Prevalencia de depresión en pacientes con cáncer de mama. Revisión de la literatura

1.- INTRODUCCIÓN: La depresión es una sintomatología muy frecuente en los pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de mama y su tratamiento. Se plantea una revisión de la literatura para analizar la prevalencia de la depresión en personas con cáncer de mama. 2.- METODOS: Revisión sistemática. Bases de datos: EMBASE (1999-2010) PUBMED (1981-2010). Se incluyeron los artículos que relacionaban prevalencia y depresión en cáncer de mama. 3.- RESULTADOS: Se localizaron 49 estudios; sólo 12 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, se encontró 7 estudios descriptivos y 5 analíticos. La prevalencia de depresión encontrada en los estudios oscila entre el 6%-57%. 4.- CONCLUSIONES: La disparidad de datos obtenidos conlleva a la falta de una evidencia empírica de la prevalencia de la depresión en personas con cáncer de mama.

Addition of cue exposure to cognitive-behaviour therapy for alcohol misuse: a randomized trial with dysphoric drinkers

Aim To test whether addition of moderation-orientated cue exposure (CE) or CE after dysphoric mood induction ( emotional CE, ECE) improved outcomes above those from cognitive-behaviour therapy alone (CBT) in people who drank when dysphoric. Design Multi-site randomized controlled trial comparing CBT with CBT + CE and CBT + ECE. Setting Out-patient rooms in academic treatment units in Brisbane and Sydney, Australia. Participants People with alcohol misuse and problems controlling consumption when dysphoric (n = 163). Those with current major depressive episode were excluded. Intervention Eight weekly 75-minute sessions of individual treatment for alcohol problems were given to all participants, with CBT elements held constant across conditions. From session 2, CBT + CE participants resisted drinking while exposed to alcohol cues, with two priming doses of their preferred beverage being given in some sessions. After an initial CE session, CBT + ECE participants recalled negative experiences before undertaking CE, to provide exposure to emotional cues of personal relevance. Measurements Alcohol consumption, related problems, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy and depression. Results Average improvements were highly significant across conditions, with acceptable maintenance of effects over 12 months. Both treatment retention and effects on alcohol consumption were progressively weaker in CBT + CE and CBT + ECE than in CBT alone. Changes in alcohol dependence and depression did not differ across conditions. Conclusions These data do not indicate that addition of clinic-based CE to standard CBT improves outcomes. A different approach to the management of craving may be required.

Sex Differences in Symptoms of Depression in Unrelated Individuals and Opposite-Sex Twin and Sibling Pairs

Diagnosis of a major depressive episode by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association requires 5 out of 9 symptoms to be present. Therefore, individuals may differ in the specific symptoms they experience and reach a diagnosis of depression via different pathways. It has been suggested that depressed women more often report symptoms of sleep disturbance, appetite or weight disturbance, fatigue, feelings of guilt/worthlessness and psychomotor retardation than depressed men. In the current study, we investigate whether depressed men and women differ in the symptoms they report. Two samples were selected from a sample of Dutch and Australian twins and siblings. First, Dutch and Australian unrelated depressed individuals were selected. Second, a matched epidemiological sample was created consisting of opposite-sex twin and sibling pairs in which both members were depressed. No sex differences in prevalence rates for symptoms were found, with the exception of decreased weight in women in the sample of unrelated individuals. In general, the similarities in symptoms seem to far outweigh the differences in symptoms between men and women. This signifies that men and women are alike in their symptom profiles for major depression and genes for depression are probably expressed in the same way in the two sexes.

Quality of Life in Chinese elderly people with depression

Background Depression is the most prevalent functional mental disorder of later life. It is estimated that about 5% of the elderly population of Hong Kong are suffering from depression. Aim To investigate the self-rated quality of life of community-dwelling elderly people diagnosed with depression, and to examine the relationships between quality of life and mental, physical health, functional status and social support. Methods and results A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in psychiatric outpatient clinics. A convenience sample of 80 Chinese elderly people with a diagnosis of depressive disorder was recruited. Perception of quality of life was measured by the Hong Kong Chinese World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Brief Version. Participants' mental status, functional abilities, physical health condition, and social support status were assessed. Sixty-one (76.3%) participants were female. They were least satisfied with meaningfulness of life, life enjoyment, concentration and thinking, energy and work capacity. Functional abilities had a positive association with participants' perceived quality of life, level of depression and number of physical health conditions had a negative association. Participants had low ratings of quality of life when compared with healthy persons and persons with chronic physical problems. Findings are discussed in light of the socio-cultural environment in Hong Kong. Conclusion Comprehensive treatment and better control of depression, including different modes of medical and psychosocial intervention, could help to improve participants' perception of quality of life. A longitudinal study with a larger sample with various levels of depression and socio-demographic characteristics is recommended. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Evaluating the external validity of comorbid disorders in youth using rating scales and behavior observations

