudibranchs Actinocyclus verrucosus, Hallaxa iju and Hallaxa indecora. Although general characteristics were consistent with previously described heterobranch observations, present investigations revealed ultrastructural synapomorphies for the family based on the morphology of the terminal region of the spermatozoon. In actinocyclidids, the axonemal microtubules penetrate for some distance beyond the annulus, and the annular accessory body elongates to completely seal the terminal region. Chromodoris also has an annular accessory body that completely seals the axoneme and terminal region, but it does not extend far beyond the annulus, and it is possible that these states were derived independently. Cytochemical staining confirmed that there was no glycogen present in the posterior region of the sperm for H. indecora or Chromodoris kuniei. However, representatives of other chromodoridid genera (Noumea, Risbecia) have an axoneme that penetrates through the entire annular complex, after which it is sheathed by a glycogen deposit. Similarities in the acrosomal complex support the proposed sister group relationship between the Actinocyclidae and Chromodorididae.

Basal chromodorid sperm ultrastructure (Nudibranchia, Gastropoda, Mollusca)

The relationship between three genera considered basal in the Chromodorididae (Cadlina, Tyrinna, Cadlinella) has not yet been resolved by traditional morphological means. Here we examined the sperm ultrastructure of Tyrinna nobilis, Tyrinna evelinae, Cadlina flavomaculata and Cadlina cf. nigrobranchiata, with the expectation of finding phylogenetically informative characters. No Tyrinna or Cadlina species showed sperm similarities to Cadlinella. Both Cadlina species and Tyrinna nobilis (but not T. evelinae) exhibited coarse striations in the acrosomal pedestal. The putative fibers that occurred between the coarse striations of the pedestal are condensed into a layer in Cadlina and Tyrinna, but not in other species that also have coarse striations (Gymnodoris), and may constitute evidence for a close relationship. Tyrinna evelinae possessed fine acrosomal striations, which was shared with other Chromodorididae, Actinocyclidae and the cryptobranchs Rostanga and Aphelodoris. We also examined the sperm ultrastructure of 'Chromodoris' ambiguus, an animal which has shown molecular affinities to species of Cadlina, and not Chromodoris. The sperm of 'C'.' ambiguus did not exhibit the typical Cadlina characteristics, but also showed important differences to other investigated Chromodoris species.

Diversity of Symbiodinium dinoflagellate symbionts from the Indo-Pacific sea slug Pteraeolidia ianthina (Gastropoda : Mollusca)

The aeolid nudibranch Pteraeolidia ianthina hosts symbiotic dinoflagellates in the same way as many reef-building corals. This widespread Indo-Pacific sea slug ranges from tropical to temperate waters, and offers a unique opportunity to examine a symbiosis that occurs over a large latitudinal gradient. We used partial 28S and 18S nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA to examine the genetic diversity of the Symbiodinium dinoflagellates contained within F ianthina. We detected Symbiodinium from genetic clades A, B, C and D. P. ianthina from tropical regions (Singapore, Sulawesi) host Symbiodinium clade C or D or both; those from the subtropical eastern Australian coast (Heron Island, Mon Repo, Moreton Bay, Tweed Heads) host Symbiodinium clade C, but those from the temperate southeastern Australian coastline (Port Stephens, Bare Island) host clade A or B or both. The Symbiodinium populations within 1 individual nudibranch could be homogeneous or heterogeneous at inter- or intra-clade levels (or both). Our results suggested that the Pteraeolidia-Symbiodinium symbiosis is flexible and favours symbiont phylotypes best adapted for that environment. This flexibility probably reflects the function of the symbiont clade in relation to the changing environments experienced along the latitudinal range, and facilitates the large geographic range of P. ianthina.

Moluscos Holoplanctónicos (Mollusca: Heteropoda y Thecosomata) como indicadores de la variabilidad oceanográfica y del evento El Niño frente a Callao y Pisco, del 2013 al 2015.

Cambio Climático viene ejecutando el proyecto Estudio integrado del afloramiento costero frente a Perú, que abarca diferentes componentes y áreas de investigación con el fin de comprender el sistema de afloramiento costero, desde la interacción océano-atmósfera hasta el acoplamiento bento-pelágico, tanto en sus propiedades oceanográficas, su productividad, la relación con la Zona de Mínima de Oxígeno (ZMO) como en las comunidades asociadas que habitan la columna de agua y el sedimento a diferentes escalas de tiempo. En el caso del zooplancton, se estudia su variabilidad temporal y costa-océano en la composición y abundancia, con relación a la dinámica del afloramiento costero y la variabilidad oceanográfica asociada a El Niño. Dentro del zooplancton, el grupo de los moluscos holoplanctónicos conformados principalmente por los órdenes Heteropoda y Thecosomata son de particular interés, ya que son considerados buenos indicadores biológicos de masas de agua Cruz (1993). Este grupo presenta una amplia distribución oceánica en zonas tropicales y subtropicales y actualmente son tema de estudio de la comunidad científica internacional relacionado con el cambio climático, específicamente con la acidificación de los océanos, debido a sus características calcificantes. Este trabajo da a conocer la composición y abundancia de las especies de moluscos holoplanctónicos y su relación con las variables oceanográficas y eventos El Niño durante tres años 2013, 2014 y 2015 en el mar peruano frente a Callao y Pisco, entre 2 y 50 millas náuticas de la costa.

