Capilla del M.I.T. de Eero Saarinen, 1950-55 : sincretismo en la armonía de los opuestos

La historia de la arquitectura se ha medido - en parte - por la evolución de las modas, épocas y estilos de la arquitectura religiosa. En la aparición de las nuevas capillas interreligiosas universitarias de los años '50 de Norteamérica, la capilla del M.I.T., bautizada tras su inauguración como “Kresge Chapel” en honor al apellido de su benefactor, fue el máximo exponente como prototipo en esta época marcada por la aparición nuevas conciencias de posguerra. (II Guerra Mundial). La tesis centra su investigación en esta capilla, cómo nació en respuesta a la necesidad de compatibilizar la enseñanza reglada científico tecnológica con una formación religiosa y humanista, para el programa impuesto como ampliación del campus universitario del MIT en el barrio universitario de Cambridge, Boston, Massachussets, en torno a dos edificios principales a proyectar: capilla y auditorio. Desde el trabajo de investigación se aporta la información documental necesaria para saber cómo evolucionó desde sus primeros bocetos hasta su construcción. Su nacimiento como necesidad en la sociedad universitaria no fue nada espontáneo, quedando a medias entre la influencia escandinavo - alemana y la tradición americano-luterana de anteriores iglesias neoclásicas herederas del “Plan Akron”. La formación académica y profesional dirigida por su padre, Eliel Saarinen, suman junto a los viajes del arquitecto, una herencia “genética” para con este prototipo ajeno al emergente “estilo internacional” y ayudan a comprender la dimensión compleja de lo que es capaz de representar la capilla. La capilla es refugio emocional de la luz y es un punto de inflexión notable en la recuperación del tipo centrado renovado y evolucionado, que junto con el doble recurso lumínico - efectista, de la vertical para el altar y horizontal inferior, distribuido desde el perímetro ondulado en el interior, el ejemplo es muestra la promoción de una cierta sensibilidad para con las nuevas formas de la "religión" emergentes en la Norteamérica de los años 50. Desde el sincretismo como mecanismo y principal “modus operandi” proyectual, FE versus RAZÓN, aparecen como dualismo permanente en todas las fases del proyecto, desde un proceso de búsqueda de la armonía de ambos y para cada uno de ellos. Con el estudio del modelo prototípico del MIT, buscamos el "patrón" empleado por el arquitecto en su proyección de "nueva iglesia" adaptado a la diversidad cultural y religiosa y de las nuevas y diferentes sensibilidades humanistas para el proyecto. ----------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY--------------------------------------------------- The history of architecture is measured - in part - by the evolution of fashion, periods and styles of religious architecture. In the emergence of the new interfaith university chapel of the 1950s in North America, the chapel of MIT, named after its inauguration as "Kresge Chapel" in honor of its benefactor, was the best example of a prototype, in this time so marked by the emergence of new postwar consciousnesses. The thesis focuses its research on this chapel; how it came about in response to the need to reconcile formal scientific and technological education with religious and humanist training for the program imposed as an extension of the campus of MIT in the university district of Cambridge, Boston Massachusetts, around two main projected buildings : Chapel and auditorium. From research work has been obtained the documentary information necessary to know how it evolved from the first sketches to its construction. Its creation as a necessity of the university society was not at all spontaneous, being halfway between the Scandinavian influence - German and the American Lutheran tradition of neoclassical churches, the heirs to the "Akron Plan". The academic and professional training directed by his father, Eliel Saarinen, together with the travels of the architect, a "genetic" heritage with this external prototype for the emerging "international style", and help to understand the complex dimension of what the chapel is capable of representing. The chapel is an emotional refuge of light and is a remarkable turning point in the recovery of such focused renewed and evolved, along with the double lumen resource - gimmicky, vertical to the altar and lower horizontal, distributed from the undulating perimeter inside, the example is shown to promote a certain sensitivity to the new forms of "religion" but vague religious profile emerging in the America of the 50s. From the syncretism as a mechanism and main "modus operandi" of the project, FAITH versus REASON appears as permanent dualism in all phases of the project from a process of finding the harmony of both and for each of them. With the study of the prototypical model of MIT, we seek the "pattern" used by the architect in his projection of "new church" adapted to the cultural and religious diversity and new and different humanist sensitivities for the project. El desarrollo vierte la luz suficiente para