To evaluate the theoretical underpinnings of current categorical approaches to classify childhood psychopathological conditions, this dissertation examined whether children with a single diagnosis of an anxiety disorder (ANX only) and children with an anxiety diagnosis comorbid with other diagnoses (i.e., anxiety + anxiety disorder [ANX + ANX], anxiety + depressive disorder [ANX + DEP], and anxiety + disruptive disorder [ANX + EXT]) could be differentiated using external validation criteria of clinical phenomenology (i.e., levels of anxiety, depression, and internalizing, externalizing and total behavior problems). This study further examined whether the four groups could be differentiated in terms of their interaction patterns with their parents and peers, respectively. The sample consisted of 129 youth and their parents who presented to the Child Anxiety and Phobia Program (CAPP) housed within the Child and Family Psychosocial Research Center at Florida International University, Miami. Youth were between the ages of 8 and 14 years old. A battery of questionnaires was used to assess participants' clinical presentation in terms of levels of anxiety, depression, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Family and peer interaction were evaluated through rating scales and through behavior observation tasks. Statistics based on the parameter estimates of the structured equation models indicated that all the comorbid groups were significantly different from the pure anxiety disorder group when it came to depression indices of clinical phenomenology. Further, significant differences appeared mainly in terms of the ANX + DEP comorbid group relative to the other comorbid groups. In terms of Parent-child interaction the ANX + EXT and the ANX + DEP comorbid groups were differentiated from the pure anxiety disorder and ANX + ANX comorbid group when it came to the appraisal of the parent/child relationship by the parent, and the acceptance subscale according to the mother report. In terms of peer-child interaction the ANX + EXT and the ANX + DEP comorbid groups were statistically significantly different from the pure anxiety disorder only when it came to the positive interactions and the social skills as rated by mother. Limitations and future research recommendations are discussed.

Evaluation of a mentored self -help intervention for the management of psychotic symptoms

Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to be promising for the treatment of individuals experiencing psychotic symptoms, who are often diagnosed with schizophrenia. Using a non-random non-equivalent comparison group design (n = 26), this study explores whether an individually mentored self-help and self-paced intervention based upon cognitive behavioral approaches to auditory hallucinations or "hearing voices" makes a significant positive difference for individuals with major mental disorder diagnoses and psychotic symptoms who are residing in the community and receiving community mental health services. The mentored self-help intervention uses a workbook (Coleman & Smith, 1997) that stemmed from the British psychiatric survivor and "voice hearers"' movements and from cognitive behavioral approaches to treating psychotic symptoms. Thirty individuals entered the study. Pre- and post-intervention assessments of 15 participants in the intervention group and 11 participants in the comparison group were carried out using standardized instruments, including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and the Hoosier Assurance Plan Inventory - Adult. Four specific research questions address whether levels of self-esteem, overall psychotic symptoms, depression-anxiety, and disruption in life improved in the intervention group, relative to the comparison group. Pre- and post-assessment scores were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results showed no significant difference on any measure, with the exception of the Brief Psychiatric Rating subscale for Anxious Depression, which showed a statistically significant pre-post difference with a strong effect size. A conservative interpretation of this single positive result is that it is due to chance. An alternative interpretation is that the mentored self-help intervention made an actual improvement in the level of depression-anxiety experienced by participants. If so, this is particularly important given high levels of depression and suicide among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. This alternative interpretation supports further research on the intervention utilized in this study. ^

Facteurs de risque de développement de troubles intériorisés : études en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique structurelle

