Steel and macro-synthetic self-compacting fibre reinforced concrete, experimental study on the long-term deformations

Experimental study on the long-term deformations of the fibre reinforced concrete. Steel and macro-synthetic fibers were used to evaluate the shrinkage, creep, mid-span deflection, cracking and rupture analysis of three different types of samples. At the end the main topics of ACI guidelines were analyzed in order to perform an overview of design.

Risposta delle comunità meio e macro bentoniche alla presenza di differenti tipologie di strutture di difesa costiera

Lo studio è stato effettuato nell’ambito del progetto Theseus; il mio lavoro mirava a valutare la risposta dei popolamenti meio e macrobentonici alla presenza di diverse tipologie di strutture di difesa costiera. Sono stati presi in esame a tal fine oltre al sito di campionamento di Cesenatico sud, con presenza di barriere emerse anche il sito di Cesenatico nord, con presenza di barriere semisommerse, per poter effettuare un confronto. Il campionamento è stato fatto nella zona intertidale dove sono stati prese oltre alle variabili biotiche di macro e meiofauna anche quelle abiotiche (granulometria e sostanza organica). Sono stati scelti sei transetti in maniera random, 3 livelli di marea fissi l’alta, la media e la bassa (H, M, L) e due repliche (A e B) per un totale di 36 campioni per ogni variabile presa in esame. Dopo la fase di trattamento dei campioni in laboratorio state fatte in seguito analisi univariate effettuando l’ANOVA sia sui dati biotici di abbondanza numero di taxa e indice di diversità di Shannon di macro e meiobenthos sia sulle singole variabili ambientali di TOM, mediana, classazione, shell mean (capulerio). Sono state fatte anche analisi multivariate; per quanto riguarda i dati biotici sono state effettuate analisi di MDS e PERMANOVA e per quanto riguarda le variabili dei dati abiotici è stata fatta l’analisi della PCA. Infine per effettuare un confronto tra le variabili ambientali e quelle biotiche è stata fatta anche l’analisi BIOENV. Dai risultati sono emerse delle differenze sostanziali tra i due siti con maggiore abbondanza e diversità nel sito di Cesenatico nord rispetto a quello sud. Sono state evidenziate anche differenze nei livelli di marea con una maggiore abbondanza nel livello di bassa marea rispetto alla media e all’alta soprattutto per quanto riguarda il sito di Cesenatico sud. Dal confronto tra i dati ambientali e quelli biotici ne è risultato che la variabile più strettamente correlata è quella del capulerio sia per quanto riguarda il pattern di distribuzione della macrofauna che della meio. Tale lavoro ha messo in evidenza come i popolamenti rispondano in maniera differente alla presenza di differenti barriere di difesa costiera che anche se simili nella loro struttura presentano dei differenti effetti che hanno sull’azione del moto ondoso, circolazione dell’acqua e trasporto di sedimenti portando così a differenti risposte nei patterns di distribuzione dei popolamenti.

Micro and Macro essays in Applied Fiscal Policy

This thesis analysis micro and macro aspect of applied fiscal policy issues. The first chapter investigates the extent to which local budget spending composition reacts to fiscal rules variations. I consider the budget of Italian municipalities and exploit specific changes in the Domestic Stability Pact’s rules, to perform a difference-in-discontinuities analysis. The results show that imposing a cap on the total amount of consumption and investment is not as binding as two caps, one for consumption and a different one for investment. More specifically, consumption is triggered by changes in wages and services spending, while investment relies on infrastructure movements. In addition, there is evidence that when an increase in investment is achieved, there is also a higher budget deficit level. The second chapter intends to analyze the extent to which fiscal policy shocks are able to affect macrovariables during business cycle fluctuations, differentiating among three intervention channels: public taxation, consumption and investment. The econometric methodology implemented is a Panel Vector Autoregressive model with a structural characterization. The results show that fiscal shocks have different multipliers in relation to expansion or contraction periods: output does not react during good times while there are significant effects in bad ones. The third chapter evaluates the effects of fiscal policy announcements by the Italian government on the long-term sovereign bond spread of Italy relative to Germany. After collecting data on relevant fiscal policy announcements, we perform an econometric comparative analysis between the three cabinets that followed one another during the period 2009-2013. The results suggest that only fiscal policy announcements made by members of Monti’s cabinet have been effective in influencing significantly the Italian spread in the expected direction, revealing a remarkable credibility gap between Berlusconi’s and Letta’s governments with respect to Monti’s administration.

Studio sperimentale sulla rottura a fatica in regime fessurato di calcestruzzi rinforzati con fibre macro-sintetiche

Nello studio sperimentale oggetto della tesi è stato indagato il comportamento a fatica policiclica, in regime fessurato, di calcestruzzi rinforzati con fibre macro-sintetiche. Per tale tipologia di prova non esiste una procedura standardizzata; occorre anche osservare come in letteratura le testimonianze di prove policicliche su FRC siano piuttosto limitate soprattutto in riferimento a calcestruzzi rinforzati con fibre macro-sintetiche in regime fessurato. A tale scopo è stata messa a punto una procedura di prova a flessione su tre punti finalizzata a valutare il comportamento a fatica del materiale. Sono stati testati calcestruzzi con lo stesso dosaggio e con la stessa tipologia di fibre sottoposti a carichi ciclici con diversi ampiezza e stress level. La sperimentazione ha riguardato anche prove di flessione su tre punti di tipo monotono condotte sul medesimo materiale e su calcestruzzi non fibrorinforzati. I dati sperimentali ottenuti dalle prove monotone sono stati impiegati come input per una procedura di analisi inversa finalizzata alla definizione della relazione tensione-apertura di fessura per i materiali testati.

