Le sentiment de compétence : modérateur du lien entre le QI et le rendement scolaire en mathématiques

La présente étude a pour but de vérifier si le QI et le sentiment de compétence interagissent lorsque l’élève doit performer à l’école et si, en l’occurrence, cette interaction est à son tour modérée par l’âge et le sexe des participants. Afin de vérifier ces hypothèses, les variables suivantes ont été étudiées chez 928 élèves de souche francocanadienne fréquentant des écoles montréalaises de niveau secondaire : la moyenne en mathématiques, le QI, le sentiment de compétence en mathématiques, l’âge, le sexe et le statut socioéconomique. Tel que prévu, le QI et le sentiment de compétence en mathématiques corrèlent de façon positive et significative avec la moyenne en mathématiques de l’élève. Les analyses montrent également une interaction significative entre le QI et le sentiment de compétence. Une fois décomposée, cette interaction indique que chez les élèves qui ont un sentiment de compétence élevé, la valeur prédictive du QI est plus élevée, alors que la relation entre le QI et la performance ne change pas de façon significative chez les élèves qui présentent un faible sentiment de compétence. Enfin, ni l’âge ni le sexe de l’élève n’influencent l’interaction entre le QI et le rendement scolaire, pas plus qu’ils ne sont corrélés avec le rendement scolaire. Les implications cliniques de cette recherche sont discutées.

When Consumption Embraces Faith: How Religious Beliefs and Practices Influence Consumption

Marketers have long looked for observables that could explain differences in consumer behavior. Initial attempts have centered on demographic factors, such as age, gender, and race. Although such variables are able to provide some useful information for segmentation (Bass, Tigert, and Longdale 1968), more recent studies have shown that variables that tap into consumers’ social classes and personal values have more predictive accuracy and also provide deeper insights into consumer behavior. I argue that one demographic construct, religion, merits further consideration as a factor that has a profound impact on consumer behavior. In this dissertation, I focus on two types of religious guidance that may influence consumer behaviors: religious teachings (being content with one’s belongings), and religious problem-solving styles (reliance on God).

Essay 1 focuses on the well-established endowment effect and introduces a new moderator (religious teachings on contentment) that influences both owner and buyers’ pricing behaviors. Through fifteen experiments, I demonstrate that when people are primed with religion or characterized by stronger religious beliefs, they tend to value their belongings more than people who are not primed with religion or who have weaker religious beliefs. These effects are caused by religious teachings on being content with one’s belongings, which lead to the overvaluation of one’s own possessions.

Essay 2 focuses on self-control behaviors, specifically healthy eating, and introduces a new moderator (God’s role in the decision-making process) that determines the relationship between religiosity and the healthiness of food choices. My findings demonstrate that consumers who indicate that they defer to God in their decision-making make unhealthier food choices as their religiosity increases. The opposite is true for consumers who rely entirely on themselves. Importantly, this relationship is mediated by the consumer’s consideration of future consequences. This essay provides an explanation to the existing mixed findings on the relationship between religiosity and obesity.

Le sentiment de compétence : modérateur du lien entre le QI et le rendement scolaire en mathématiques

La présente étude a pour but de vérifier si le QI et le sentiment de compétence interagissent lorsque l’élève doit performer à l’école et si, en l’occurrence, cette interaction est à son tour modérée par l’âge et le sexe des participants. Afin de vérifier ces hypothèses, les variables suivantes ont été étudiées chez 928 élèves de souche francocanadienne fréquentant des écoles montréalaises de niveau secondaire : la moyenne en mathématiques, le QI, le sentiment de compétence en mathématiques, l’âge, le sexe et le statut socioéconomique. Tel que prévu, le QI et le sentiment de compétence en mathématiques corrèlent de façon positive et significative avec la moyenne en mathématiques de l’élève. Les analyses montrent également une interaction significative entre le QI et le sentiment de compétence. Une fois décomposée, cette interaction indique que chez les élèves qui ont un sentiment de compétence élevé, la valeur prédictive du QI est plus élevée, alors que la relation entre le QI et la performance ne change pas de façon significative chez les élèves qui présentent un faible sentiment de compétence. Enfin, ni l’âge ni le sexe de l’élève n’influencent l’interaction entre le QI et le rendement scolaire, pas plus qu’ils ne sont corrélés avec le rendement scolaire. Les implications cliniques de cette recherche sont discutées.