Plusieurs facteurs de risque de développement de troubles intériorisés, tels que les troubles d’anxiété et de l’humeur, ont été identifiés dans la littérature. Les deux plus importants facteurs de risques regroupent l’adversité vécue durant l’enfance (par exemple la maltraitance) et le risque parental (c’est-à-dire la présence d’un trouble intériorisé chez l’un ou les deux parents). Ces facteurs de risque ont été liés à des changements neuroanatomiques similaires à ceux observés en lien avec les troubles intériorisés. Ainsi, en présence de ces facteurs de risque, des anomalies anatomiques pourraient laisser présager l’apparition prochaine d’une symptomatologie de troubles intériorisés chez des individus encore asymptomatiques. Chez les quelques populations de jeunes investiguées, les participants présentaient des comorbidités et/ou étaient sous médication, ce qui rend difficile l’interprétation des atteintes cérébrales observées. Ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé aux liens entre ces deux facteurs de risque et les substrats neuroanatomiques associés à chacun d’eux, chez des adolescents asymptomatiques et n’étant sous aucune médication. Une première étude a examiné le lien entre le niveau de pratiques parentales coercitives et le niveau de symptômes d’anxiété, mesurés de manière longitudinale depuis la naissance, et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 2). Une deuxième étude a examiné le lien entre le risque parental de développer des troubles d’anxiété et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 3). Une troisième étude s’est intéressée au lien entre le risque parental de développer un trouble de dépression ou un trouble bipolaire et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 4). Les résultats démontrent des différences de volume et/ou d’épaisseur corticale dans plusieurs structures clés impliquées dans le traitement et la régulation des émotions. C’est le cas du cortex préfrontal, de l’amygdale, de l’hippocampe et du striatum. Ces résultats suggèrent que certaines des différences neuroanatomiques observées dans les troubles intériorisés peuvent être présentes avant que le trouble ne se manifeste, et représenter des marqueurs neuronaux du risque de développer le trouble. Les implications théoriques et les limites de ces trois études sont finalement discutées dans le Chapitre 5.

Acontecimentos Traumáticos, Sentimentos de Vergonha na Relação com os Sintomas Depressivos na Adolescência: estudo longitudinal

Introdução: As experiências adversas na infância, tal como a exposição a acontecimentos traumáticos e vivências de vergonha, podem ter um contributo importante na vida dos adolescentes moldando a forma estes se percecionam a si próprios e aos outros, e como lidam com as adversidades, podendo aumentar a sua vulnerabilidade para desenvolver uma perturbação depressiva. Este estudo, de desenho longitudinal, consistiu em estudar os factores preditores (acontecimentos de vida traumáticos e sentimentos de vergonha) no desenvolvimento de psicopatologia depressiva a seis meses. Método: A amostra é constituída por 325 adolescentes, com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 18 anos a frequentar o 3º ciclo do ensino básico e ensino secundário. Para o estudo das variáveis referidas, foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos de medida: o Child Depression Inventory, o Childhood Trauma Questionaire e a Escala de Vergonha Externa. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos relativamente à estabilidade absoluta das variáveis demonstram diferenças significativas entre os valores médios do 1ºmomento de avaliação e do 2º momento de avaliação (após 6 meses) para a variável vergonha. Ao longo do estudo, verificou-se uma associação positiva entre as variáveis relacionadas com o trauma e os sentimentos de vergonha avaliados no primeiro tempo (T1) e a variável sintomas depressivos (T2). O modelo de regressão linear múltipla, explicou 63% da variância dos sintomas depressivos no tempo 2, mostrando que o facto de pertencer ao sexo feminino, experienciar mais vivências de vergonha, e mais experiências traumáticas de abuso afetivo, abuso sexual e de negligência emocional permitem predizer mais sintomas depressivos na adolescência. Conclusão: Podemos concluir com a presente investigação, que o impacto de acontecimentos traumáticos, do tipo abuso/negligência, bem como de sentimentos de vergonha durante a fase da adolescência pode ser nocivo para o desenvolvimento harmonioso posterior, nomeadamente no desenvolvimento de sintomatologia depressiva. / Introduction: The adverse experiences in childhood, such as an exhibition of traumatic events and experiences of sham can have important contribution in teenager’s life shaping the way they perceive themselves and the others and how they deal with adversity, increasing their vulnerability to develop a depressive disorder. This study, longitudinal design, it was consisted in study of the predictive factors (traumatic life events and feelings of shame) in the development of depressive psychopathology in six months. Method: The sample consisted of 325 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years attending the 3rd cycle of basic education and secondary education. To the study of the variables mentioned, the following measuring instruments were used: the Child Depression Inventory, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and External Shame Scale. Results: The results obtained regarding the absolute stability of the variables showed significant differences between the mean values of the evaluation 1st moment and 2nd moment of evaluation (after 6 months) for the variable shame. Throughout the study, there was a positive association between variables related to the trauma and feelings of shame evaluated at the first time (T1) and the variable depressive symptoms (T2). The multiple linear regression model explained 63% of variance in depressive symptoms at time 2 , showing that the fact of being female experience more shame experiences, and most traumatic experiences of emotional abuse, sexual abuse and emotional neglect permit predict more depressive symptoms in adolescence. Conclusion: We can conclude with this research, that the impact of traumatic events, the type abuse/neglect, as well as feelings of shame during adolescence can be harmful to the subsequent harmonious development, including the development of depressive symptoms.