entender los patrones de lo arquitectónico en la capilla, que hacen de ella, la comunión armónica y perfecta de los nombrados opuestos en el campus universitario del MIT. En el camino, además, la investigación arroja luz y orden sobre las fases del proyecto a través de la contribución, recogida, clasificación y orden de los datos, fechas y documentos gráficos, a día de hoy dispersos y confusamente publicados, debido a la no existencia de un estudio profundo y completo como el que pretende ser este trabajo, por ser una obra fundamental en la historia de la arquitectura moderna. El patrón final demostrará el artificio sincrético de cada una de las partes - cada uno en sí misma y cosidas todas - formando el "Ima Summis" de la capilla; resultado de la acción proyectual deducida de su serie genética descifrada. De esta forma, lo sincrético, aparece como el principal atributo del hecho construido, pasando de lo místico a lo científico, de lo intuitivo a lo razonado y siempre con el vehículo de su arquitectura para la interpretación de lo inefable al interior. En cuanto a la estructura de la tesis, se inicia el desarrollo a partir de una introducción en la que se declaran las intenciones y se describe el contexto de lo investigado en torno a la hipótesis principal anunciada en el subtítulo de la tesis. Frente a consideraciones previas de la capilla y de la propia investigación, se expone y explica la hipótesis principal, junto a otros objetivos secundarios. Para finalizar la introducción, se describe el método seguido como estrategia y se justifica la estructura de redacción del documento para la compresión de este trabajo hacia sus conclusiones. Es en el primer capítulo, el C1, donde se inicia el cuerpo central mediante la exposición historiográfica de la situación y contexto previo a la capilla como antecedentes. En un segundo capítulo, el C2, se aborda el estudio del desarrollo del proyecto y de la obra y construcción de la capilla, base documental necesaria. Para ello se inicia con la descripción del lugar, del encargo y del programa, para pasar a mostrar con detalle las distintas propuestas de cada una de las fases del proyecto. En definitiva, qué se proyecto, cómo evolucionó el proyecto y en qué fases transcurrió, para entre otras cuestiones, entender el cambio de estilo desde una fase influenciada por la capilla de Mies construida en el ITT de Chicago, (denominadas en este trabajo por esta influencia como modelos “miesianos”) y la fase reencuentro con el modus de hacer iniciado por su padre Eliel, a través de un modelo a medias de una herencia escandinavo - alemana y la tradición luterano - americana, (denominada en este trabajo como herencia o modelos “saariniana/os”). The development sheds enough light to understand the architectural patterns of the chapel, making it the perfect and harmonic communion named opposites on the campus of MIT. Along the way, furthermore, the research sheds light and order on the phases of the project through the contribution, collection, sorting and order of data, dates and graphic documents, today scattered and confusingly published, due to inexistence of a deep and comprehensive study like this work is meant to be, in the context of such a seminal work in the history of modern architecture. The final pattern will demonstrate the syncretic artifice of each of the parts - each in itself and all together - forming the "Ima Summis" of the chapel; the result of the project action deducted from its deciphered genetic series. Being the SYNCRETIC, the main attribute of the built matter, passing from the mystical to the scientific, from the intuitive to the reasoned and always with the vehicle of architecture as the representation of the ineffable. As for the structure of the thesis, the development starts from an introduction in which the intentions are declared and the context of that which is investigated is described, in terms of the main hypothesis announced in the subtitle of the thesis. Faced with previous considerations of the chapel and the research itself, the principal hypothesis is expressed and explained, along with other secondary objectives. To conclude the introduction, the method followed is described as a strategy and the structuring of the document is justified for the compression of this work towards its conclusions. It is in the first chapter of the thesis, the C1, where the main body of the work is initiated through the historiographical account of the situation and context prior to the chapel as antecedents. A second chapter, C2, addresses the study of the development of the project and of the work and construction of the chapel, based on the necessary documentary evidence. To this end, the analysis begins with the description of the place, the commission and the program, moving on to analyze in detail the various proposals of each phase. What is projected, how it evolved and through what phases passed the project to, among other questions, understand the change in style between the phase of influence of Mies through the projected chapel in the ITT of Chicago chapel (called in