Macro Monte Carlo for dose calculation of proton beams

Although the Monte Carlo (MC) method allows accurate dose calculation for proton radiotherapy, its usage is limited due to long computing time. In order to gain efficiency, a new macro MC (MMC) technique for proton dose calculations has been developed. The basic principle of the MMC transport is a local to global MC approach. The local simulations using GEANT4 consist of mono-energetic proton pencil beams impinging perpendicularly on slabs of different thicknesses and different materials (water, air, lung, adipose, muscle, spongiosa, cortical bone). During the local simulation multiple scattering, ionization as well as elastic and inelastic interactions have been taken into account and the physical characteristics such as lateral displacement, direction distributions and energy loss have been scored for primary and secondary particles. The scored data from appropriate slabs is then used for the stepwise transport of the protons in the MMC simulation while calculating the energy loss along the path between entrance and exit position. Additionally, based on local simulations the radiation transport of neutrons and the generated ions are included into the MMC simulations for the dose calculations. In order to validate the MMC transport, calculated dose distributions using the MMC transport and GEANT4 have been compared for different mono-energetic proton pencil beams impinging on different phantoms including homogeneous and inhomogeneous situations as well as on a patient CT scan. The agreement of calculated integral depth dose curves is better than 1% or 1 mm for all pencil beams and phantoms considered. For the dose profiles the agreement is within 1% or 1 mm in all phantoms for all energies and depths. The comparison of the dose distribution calculated using either GEANT4 or MMC in the patient also shows an agreement of within 1% or 1 mm. The efficiency of MMC is up to 200 times higher than for GEANT4. The very good level of agreement in the dose comparisons demonstrate that the newly developed MMC transport results in very accurate and efficient dose calculations for proton beams.

The Experience of Micro and Macro Events: A Life-Span Analysis

This study investigated how individuals retrospectively construe their lives in terms of major life events. Ninety-nine participants sorted a set of personal and historical events in terms of perceived importance for their lives. Analyses of variance with repeated measures and rank comparisons were computed. Overall findings revealed no cohort differences with regard to the perception of life events. However, within-cohort differences were found, indicating that more life events were recalled from the young adult years. Those experiences were also perceived as having been more important in the participants' lives than events from other age segments. With regard to historical events, war-related experiences were among the highest ranked. Analyses of variance revealed intracohort differences but not intercohort differences, indicating higher scores for the time between 1930 and 1948 relative to other historical periods.

Dual-loop circuits in postoperative atrial macro re-entrant tachycardias

Background Patients late after open-heart surgery may develop dual-loop reentrant atrial arrhythmias, and mapping and catheter ablation remain challenging despite computer-assisted mapping techniques. Objectives The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the prevalence and characteristics of dual-loop reentrant arrhythmias, and to define the optimal mapping and ablation strategy. Methods Fourty consecutive patients (mean age 52+/-12 years) with intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia (IART) after open-heart surgery (with an incision of the right atrial free wall) were studied. Dual-loop IART was defined as the presence of two simultaneous atrial circuits. Following an abrupt tachycardia change during radiofrequency (RF) ablation, electrical disconnection of the targeted reentry isthmus from the remaining circuit was demonstrated by entrainment mapping. Furthermore, the second circuit loop was localized using electroanatomic mapping and/or entrainment mapping. Results Dual-loop IART was demonstrated in 8 patients (20%, 5 patients with congenital heart disease, 3 with acquired heart disease). Dual-loop IART included an isthmus-dependant atrial flutter combined with a reentry related to the atriotomy scar. The diagnosis of dual-loop IART required the comparison of entrainment mapping before and after tachycardiamodification. Overall, 35 patients had successful RF ablation (88%). Success rates were lower in patients with dual-loop IART than in patient without dual-loop IART. Ablation failures in 3 patients with dual-loop IART were related to the inability to properly transect the second tachycardia isthmus in the right atrial free wall. Conclusions Dual-loop IART is relatively common after heart surgery involving a right atriotomy. Abrupt tachycardia change and specific entrainment mapping maneuvers demonstrate these circuits. Electroanatomic mapping appears to be important to assist catheter ablation of periatriotomy circuits.

Micro and Macro Causes of Violence

The dominant emotion in violence-threatening situations is confrontational tension/fear (ct/f), which causes most violence to abort, or to be carried out inaccurately and incompetently. For violence to be successful, there must be a pathway around the barrier of ct/f. These pathways include: attacking the weak; audience-oriented staged and controlled fair fights; confrontation-avoiding remote violence; confrontation-avoiding by deception; confrontation-avoiding by absorption in technique. Successfully violent persons, on both sides of the law, are those who have developed these skilled interactional techniques. Since successful violence involves dominating the emotional attention space, only a small proportion of persons can belong to the elite which does most of each type of violence. Macro-violence, including victory and defeat in war, and in struggles of paramilitaries and social movements, is shaped by both material resources and social/emotional resources for maintaining violent organizations and forcing their opponents into organizational breakdown. Social and emotional destruction generally precedes physical destruction.

The macro level effects of gender - (un)fair language in Polish

A recent analysis of more than 100 countries found that the extent to which their languages grammatically allowed for an asymmetric treatment of men and women correlated with socio-economic indices of gender inequality (Prewitt-Freilino, Caswell, & Laakso, 2012). In a set of four studies we examine whether the availability of feminine forms as indicated by the most recent dictionaries (1) predicts the actual percentage of women and gender wage gap for all professions registered in Poland; (2) predicts the longitudinal pattern of use of the occupational job-titles; (3) relates to social perception of the sample of 150 professions.