Team Building Interventions in Sport: A Meta-Analysis

A meta-analysis of team building interventions in sport was completed. Seventeen studies containing 180 effect sizes were retrieved. The overall effect (Hedges g) was .427. Analyses of possible moderator variables showed the largest effect sizes were in interventions where: (a) non-experimental designs were used (g=.474); (b) the data were unpublished (g=.539); (c) goal setting only was used (g=.714); (d) the coach/manager directed the delivery (g=.446); and (e) the teams were at the university level (g=.482). Finally, team building had the greatest influence on cognitions (g=.799

Facilitating Inclusion: Austrian Wisdom Councils as Democratic Innovation between Consensus and Diversity

Democratic innovations face the challenge of realizing deliberative democratic ideals in the context of structural inequality. Consensus decision making and expertise have been said to have exclusive effects on marginalized groups like women and ethnic and sexual minorities, which obstructs diversity. Wisdom Councils as practiced in Austria attempt to counter inequalities by including marginalized groups through the moderation technique dynamic facilitation. Exploratory participatory observations and interviews with a moderator and the participants of two Wisdom Councils in Austria provide a deeper understanding of the inclusive processes at work in Wisdom Councils facilitating a productive combination of consensus and diversity.

Intervención cognitivo-conductual para el control de ansiedad ante la biopsia insicional en pacientes con cáncer de mama

Oncological patients are submitted to invasive exams in order to obtain an accurate diagnosis; these procedures may cause maladaptative reactions (fear, anxiety and pain). Particularly in breast cancer, the most common diagnose technique is the incisional biopsy. Most of the patients are unaware about the procedure and for that reason they may focus their thoughts on possible events such as pain, bleeding, the anesthesia, or the later surgical wound care. Anxiety and pain may provoke physiological, behavioral and emotional complications, and because of this reason, the Behavioral Medicine trained psychologist takes an active role before and after the biopsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a cognitive-behavioral program to reduce anxiety in women submitted to incisional biopsy for the first time. There were 10 participants from the Hospital Juárez de México, Oncology service; all of them were treated as external patients. The intervention program focused in psycho-education and passive relaxation training using videos, tape-recorded instructions and pamphlets. Anxiety measures were performed using the IDARE-State inventory, and a visual-analogue scale of anxiety (EEF-A), and the measurement of blood pressure and heart rate). Data were analyzed both intrasubject and intersubject using the Wilcoxon test (p≤0.05). The results show a reduction in anxiety (as in punctuation as in ranges) besides, a reduction in the EEF-A.