this work as "miesian" influences or models) and the reunion with the modus of making initiated by his father Eliel, through a model equally at once of Scandinavian-German heritage and of the American-Lutheran tradition, (referred to in this work as "saarinian" inheritance or models). Para el tercer capítulo, el C3, se llevan a estudio y análisis, los elementos más destacables en los que se prueban las particularidades llamadas “genéticas” en cada uno de las partes principales detectadas en la capilla. Desde ellas se rastrean las influencias - a veces sinergias - que ayudan a justificar y conformar una clasificación genética en torno a cuatro patrones principales, de los que poder discernir al final del capítulo, el “patrón matriz” de la propia capilla en base a la concurrencia de los órdenes arquitectónicos que los conforman. Una vez obtenida la información y orden necesario, se puede afrontar el punto álgido de esta tesis con el cuarto capítulo, el C4, en el que se justifica la capacidad sincrética de la capilla como respuesta a la hipótesis principal señalada en el subtítulo. Para ello se inicia el capítulo con el enfoque y contexto del término “sincretismo” y “sincrético”, aportando la justificación de sus usos para con esta investigación, antes de explicar que la capilla es sincrética por la suma de dos claves fundamentales. La clave primera, correspondiente a la capacidad interconfesional y aconfesional de la capilla, y su capacidad de trascender al interior desde ambas situaciones además de ser reconocible por el religioso y a la vez por el científico. Y la clave segunda, que corresponde a la suma de las distintas partes sincréticas, cada una en si mismas, capaz de sumar todas juntas, este edificio sincrético de los nombrados opuestos. Una vez discernido las claves de lo sincrético en la capilla y a pesar de su doble carácter SACRO Y PROFANO, una comparativa posiciona a la capilla como único entre los ejemplos interconfesionales construidos en los ´50, sin haberse repetido de igual manera y mismo resultado en el tiempo, ni en ninguna otra universidad o centro tecnológico. Así la exposición de este trabajo finaliza con el último capítulo, el C5, en el que desde esa comparativa, una serie de cuestiones unen y distancian a la del MIT y dan acierto a la apuesta inicial, concluyendo que la hipótesis y el patrón de la misma, es el patrón de lo sincrético que modela el ”modus operandi ” del arquitecto. Tras el desarrollo, la investigación cierra filas en torno a cuatro conclusiones para los cuatro capítulos principales; C2, C3, C4, C5. La capilla del MIT como modelo prototípico no se repite en el tiempo, ni en ninguna otra universidad y se posiciona como el mejor prototipo – hito de una nueva arquitectura religiosa universitaria. In the third chapter, C3, we study and analyze the most notable elements in which are found those particularities referred to as "genetic" in each of the principal parts, (see above C3.1.1... - C3.1.8), where these influences - sometimes synergies - are traced, helping to justify and form a classification based on four of those principals (see above C3.2), from which, at the end of this chapter may be discerned a matrix pattern, that of the chapel itself (see above. C3.3.), based on concurrent architectural orders. Once the necessary information and order is obtained, we come to the decisive point in the fourth chapter, C4, where the syncretic capacity of the chapel in response to the main hypothesis indicated in the subtitle of the thesis is justified. For this, the chapter beings with the focus and context of the terms "syncretism" and "syncretic", providing justification for their use for this research, going on to assert that the chapel is syncretic from the sum of two fundamental aspects: the first corresponds to the interfaith and non-denominational capacities of the chapel, its ability to transcend both situations and be recognizable by both the religious and the scientific. The second corresponds to the sum of the different syncretic parts, each in themselves, capable of making together a syncretic building with the opposite. Once discerned the keys to the syncretic and epic in the chapel and despite its dual character both SACRED and PROFANE, a comparatison positions the chapel as being unique among interfaith examples built in the 1950s, without being repeated in the same way and with the same result over time or in any other university or centre of technology. So, the exhibition of this work ends with the last chapter, C5, in which from that comparison a number of issues come together and to distance themselves from MIT and bear out the initial proposition, concluding that the hypothesis and its pattern, the pattern of the syncretic which models the "modus operandi" of the architect to contain the ineffable. The research closes ranks around four conclusions for the four main chapters; C2, C3, C4, and C5 The chapel of MIT as a prototypical model is not repeated in time, or any other university and is positioned as the best prototype - a landmark of a new universitary religious architecture.

