(Table 1) Annual melt rates of the South Branch of Jacobshavn Isbrae between July 1984-1985

Photogrammetric reanalysis of 1985 aerial photos has revealed substantial submarine melting of the floating ice tongue of Jakobshavn Isbrae, west Greenland. The thickness of the floating tongue determined from hydrostatic equilibrium tapers from ~940 m near the grounding zone to ~600 m near the terminus. Feature tracking on orthophotos shows speeds on the July 1985 ice tongue to be nearly constant (~18.5 m/d), indicating negligible dynamic thinning. The thinning of the ice tongue is mostly due to submarine melting with average rates of 228 ± 49 m/yr (0.62 ± 0.13 m/d) between the summers of 1984 and 1985. The cause of the high melt rate is the circulation of warm seawater (thermal forcing of up to 4.2°C) beneath the tongue with convection driven by the substantial discharge of subglacial freshwater from the grounding zone. We believe that this buoyancy-driven convection is responsible for a deep channel incised into the sole of the floating tongue. A dramatic thinning, retreat, and speedup began in 1998 and continues today. The timing of the change is coincident with a 1.1°C warming of deep ocean waters entering the fjord after 1997. Assuming a linear relationship between thermal forcing and submarine melt rate, average melt rates should have increased by ~25% (~57 m/yr), sufficient to destabilize the ice tongue and initiate the ice thinning and the retreat that followed.

(Table 1) I, Br, B, d11B and Mn concentrations in ODP Site 131-808

This study of the interstitial water concentration-depth distributions of iodide, bromide, boron, d11B, and dissolved organic carbon, as represented by absorbance at 325 nm (yellow substance: YS) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), is a follow-up of the extensive shipboard program of interstitial water analysis during ODP Leg 131. Most of the components studied are associated with processes involving the diagenesis of organic matter in these sediments. Three zones of the sediment column are discussed separately because of the different processes involved in causing concentration changes: 1. The upper few hundreds of meters: In this zone, characterized by very high sedimentation rates (>1200 m/m.y.), interstitial waters show very sharp increases in alkalinity, ammonia, iodide, bromide, YS, and LIF, mainly as a result of the diagenesis of organic carbon; 2. Whereas below 200 mbsf concentration gradients all show a decreasing trend, the zone at ~ 365 mbsf is characterized by concentration reversals, mainly due to the recent emplacement of deeper sediments above this depth as a result of thrust-faulting; 3. The décollement zone (945-964 mbsf) is characterized by concentration anomalies in various constituents (bromide, boron, d11B, manganese, LIF). These data are interpreted as resulting from an advective input of fluids along the zone of décollement as recent as ~ 200 ka. Possibly periodic inputs of anomalous fluids still seem to occur along this décollement zone.

(Table A1) Annual biomass of plants and animals recorded on Bylot Island between 1993-2009

Determining the manner in which food webs will respond to environmental changes is difficult because the relative importance of top-down vs. bottom-up forces in controlling ecosystems is still debated. This is especially true in the Arctic tundra where, despite relatively simple food webs, it is still unclear which forces dominate in this ecosystem. Our primary goal was to assess the extent to which a tundra food web was dominated by plant-herbivore or predator--rey interactions. Based on a 17-year (1993-2009) study of terrestrial wildlife on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada, we developed trophic mass balance models to address this question. Snow Geese were the dominant herbivores in this ecosystem, followed by two sympatric lemming species (brown and collared lemmings). Arctic foxes, weasels, and several species of birds of prey were the dominant predators. Results of our trophic models encompassing 19 functional groups showed that <10% of the annual primary production was consumed by herbivores in most years despite the presence of a large Snow Goose colony, but that 20-100% of the annual herbivore production was consumed by predators. The impact of herbivores on vegetation has also weakened over time, probably due to an increase in primary production. The impact of predators was highest on lemmings, intermediate on passerines, and lowest on geese and shorebirds, but it varied with lemming abundance. Predation of collared lemmings exceeded production in most years and may explain why this species remained at low density. In contrast, the predation rate on brown lemmings varied with prey density and may have contributed to the high-amplitude, periodic fluctuations in the abundance of this species. Our analysis provided little evidence that herbivores are limited by primary production on Bylot Island. In contrast, we measured strong predator-prey interactions, which supports the hypothesis that this food web is primarily controlled by top-down forces. The presence of allochthonous resources subsidizing top predators and the absence of large herbivores may partly explain the predominant role of predation in this low-productivity ecosystem.