Perceptie van de rol van de controller

De rol van de controller behelst een grote verscheidenheid aan activiteiten. Er is veel over deze rol geschreven, dat resulteerde in verschillende gezichtspunten over en categorieën van controller activiteiten. In het algemeen kan gesteld worden dat de controller de manager ondersteunt bij de uitvoering van zijn besluitvormingsproces. Er is niet veel geschreven over perceptieverschillen over de rol van de controller. Omdat dat wel nuttig kan zijn voor de werkrelatie tussen manager en controller is onderzocht of er perceptieverschillen bestaan en bij welke controller activiteiten deze zich voordoen. Het onderzoek naar perceptieverschillen tussen managers en controllers over de rol van de controller is uitgevoerd door een kwalitatief onderzoek, een gevalsstudie, bij een universitair medisch centrum. Drie manager-controller koppels zijn geïnterviewd aan de hand van een door hen ingevulde lijst met controller activiteiten. De resultaten van de interviews zijn de belangrijkste bron voor het onderzoek. Er komen drie verklaringscategorieën naar voren voor de perceptieverschillen, namelijk 1. een perceptieverschil veroorzaakt door een interpretatieverschil over het hiërarchische niveau waarop de activiteit wordt uitgevoerd; 2. een perceptieverschil veroorzaakt door een interpretatieverschil over de betekenis van de woorden waarmee de activiteit is omschreven; 3. een perceptieverschil veroorzaakt door een interpretatieverschil over het kwaliteitsniveau waarop de activiteit wordt uitgevoerd. De controller kent in het algemeen een hogere score toe aan het belang van het uitvoeren van de controlling activiteit dan de manager. Er bestaan veel perceptieverschillen, maar het patroon tussen de 3 onderzochte koppels met betrekking tot hun perceptie van het al dan niet uitvoeren van de controller activiteit en met betrekking tot het belang dat zij aan het uitvoeren van de activiteit hechten is te grillig om een gelegitimeerde conclusie te trekken over het daadwerkelijke bestaan van perceptieverschillen of over de importantie van een activiteit als moderator voor de verklaring van het perceptieverschil. De meeste perceptieverschillen worden verklaard door een interpretatieverschil over het hiërarchisch niveau waarop de activiteit wordt uitgevoerd. In deze gevallen die liggen op het gebied van interne analyse, risico management en management control systemen, is de manager meestal van mening dat een controller activiteit wordt uitgevoerd, terwijl de controller van mening is dat deze niet wordt uitgevoerd. Dit verschil kan te maken hebben met de afstand van de beoordelaar tot de uit te voeren activiteit. Bij de meeste perceptieverschillen percipieert de manager de activiteit als uitgevoerd en de controller percipieert deze als niet uitgevoerd. Naast de afstand tot de uit te voeren activiteit, kan ook het professioneel oogpunt meespelen als verklarende factor voor deze perceptieverschillen. Dit speelt met name een rol bij activteiten op het gebied van interne analyse, leiding geven en veranderen en onderhoud van systemen. Over activteiten behorend bij het controllertype business partner bestaan meer perceptieverschillen dan die behorend bij het type policeman. Dit kan betekenen dat de business partner activiteiten van de onderzochte controllers niet of minder zichtbaar worden uitgevoerd. De perceptie er over verschilt zeker.

Does digital competence and occupational setting influence MOOC participation? Evidence from a cross-course survey.

While MOOCs are recognized nowadays as a potential format for professional development and lifelong learning, little research has been conducted on the factors that influence MOOC participation of professionals and unemployed in MOOCs. Based on a framework developed earlier, we conducted a study, which focused on the influence of background variables such us digital competence, age, gender and educational level on MOOC participation. Occupational setting was considered as a moderator in the analysis of the impact of digital skills. Results of the study showed that MOOCs were an important tool for unemployed participants who were more likely to enroll in MOOCs than employed learners. MOOCs were also a way for workers who do not received employer support for other training activities to get professional development training. Results of the regression analysis showed that a person’s level of digital competence was an important predictor for enrolment in MOOCs and that specifically interaction skills were more important than information skills for participating in the MOOC context.

De Invloed van Mentale Veerkracht op Copingstrategieën bij Eetproblematiek

Dit onderzoek bestudeerde het verband tussen probleemgerichte- en emotiegerichte coping en eetproblematiek en onderzocht daarnaast of mentale veerkracht de relaties tussen probleemgerichte en emotiegerichte coping enerzijds en eetproblematiek anderzijds beïnvloedt. Het doel van dit onderzoek was het verkrijgen van meer inzicht in de rol van mentale veerkracht als mogelijke moderator van de relatie tussen coping en eetproblematiek. Er is een eenmalige meting verricht bij jong volwassen vrouwen van 18 t/m 30 jaar uit de algemene populatie. Via e-mail en sociale media zijn online vragenlijsten verspreid die bruikbare gegevens opleverden van in totaal 188 vrouwen. Meetinstrumenten. Coping is gemeten middels de Utrechtse Coping Lijst (UCL) (Schreurs, Willige, van de Tellegen & Brosschot, 1988; Schreurs, Willige, van de Tellegen & Brosschot, 1993); mentale veerkracht is gemeten met behulp van de Resilience Scale-Nederlandse versie (RS-nl) (Portzky, 2008); en de mate van eetproblematiek is gemeten met de Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (Fairburn & Beglin, 1994). De resultaten hebben aangetoond dat er een significant negatief verband bestaat tussen probleemgerichte coping en mate van eetproblematiek en een significant positief verband tussen emotiegerichte coping en eetproblematiek. De negatieve samenhang tussen probleemgerichte coping en eetproblematiek bleek sterker bij een lagere mate van mentale veerkracht. De positieve samenhang tussen emotiegerichte coping en eetproblematiek bleek eveneens sterker bij een lagere mentale veerkracht. Personen met een lage mentale veerkracht en een ineffectieve (emotiegerichte of weinig probleemgerichte) copingstijl bleken de meeste eetproblemen te ervaren, bij een hoge mentale veerkracht werd de minste eetproblematiek gerapporteerd, ongeacht de gehanteerde copingstijl.