Distribución y abundancia de Opistobranchios (Mollusca) en el área natural protegida complejo Los Cóbanos, Sonsonate, El Salvador

Se estudió la distribución y abundancia de la fauna opistobranchia en cuatro estaciones de monitoreo ubicadas en cuatro playas que forman parte del Área Natural Protegida Complejo Los Cóbanos, siendo estas: playa Los Cóbanos, playa El Faro, playa La Privada y playa de Decameron (Salinitas); en el municipio de Acajutla, departamento de Sonsonate, El Salvador; durante los meses de diciembre de 2014, a abril de 2015. Se utilizó la metodología de transectos lineales de 300m perpendiculares a la costa, en la zona intermareal y cuadrantes de 10m2 aplicando conteos visuales con buceo libre. Se contabilizaron un total de 9 especies, pertenecientes a los órdenes anaspidea, sacoglossa, nudibranchia, cephalaspidea; con un total de 2728 individuos, de estos la especie más abundante fue Elysia diomedea, con 1417 individuos; seguida de Stilocheilus striatus con 1171 individuos. La playa con mayor riqueza de especies fue El Faro y con menor Los Cóbanos; se presentó una mayor abundancia en el mes de abril, y menor abundancia en el mes de febrero. Respecto a la distribución, el mayor número de individuos de Elysia diomedea fueron encontrados a los 200m, Estilocheilus striatus hasta los 200m presenta mayor número de individuos y Dolabrifera dolabrifera presenta mayor número de individuos hasta los 100m, siendo su amplitud de distribución corta; el resto de especies no se puede concluir que presenten una afinidad específica hacia una distancia particular. La similitud entre las especies encontradas fue variada: en el caso de Glossodorys sedna, presentó una similitud del 0% respeto al resto de especies, la mayor similitud corresponde a Elysia diomedea y Stilocheilus striatus, con el 41% de similitud. Respecto a la diversidad, la playa que presentó un mayor valor de diversidad fue La Privada, siendo la menos diversa Decameron. Los datos obtenidos en la presente investigación pueden ser empleados en la planificación de actividades de conservación y manejo sostenible del ecosistema.

Lysossomal membrane stability of the brown mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus) (Mollusca, Bivalvia) exposed to the anionic surfactant Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS).

The effects of the Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) were evaluated on the mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758), using a cellular level biomarker. The Neutral Red Retention Time (NRRT) assay was used to estimate effects at cellular levels. Significant effects were observed for the NRRT assay, even in low concentrations. The effects at cellular level were progressive, suggesting that the organisms are not capable to recover of such increasing effects. Additionally, the results show that the levels of LAS observed for Brazilian coastal waters may chronically affect the biota.

Faecal bacteria in Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) for biomonitoring coastal waters and seafood quality

O desenvolvimento urbano em áreas costeiras é intenso e o aumento das descargas de esgoto é uma das conseqüências. Assim, leis específicas que regulem limites para a contaminação microbiológica das águas e de alimentos de origem marinha são necessárias. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a utilização de Enterococos e coliformes termotolerantes na carne de mexilhões Perna perna como alternativa para o monitoramento da qualidade microbiológica de águas costeiras. O estudo também considera relações alométricas aplicadas às taxas de clearance para entender a concentração de bactérias pelo molusco. As densidades bacterianas obtidas no molusco foram de 50 a 4300 vezes maiores do que nas amostras de água coletadas próximas dos moluscos e alguns foram considerados impróprios para consumo, mesmo quando as águas não mostraram restrições. A taxa de clearance média obtida para retenção de Enterococos foi 317.7 ml h-1 e essas taxas (CR) puderam ser relacionadas com o tamanho dos mexilhões (L) pela equação CR = 28.3229L1.6421. Os resultados mostram que as densidades bacterianas nos tecidos dos mexilhões podem refletir a contaminação crônica do ambiente e que as taxas de clearance devem ser consideradas para a tomada de decisão em situações onde, por exemplo, se deseja implantar mexilhões para cultivo.