(Table 1) Consolidation test for sediments of ODP Leg 130 sites

Consolidation tests were performed on 19 samples of calcareous ooze from the Ontong Java Plateau, obtained during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 130. Rebound curves from consolidation tests on Ontong Java Plateau samples yield porosity rebounds of 1%-4% for these sediments at equivalent depths up to 1200 mbsf. The exception is a radiolarian-rich sample that has 6% rebound. A rebound correction derived from the porosity rebound vs. depth data has been combined with a correction for pore-water expansion to correct the shipboard laboratory porosity data to in-situ values. Comparison of the laboratory porosity data corrected in this manner with the downhole log data shows good agreement.

Distribution of Uvigerina proboscidea in Late Neogene sediments of DSDP Hole 22-214 in the northern Indian Ocean (Table 1)

This study attempts to understand the significance of Uvigerina proboscidea in paleoceanographic reconstructions at the northern (tropical) Indian Ocean DSDP Site 214 from the Late Miocene through the Pleistocene. In this interval at this site, U. proboscidea is the most abundant species of the benthic assemblage and shows abrupt frequency changes (about 1-74%). Based on relative percentages of U. proboscidea calibrated with oxygen and carbon isotope record and the sediment accumulation rates, the modern distribution of the species in the Indian Ocean, and other evidence, the peaks of abundance of U. proboscidea are inferred to represent times of high-surface productivity, This productivity is related to intensified trade winds during strong southwest (SW) Indian monsoons, causing widespread upwelling along equatorial divergemce in the Indian Ocean. The sudden increase of U. proboscidea abundance at approximately 8.5-7.5 Ma reflects significant upwelling at the equatorial divergence. This event corresponds to the permanent build-up of West Antarctic ice sheets, and a major increase in SW Indian monsoons related upwelling in the northwestern Indian Ocean. The Chron-6 carbon shift at approximately 6.2 Ma is marked by another peak of abundance, reflecting widespread ocean fertility. The highest abundances of U. proboscidea and highest sediment accumulation rates occur between 5.8 and 5.1 Ma, which coincidies with the greatest development of Antarctic ice sheets and strong southwest monsoons. The higher percentages at 3.2-3.1 Ma, approximately 2.4 Ma, and 1.6 Ma all represent phases of high productivity at the equatorial divergence.

(Table 1) Composition of organic matter in bottom sediments from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench

From results of analyses of sediment samples collected on a profile crossing the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench distribution of organic D, N. carbohydrates, lipids and humic substances was established, as well as nature of their relationship with amorphous silica and clay fraction. Sum of the main biochemical groups of organic matter in the surface layer of sediments (0-1 cm) from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench amounts to about 15%; neogenetic forms not encountered in living organisms make up 85% of organic matter. Among such forms 26% comprise humic substances formed during initial stages of polymerization of decomposition products of biochemical macromolecules.