Facteurs de risque de développement de troubles intériorisés : études en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique structurelle

Plusieurs facteurs de risque de développement de troubles intériorisés, tels que les troubles d’anxiété et de l’humeur, ont été identifiés dans la littérature. Les deux plus importants facteurs de risques regroupent l’adversité vécue durant l’enfance (par exemple la maltraitance) et le risque parental (c’est-à-dire la présence d’un trouble intériorisé chez l’un ou les deux parents). Ces facteurs de risque ont été liés à des changements neuroanatomiques similaires à ceux observés en lien avec les troubles intériorisés. Ainsi, en présence de ces facteurs de risque, des anomalies anatomiques pourraient laisser présager l’apparition prochaine d’une symptomatologie de troubles intériorisés chez des individus encore asymptomatiques. Chez les quelques populations de jeunes investiguées, les participants présentaient des comorbidités et/ou étaient sous médication, ce qui rend difficile l’interprétation des atteintes cérébrales observées. Ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé aux liens entre ces deux facteurs de risque et les substrats neuroanatomiques associés à chacun d’eux, chez des adolescents asymptomatiques et n’étant sous aucune médication. Une première étude a examiné le lien entre le niveau de pratiques parentales coercitives et le niveau de symptômes d’anxiété, mesurés de manière longitudinale depuis la naissance, et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 2). Une deuxième étude a examiné le lien entre le risque parental de développer des troubles d’anxiété et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 3). Une troisième étude s’est intéressée au lien entre le risque parental de développer un trouble de dépression ou un trouble bipolaire et les différences neuroanatomiques observées à l’adolescence (voir Chapitre 4). Les résultats démontrent des différences de volume et/ou d’épaisseur corticale dans plusieurs structures clés impliquées dans le traitement et la régulation des émotions. C’est le cas du cortex préfrontal, de l’amygdale, de l’hippocampe et du striatum. Ces résultats suggèrent que certaines des différences neuroanatomiques observées dans les troubles intériorisés peuvent être présentes avant que le trouble ne se manifeste, et représenter des marqueurs neuronaux du risque de développer le trouble. Les implications théoriques et les limites de ces trois études sont finalement discutées dans le Chapitre 5.

Intervenção psicomotora em saúde mental em contexto sócio ocupacional : intervenção com adultos com perturbações da saúde mental no Fórum Sócio Ocupacional do Grupo de Ação Comunitária

O presente relatório apresenta e descreve o percurso efetuado nas atividades de estágio no âmbito do 2º ano do Mestrado em Reabilitação Psicomotora na Faculdade de Motricidade Humana – Universidade de Lisboa. O relatório de estágio que se apresenta envolve uma contextualização das perturbações observadas bem como a descrição da intervenção psicomotora efetuada no Fórum Sócio Ocupacional do Grupo de Ação Comunitária, no âmbito da Saúde Mental Comunitária. As atividades desenvolvidas visaram estimular as capacidades de planeamento, avaliação e intervenção psicomotoras por parte da aluna, no contexto de intervenção onde se inseria, visando também a coordenação do seu trabalho com outros profissionais e com a comunidade. Ao longo do estágio foram desenvolvidas sessões de Psicomotricidade em grupo e individuais, bem como outras atividades relacionadas com a psicomotricidade fora das sessões. Durante o estágio foram ainda realizados dois estudos de caso e elaboradas sessões tendo em vista avaliações inicial e final efetuadas. Conclui-se no final deste relatório que a intervenção em Psicomotricidade em saúde mental em contexto comunitário é pertinente tendo em conta os resultados da avaliação efetuada.

Alcohol use disorders and psychiatric diseases in Colombia

Background: An accurate understanding of co-occurrence and comorbidity of alcohol use disorders (AUD) in Colombia is crucial for public health. Objective: A secondary analysis was conducted, using a 2003/2004 government´s population database to determine the lifetime associations between AUD and other mental and addictive disorders in people of Colombia aged 18-65 years. Methods: Several statistical analysis were performed: testing prevalence difference in mental disorders by whether the individual had an AUD; a stratified analysis by gender and logistic regression analyses accounting for differences in demographic, socio-economic, behavioral and self-reported health status variables. Results: People with AUD comprised 9% of the population, of which 88% were males and on average 37 years old. They were more likely to be males, be working, and be current smokers; and less likely to be at home or retired. The population with AUD had greater chance to comply with criteria for all disorders but minor depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, nicotine dependence, and oppositional defiant disorder. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of mental disorders in the adult population with AUD in Colombia. The findings highlight the importance of comorbidity as a sign of disease severity and impact on public health and supports the need for training of more professionals and developing appropriate interventions and services.