Modereert Fysieke Activiteit de Relatie tussen Tijdsperspectief en Welzijn?

In deze studie is onderzocht of fysieke activiteit effect heeft op de relatie tussen heden- en toekomstgericht tijdsperspectief en welzijn. De enquête is door 266 respondenten geheel ingevuld. Deze studie betreft een kwantitatief cross-sectioneel onderzoek en de hypotheses zijn onderzocht middels een meervoudige regressieanalyse. De relatie tussen hedengericht tijdsperspectief en welzijn blijkt niet significant te zijn, daarentegen blijkt de relatie tussen toekomstgericht tijdsperspectief en welzijn wel significant te zijn. De interactie tussen hedengericht tijdsperspectief en fysieke activiteit is significant en bevestigt dat fysieke activiteit als moderator de relatie tussen hedengericht tijdsperspectief en welzijn modereert. Daarentegen is de relatie tussen toekomstgericht tijdsperspectief en fysieke activiteit niet significant en geeft aan dat fysieke activiteit als moderator de relatie tussen toekomstgericht tijdsperspectief en welzijn niet modereert.

Maternal history of early adversity and child emotional development : investigating intervening factors

L’objectif de cette thèse était de contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances quant aux circonstances permettant une transmission intergénérationnelle du risque émanant de l’adversité maternelle et aux mécanismes sous-tendant cette transmission, dans quatre articles empiriques. Le premier visait à explorer la relation entre un historique d’adversité maternelle, la sécurité d’attachement mère-enfant et le tempérament de l’enfant. Les mères ont complété une entrevue semi-structurée portant sur leurs représentations d’attachement avec leurs parents, à 6 mois, et ont évalué le tempérament de leur enfant à 2 ans. La sécurité d’attachement fut également évaluée à 2 ans. Les résultats ont démontré que les enfants dont les mères rapportaient des niveaux supérieurs d’adversité présentaient de moins bons niveaux d’activité comportementale, uniquement lorsqu’ils avaient un attachement sécurisant avec leur mère. Ces résultats suggèrent une transmission intergénérationnelle des effets d’un historique d’adversité maternelle sur le tempérament des enfants. Le deuxième article visait à investiguer si le transporteur de sérotonine (5-HTTLPR) module la transmission de risque intergénérationnelle de l’adversité maternelle sur le tempérament des enfants. L’historique d’adversité maternelle fut évalué en combinant deux mesures auto-rapportées. Les mères ont également évalué le tempérament de leur enfant à 18 et à 36 mois. Le génotype des enfants fut extrait à 36 mois. Les résultats ont révélé un effet d’interaction entre l’adversité maternelle et le génotype de l’enfant sur le tempérament, suggérant une transmission intergénérationnelle des effets de l’adversité maternelle sur le fonctionnement émotionnel des enfants. Le troisième article visait à explorer la relation entre les difficultés d’adaptation psychosociale des mères, la sensibilité maternelle et les symptômes intériorisés de leurs enfants. Les mères ont complété plusieurs questionnaires desquels un score composite de difficultés d’adaptation psychosociale fut extrait. La sensibilité maternelle fut observée à 12 mois. Les symptômes intériorisés des enfants furent évalués par les deux parents à 2 et à 3 ans. Les résultats ont démontré qu’une augmentation des difficultés maternelles d’adaptation psychosociale étaient associée à davantage de symptômes intériorisés chez les enfants, mais seulement chez ceux dont les mères étaient moins sensibles. Ces résultats ont été observés par les mères à 2 ans et par les deux parents à 3 ans. Ces résultats suggèrent que les enfants peuvent être différemment affectés par l’adaptation émotionnelle de leur mère tout en mettant l’emphase sur le rôle protecteur de la sensibilité maternelle. Le quatrième article visait à investiguer les rôles médiateurs de la dépression et de la sensibilité maternelle dans la relation entre un historique d’adversité maternelle et le tempérament de l’enfant. L’historique d’adversité maternelle fut évalué en combinant deux mesures auto-rapportées. Les mères ont également rapporté leurs symptômes dépressifs à 6 mois. La sensibilité maternelle fut évaluée de façon concomitante. Les mères ont évalué le tempérament de leur enfant à 36 mois. Les résultats ont révélé une transmission intergénérationnelle des effets d’un historique d’adversité maternelle à la génération suivante suivant une médiation séquentielle passant d’abord par la dépression maternelle et ensuite par la sensibilité maternelle. Finalement, les résultats des quatre articles ont été intégrés dans la conclusion générale.