Table 2: Firn temperature, ram resistance, mass balance and submergence velo city measurements on Colle Gnifetti

Distributional patterns of glaciological parameters at the Colle Gnifetti core drilling site are described and their interrelationships are brietly discussed. Observations within a stake network established in 1980 furnish information about snow accumulation (short term balance), submergence velocity of ice tlow (long term balance), ram hardness (melt layer stratigraphy), and firn temperature. In addition, a numerical model was used to estimate local variations of available radiant energy. Melt layer formation is considerably more intensive on the south facing parts of the firn saddie where incoming radiation is high. These melt layers seem to effectively protect some of the fallen snow from wind erosion. As a result, balance ist up to one order of magnitude larger on south facing slopes. Heat applied to the surface is therefore positively correlated with balance, whereas the relation between solar radiation and firn temperature is less dear. Distributional patterns of submergence velocity confirm that the observed spatial variability of surface balance is representative for longer time periods and greatly intluences the time scale and the stratigraphy of firn and ice cores from Colle Gnifetti.

(Table 1) Age determination of sediment core A-7

Detailed deglacial and Holocene records of planktonic d18O and Mg/Ca-based sea surface temperature (SST) from the Okinawa Trough suggest that at ~18 to 17 thousand years before present (kyr B.P.), late spring/early summer SSTs were approximately 3°C cooler than today, while surface waters were up to 1 practical salinity unit saltier. These conditions are consistent with a weaker influence of the summer East Asian Monsoon (EAM) than today. The timing of suborbital SST oscillations suggests a close link with abrupt changes in the EAM and North Atlantic climate. A tropical influence, however, may have resulted in subtle decoupling between the North Atlantic and the Okinawa Trough/EAM during the deglaciation. Okinawa Trough surface water trends in the Holocene are consistent with model simulations of an inland shift of intense EAM precipitation during the middle Holocene. Millennial-scale alternations between relatively warm, salty conditions and relatively cold, fresh conditions suggest varying influence of the Kuroshio during the Holocene.

(Table 1) Magnetic characteristic properties of selected samples of ODP Hole 134-831B

During Ocean Drilling Program Leg 134 (Vanuatu), geological high sensitivity magnetic tools (GHMT) developed by CEA-LETI and TOTAL were used at two drill sites. GHMT combine two sensors, a proton magnetometer for total magnetic field measurements with an operational accuracy of 0.1 nanoteslas (nT), and a highly sensitive induction tool to measure the magnetic susceptibility with an operational accuracy of a few 10**-6 SI units. Hole 829A was drilled through an accretionary prism and the downhole measurements of susceptibility correlate well with other well-log physical properties. Sharp susceptibility contrasts between chalk and volcanic silt sediment provide complementary data that help define the lithostratigraphic units. At Hole 831B magnetic susceptibility and total field measurements were performed through a 700-m reef carbonate sequence of a guyot deposited on top of an andesitic volcano. The downhole magnetic susceptibility is very low and the amplitude of peak-to-peak anomalies is less than a few 10**-5 SI units. Based on the repeatability of the measurements, the accuracy of the magnetic logging measurements was demonstrated to be excellent. Total magnetic field data at Hole 831B reveal low magnetic anomalies of 0.5 to 5 nT and the measurement of a complete repeat section indicates an accuracy of 0.1 to 0.2 nT. Due to the inclination of the earth's magnetic field in this area (~-40°) and the very low magnetic susceptibility of the carbonate, the contribution of the induced magnetization to the total field measured in the hole is negligible. Unfortunately, because the core recovery was extremely poor (<5%) no detailed comparison between the core measurements and the downhole magnetic data could be made. Most samples have a diamagnetic susceptibility and very low intensity of remanent magnetization (< 10**-4 A/m), but a few samples have a stable remanent magnetization up to 0.005 A/m. These variations of the intensity of the remanent magnetization suggest a very heterogeneous distribution of the magnetization in the carbonate sequence that could explain the magnetic field anomalies measured in these weakly magnetized rocks.