Psychiatric disorder in HIV infection

Objective: This study aimed to investigate rates of psychiatric disorder in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in an Australian sample of homosexual and bisexual men. Method: A cross-sectional study of a total of 65 HIV sero-negative (HIV-) and 164 HIV sero-positive men (HIVt) (79 CDC stage 1 1/1 11 and 85 CDC stage IV) was conducted in three centres. Lifetime and current prevalence rates of psychiatric disorder were evaluated using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version lllR (DIS-IIIR). Results: Elevated current and lifetime rates of major depression were detected in both HIV negative and HIV positive homosexual/bisexual men. Lifetime rates of alcohol abuseldependence were significantly elevated in HIV positive men (CDC group IV) when compared with HIV negative men. Among the HIV positive group the majority of psychiatric disorders detected were preceded by a pre-HIV diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. Major depression represented the disorder most likely to have first onset after HIV infection diagnosis. Conclusions: Lifetime rates of major depression were elevated in this sample of HIV-negative and HIV-positive men, In the HIV-positive men, psychiatric disorder was significantly associated with the presence of lifetime psychiatric disorder prior to HIV infection diagnosis, The findings indicate the importance of evaluation of psychiatric history prior to HIV infection and the clinical significance of depressive syndromes in this population.

A Phenomic Scan of the Norfolk Island Genetic Isolate Identifies a Major Pleiotropic Effect Locus Associated with Metabolic and Renal Disorder Markers

Multiphenotype genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may reveal pleiotropic genes, which would remain undetected using single phenotype analyses. Analysis of large pedigrees offers the added advantage of more accurately assessing trait heritability, which can help prioritise genetically influenced phenotypes for GWAS analysis. In this study we performed a principal component analysis (PCA), heritability (h2) estimation and pedigree-based GWAS of 37 cardiovascular disease -related phenotypes in 330 related individuals forming a large pedigree from the Norfolk Island genetic isolate. PCA revealed 13 components explaining >75% of the total variance. Nine components yielded statistically significant h2 values ranging from 0.22 to 0.54 (P<0.05). The most heritable component was loaded with 7 phenotypic measures reflecting metabolic and renal dysfunction. A GWAS of this composite phenotype revealed statistically significant associations for 3 adjacent SNPs on chromosome 1p22.2 (P<1x10-8). These SNPs form a 42kb haplotype block and explain 11% of the genetic variance for this renal function phenotype. Replication analysis of the tagging SNP (rs1396315) in an independent US cohort supports the association (P = 0.000011). Blood transcript analysis showed 35 genes were associated with rs1396315 (P<0.05). Gene set enrichment analysis of these genes revealed the most enriched pathway was purine metabolism (P = 0.0015). Overall, our findings provide convincing evidence for a major pleiotropic effect locus on chromosome 1p22.2 influencing risk of renal dysfunction via purine metabolism pathways in the Norfolk Island population. Further studies are now warranted to interrogate the functional relevance of this locus in terms of renal pathology and cardiovascular disease risk.

Autobiographical memory specificity, depression, and trauma in bipolar disorder

Objectives. In a bipolar disorder (BD) sample, the present study investigated: (i) the prevalence of trauma; (ii) the specificity of autobiographical memory (AM); (iii) the influence of childhood trauma on AM specificity, current inter-episode depressive mood, and BD severity; (iv) if AM specificity moderates the influence of childhood trauma on current inter-episode depressive mood and BD severity.

Methods. Fifty-two participants were recruited from a geographically well-defined mental health service in Northern Ireland. The AM test, self-report measures of lifetime experience of trauma, childhood trauma, and depression were administered. Severity of BD was estimated utilizing a systematic tool for reviewing all available clinical data of participants.

Results. A high prevalence of trauma was found. A total of 94.2% (49/52) of participants reported experiencing a traumatic event in either childhood or adulthood. AM specificity was significantly lower than previous reports of such in major depression. However, whilst childhood trauma predicted current inter-episode depressive mood, childhood trauma was not predictive of BD severity or AM specificity. Moreover, the association between childhood trauma and depressed mood was not moderated by AM specificity.

Conclusions. The findings of this study suggest a relationship between early psychosocial adversity and current inter-episode depressive mood in BD. In addition, levels of overgeneral AM are similar to that reported for depression, but are unrelated to childhood trauma, current inter-episode depressive mood, or BD severity. Clinical implications include the importance of routine assessment of trauma in BD and the need for adjunctive evidenced-based psychological therapies.