Equilíbrios Difíceis: stress laboral, equilíbrio trabalho/família e diferenças de género entre os colaboradores de uma empresa de tecnologias da informação

O stress é não apenas inerente para o ser humano, como indispensável para a sua sobrevivência. À medida que as sociedades humanas evoluíram, assim também se alteraram as principais fontes de stress. Actualmente o stress organizacional é uma das principais áreas de investigação, bem como as suas relações com a família e a vida pessoal. Em foco estão ainda as variáveis individuais que servem como moderadoras da experiência de stress, como o coping e o suporte social. Neste trabalho procurou-se conhecer os níveis de stress experienciados pelos colaboradores da Cisco Systems Lda, identificando diferenças de género e entre os tipos de trabalho. Pretendeu-se ainda relacionar o stress no trabalho com o equilíbrio trabalho/família, equlíbrio vida pessoal/trabalho, suporte social e coping. Através de um estudo não experimental transversal, descritivo/descritivo correlacional, com 42 sujeitos, utilizando o PMI – Pressure Management Indicator, foi possível identificar quatro factores, com α a partir de 0,531 para as variáveis moderadoras ate 0,904 para as variáveis stressoras. Os trabalhadores da amostra trabalham em média 49,7 horas por semana, apontando como principal razão “para que o trabalho seja feito”; 31,7% consideram estar a sofrer de pressão negativa iniciada há mais de 3 meses. Estão muito satisfeitos com a organização, mas sentem pressão devido ao volume de trabalho, ao relacionamento interpessoal e às dificuldades em desligar do trabalho quando em casa, fazendo uso de estratégias focadas no problema e de suporte social. Existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre homens e mulheres nas subescalas “Estado de espírito” e “Nível de confiança”, indicando níveis mais altos de segurança e satisfação com o seu estado mental para o grupo dos homens. No que respeita aos tipos de trabalho, foi possível identificar diferenças entre as categorias Sénior gerência/profissional e Manual/hábil nas subescalas “Nível de energia”, “Volume de trabalho” e “Equilíbrio vida/trabalho”. Existe correlação positiva entre as variáveis stressoras e a subescala “Equilíbrio trabalho/família” (r=0,890; p<0,000) e entre as variáveis stressoras e a escala de Coping (r=0,748; p<0,000), sugerindo que níveis de stress elevados interferem com a vida familiar e conduzem a maior utilização das estratégias de coping. Apesar das políticas de recursos humanos da empresa no sentido de promover a conciliação entre trabalho e vida pessoal e familiar, há ainda margem para intervir e melhorar. / Stress is not only inherent to the human being, it’s essential to survival. As the humans societies evolved, so did the major sources of stress. These days, organizational stress is one of the main areas of research, as it is it’s relation with family and personal life. Under the spotlight are also individual variables that moderate the stress experience, such as coping and social support. With this paper, we intended to know the levels of stress experienced by the workers of Cisco Systems Lda, identifying gender and work type differences. We were also intending to relate work stress with home/work balance, life/work balance, social support and coping. Using a cross sectional correlational study, with n=42, using the PMI, we were able to identify four factors, with α starting on 0,531 for moderator variables to 0,904 for stressor variables. The workers on this sample work an average of 49,7 hours per week, naming “to get the job done” as the main reason for it. 31,7% consider to be suffering from negative pressure that started more than 3 months ago. They are very satisfied with the organization, but feel pressure due to workload, interpersonal relationship and the difficulties in switching off from work when at home. They use mostly Problem focus strategies and social support.There are statically significative differences between men and women in the subscales “State of mind” and “Confidence level”, which indicate higher levels of security and satisfaction with their state of mind for men. Regarding work types, we were able to identify differences between senior Management and Manual categories on subscales “Energy level”, “Workload” and “Life/work balance”. There is a positive correlation between stressor variables and the subscales “Home/work balance” (r=0,890; p<0,000) and between stressor variables and Coping scale (r=0,748; p<0,000), suggesting that high levels of stress interfere with family life and lead to higher use of coping mechanisms. Despite the company’s human resources policies to promote the balance between work and personal and family life, there is still place to intervene and improve.