Glimpses of Methodism in York : and the surrounding district /

Mode of access: Internet.

The role of faith-based charities in the District of Columbia : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Restructuring, and the District of Columbia of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session, May 18, 1998.

Shipping list no.: 98-0363-P.

Thoughts upon the lawfulness and expediency of church establishments : and suggestions for the appropriation of the Clergy Reserves in Upper Canada as far as respects and Church of England in a letter to C.A. Hagerman, Esq., M.P., solicitor general of Upper Canada /

Includes bibliographical references.

Report of the sub-committee on steam railroads : to the Citizens' Representative Committee of One Hundred, District of Columbia, 1887.

Signed: C.B. Church, chairman.

Review report on Salem Church Reservoir, Rappahannock River, Virginia: water supply, salinity control, flood control, water quality control, recreation, hydroelectric power. Appendix.

Vols. 2 (Appendix) bound with main volume.

Memoir of the life and character of the Rev. Samuel Bacon, A.M., late : an officer of marines in the United States' service, afterwards, attorney at law in the state of Pennsylvania, and subsequently, a minister of the Episcopal Church, and principal agent of the American government for persons liberated from slave-ships, on the coast of Africa, where he terminated his life in the month of May, 1820 /

Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 23652.

Manual of the laws of Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia and West Virginia relative to religious societies, charitable uses, marriage, wills, religious meetings, etc.

Mode of access: Internet.

Historical papers read at the centennial anniversary of the Congregational Church of West Bloomfield, N. Y. : August 20, 1899.

Cover title: Centennial celebration, Congregational Church, West Bloomfield, N. Y.

Accommodating Muslim Minorities in Secular Societies: Public Education in England, Scotland, Ontario, and Quebec

Abstract This thesis examines one of the most sensitive challenges facing contemporary democracies: the accommodation of Muslim minorities in public institutions and services. It focuses on the field of education, and on two particular issues: the public funding of Islamic schools and the accommodation of Muslim needs in public secular schools. The analysis is based on an examination of outcomes in four jurisdictions that differ significantly in the level of accommodation that has emerged: England, Scotland, Ontario, and Quebec. I seek to explain why such variation in outcomes exists among these four cases. I draw on four bodies of literature to underpin the theoretical framework: historical institutionalism, political mobilization by civil society, political parties, and ideationalism. My argument can be summarized simply; historic church-state settlements, unique in each case, are the most important factor explaining the variation in outcomes in England, Scotland, Ontario, and Quebec. In some cases, the historic church-state template is incrementally adapted to accommodate Muslim minorities. In other cases, relatively little accommodation occurs and the path-dependent trajectory of church-state relations remains entrenched. While the historic church-state template is a necessary factor in the explanation, it does not fully account for the variation. For a more complete picture, I demonstrate that there are several additional key factors that also shape the outcomes: first, national identity and public attitudes towards immigration and immigrants; second, the extent of mobilization by political agents, such as civil society organizations and historic churches; and third, the response of political parties to demands by Muslims for institutional accommodation. Ultimately, I conclude that Muslims in these jurisdictions are receiving some accommodation, but the process is slow and partial. This thesis makes important theoretical and empirical contributions to the discussion of Muslim integration in liberal democratic states. First, a framework has yet to be developed that considers the theoretical implications of institutional accommodation of Muslims; I address this gap. Second, this research demonstrates the utility of historical institutionalism in explaining the adaptation of church-state templates to accommodate Muslims’ demands. Last, this study makes an original contribution by comparing the cases of England, Scotland, Ontario, and Quebec in the accommodation of Muslims in education. A comparison of Canada with the United Kingdom has not yet been done.  

Phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Speleological Province of the Ribeira Valley: 3. Serra district - area of hostels for tourists who visit the Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), state of São Paulo, Brazil

Phlebotomines (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Speleological Province of the Ribeira Valley: 3. Area of hostels for tourists who visit the Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study characterizes some ecological aspects of the phlebotomine fauna in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) situated in the Serra district, Iporanga municipality where the hostels for tourists visiting the PETAR are located. Captures were undertaken on a smallholding and a small farm situated near the hostels, monthly between January/2001 and December/2003 with automatic light traps (ALT) in pigsty, hen-house and veranda of a domicile at the two sites, and in peridomicile of the small farm also with black/white Shannon traps. With the ALT a total of 87,224 phlebotomines representing 19 species and also two hybrids of Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto) and two anomalous specimens were captured. The standardized index species abundance was for Ny. intermedia = 1.0 and Ny. neivai = 0.935. The highest frequencies of the smallholding occurred in the pigsty, the Williams' mean/capture for Ny. intermedia being 63.7 specimens and for Ny. neivai 29.2, and on the small farm, in the hen-house, Ny. intermedia 402.6 and Ny. neivai 116.2. A total of 863 phlebotomines (Ny. intermedia: 75.4%; Ny. neivai: 24.3%) were captured with black/white Shannon traps; females of both species being predominant in the white trap. The high frequencies of Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai, both implicated in CL transmission, indicate the areas presenting risk of the disease.

Environmental conditions and rodent infestation in Campo Limpo district, Sao Paulo municipality, Brazil

Rodents are involved in the transmission to human beings of several diseases, including liptospirosis, which shows high lethality rates in Sao Paulo municipality. Despite this, few studies have assessed the relationship existing between urban environmental conditions and building rodent infestation. With the purpose of clarifying this relationship, an analysis has been conducted in order to quantify the influence of environmental factors upon rodent infestation on a low-income district. Diagnosis of the environmental situation has been performed to evaluate the frequency according to which harborage, food and access sources occur, and a survey on infestation rates in 2175 dwellings in the area studied. The logistic regression analysis showed that among the environmental variables, the one that showed the closest association with rodent infestation was access; followed by harborage, and food. It was concluded that poor socioeconomic and environmental conditions in the area propitiate the occurrence of high rodent infestation rates

Evaluation of FAO Penman-Monteith and alternative methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration with missing data in Southern Ontario, Canada

Grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an important agrometeorological parameter for climatological and hydrological studies, as well as for irrigation planning and management. There are several methods to estimate ETo, but their performance in different environments is diverse, since all of them have some empirical background. The FAO Penman-Monteith (FAD PM) method has been considered as a universal standard to estimate ETo for more than a decade. This method considers many parameters related to the evapotranspiration process: net radiation (Rn), air temperature (7), vapor pressure deficit (Delta e), and wind speed (U); and has presented very good results when compared to data from lysimeters Populated with short grass or alfalfa. In some conditions, the use of the FAO PM method is restricted by the lack of input variables. In these cases, when data are missing, the option is to calculate ETo by the FAD PM method using estimated input variables, as recommended by FAD Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Based on that, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the FAO PM method to estimate ETo when Rn, Delta e, and U data are missing, in Southern Ontario, Canada. Other alternative methods were also tested for the region: Priestley-Taylor, Hargreaves, and Thornthwaite. Data from 12 locations across Southern Ontario, Canada, were used to compare ETo estimated by the FAD PM method with a complete data set and with missing data. The alternative ETo equations were also tested and calibrated for each location. When relative humidity (RH) and U data were missing, the FAD PM method was still a very good option for estimating ETo for Southern Ontario, with RMSE smaller than 0.53 mm day(-1). For these cases, U data were replaced by the normal values for the region and Delta e was estimated from temperature data. The Priestley-Taylor method was also a good option for estimating ETo when U and Delta e data were missing, mainly when calibrated locally (RMSE = 0.40 mm day(-1)). When Rn was missing, the FAD PM method was not good enough for estimating ETo, with RMSE increasing to 0.79 mm day(-1). When only T data were available, adjusted Hargreaves and modified Thornthwaite methods were better options to estimate ETo than the FAO) PM method, since RMSEs from these methods, respectively 0.79 and 0.83 mm day(-1), were significantly smaller than that obtained by FAO PM (RMSE = 1.12 mm day(-1). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Graceville and District Peace Committee members with banner during Hiroshima Day 1964, Brisbane

Graceville and District Peace Committee members with banner during Hiroshima Day 1964, Brisbane, Australia.

Permian stratigraphy of the Woolaga creek area, Mingenew District, Western Australia

Six units are distinguished in the Permian sequence, and are considered to belong to the Sakmarian and Artinskian stages.