Conversación digital: copresencia y disponibilidad : Estudio pragmático del preámbulo de reuniones multipartitas por videoconferencia

The present thesis explores how interaction is initiated in multi-party meetings in Adobe Connect, 7.0, with a particular focus on how co-presence and mutual availability are established through the preambles of 18 meetings held in Spanish without a moderator. Taking Conversation Analysis (CA) as a methodological point of departure, this thesis comprises four different studies, each of them analyzing a particular phenomenon within the interaction of the preambles in a multimodal environment that allows simultaneous interaction through video, voice and text-chat. The first study (Artículo I) shows how participants solve jointly the issue of availability in a technological environment where being online is not necessarily understood as being available for communicating. The second study (Artículo II) focuses on the beginning of the audiovisual interaction; in particular on how participants check the right functioning of the audiovisual mode. The third study (Artículo III) explores silences within the interaction of the preamble. It shows that the length of gaps and lapses become a significant aspect the preambles and how they are connected to the issue of availability.  Finally, the four study introduces the notion of modal alignment, an interactional phenomenon that systematically appears in the beginnings of the encounters, which seems to be used and understood  as a strategy for the establishment of mutual availability and negotiation of the participation framework. As a whole, this research shows how participants, in order to establish mutual co-presence and availability, adapt to a particular technology in terms of participation management, deploying strategies and conveying successive actions which, as it is the case of the activation of their respective webcams, seem to be understood as predictable within the intricate process of establishing mutual availability before the meeting starts.

Os efeitos das reclamações online na lealdade dos consumidores: um estudo experimental

In an environment of constant change, technological developments, market competition and more informed consumers, the search for a lasting relationship through the conquest of loyalty has become the objective of companies. However, several authors suggest that this loyalty can be affected by negative comments available on the internet. Therefore, this dissertation has as objective to examine if the complaints are available on the internet impact the loyalty to a brand of mobile phone. The research used as the basis the Expanded NCSB model suggest by Johnson et al. (2001), studying five prominent drives of loyalty: image/brand reputation, affective commitment, calculative commitment, perceived value and trust, beyond the satisfaction construct as moderator variable. The research method adopted was the experimental design which included 285 undergraduate students, with the trial which included 285 undergraduate students, with the field study of the mobile industry, specifically, the brands of cell phones. The research approach was quantitative and methods were descriptive statistics, factor analysis, cluster analysis, linear regression and non-parametric test of Wilcoxon for data analysis. Of the 16 hypothesis stemmed from the research model proposed, 12 were confirmed. The results showed that the complaint available on the internet, here represented by the available on the site Reclame Aqui, may impact consumer perceptions about brand loyalty, as well as its antecedents, being that these complaints can affect all the consumers, regardless of historical satisfaction with the brand. It also noted the positive relationship between the independent variables trust, image/brand reputation, perceived value, affective commitment and calculative commitment and the dependent variable - loyalty, even when considering the data obtained after exposure to the complaint. However, no unanimous conclusion that the relationship between these variables was strongest in the group with satisfactory experience. At the first moment of the research, the trust was the most important variable for the formation of loyalty. However, after exposure to treatment, the image/brand reputation, was more relevant. Contributions of the study, limitations and recommendations for future researches are approached in the present investigation

The Hall-Findlay mammaplasty pattern for skin-sparing mastectomy. Case report

We present an application of the Hall-Findlay mammaplasty skin pattern for skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM). This is a simplified vertical reduction mammaplasty. Vertical reduction mammaplasty is the procedure advised for patients with moderator or large ptotic breasts, who wish to have a simultaneous contra-lateral breast reduction/mastopexy at the time of SSM for cancer or prophylactic mastectomy. It is particularly suitable for breast reconstruction with autologous tissue in the form of free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM), deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) and extended latissimus dorsi (ELD) flaps.