Sr- and Nd-isotopic composition of bulk lithogenic sediments from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Table 1)

In order to characterize the provenance of lithogenic surface sediments from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS), residual (leached) fraction of 34 surface samples have been analysed for their 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios. The sample locations bracket all important entrances of riverine suspended matter into the EMS as well as all sub-basins of the EMS. The combined analyses of these two isotope ratios provide a precise characterization of the lithogenic fraction of surface sediments and record their dilution towards the central sub-basins. We reconstruct provenance and possible pathways of riverine dispersal and current redistribution, assuming more or less homogenous isotopic signatures and flux rates of the eolian fraction over the EMS. Lithogenic sediments entering the Ionian Sea from the Calabrian Arc and the Adriatic Sea are characterized by high 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios and low epsilon-Nd(0) values (average 87Sr/86Sr=0.718005 and epsilon-Nd(0)=-11.06, n=5). Aegean Sea terrigenous sediments show an average ratio of 87Sr/86Sr=0.713089 (n=5) and values of epsilon-Nd(0)=-7.89 (n=5). The Aegean isotopic signature is traceable up to the southwest, south, and southeast of Crete. The sediment loads entering the EMS via the Aegean Sea are low and spread out mainly through the Strait of Casos (east of Crete). Surface sediments from the eastern Levantine Basin are marked by the highest epsilon-Nd(0) values (-3.3, n=6) and lowest 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios (average 0.709541, n=6), reflecting the predominant input of the Nile sediment. The influence of the Nile sediment is traceable up to the NE-trending, eastern flank of the Mediterranean Ridge. The characterization of the modern riverine dispersal and eolian flux, based on isotope data, may serve as a tool to reconstruct climate-coupled variations of lithogenic sediment input into the EMS.

(Table 1) Summary of maximum clast size and bed thickness of ODP Leg 126 samples

Subaerial debris flows, with water contents ranging from as little as 10 wt% up to no more than about 25 wt% (Pierson, 1986; Pierson and Costa, 1987), are non-Newtonian fluids that move as fairly coherent masses with yield strength (owing to bulk densities and viscosity that are much greater than those of clear water), which enables them to suspend and transport large clasts. Their flow behavior is thought to be predominantly laminar, although the relative importance of laminar and turbulent flow has not been established and is debatable. They leave deposits (debrites) that are characteristically poorly sorted with large clasts in their middle portions and commonly protruding from their tops. Although generally ungraded or normally graded in their upper portions, many have centimeter- to decimeter-thick inversely graded basal zones (Arguden and Rodolfo, 1990, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0865:SADDBH>2.3.CO;2).

(Table 1) Neodymium and Strontium measurements from sediment core MD01-2451

In the nineties, cold-water coral mounds were discovered in the Porcupine Seabight (NE Atlantic, west of Ireland). A decade later, this discovery led to the drilling of the entire Challenger cold-water coral mound (Eastern slope, Porcupine Seabight) during IODP Expedition 307. As more than 50% of the sediment within Challenger Mound consists of terrigenous material, the terrigenous component is equally important for the build-up of the mound as the framework-building corals. Moreover, the terrigenous fraction contains important information on the dynamics and the conditions of the depositional environment during mound development. In this study, the first in-depth investigation of the terrigenous sediment fraction of a cold-water coral mound is performed, combining clay mineralogy, sedimentology, petrography and Sr-Nd-isotopic analysis on a gravity core (MD01-2451G) collected at the top of Challenger Mound. Sr- and Nd-isotopic fingerprinting identifies Ireland as the main contributor of terrigenous material in Challenger Mound. Besides this, a variable input of volcanic material from the northern volcanic provinces (Iceland and/or the NW British Isles) is recognized in most of the samples. This volcanic material was most likely transported to Challenger Mound during cold climatic stages. In three samples, the isotopic ratios indicate a minor contribution of sediment deriving from the old cratons on Greenland, Scandinavia or Canada. The grain-size distributions of glacial sediments demonstrate that ice-rafted debris was deposited with little or no sorting, indicating a slow bottom-current regime. In contrast, interglacial intervals contain strongly current-sorted sediments, including reworked glacio-marine grains. The micro textures of the quartz-sand grains confirm the presence of grains transported by icebergs in interglacial intervals. These observations highlight the role of ice-rafting as an important transport mechanism of terrigenous material towards the mound during the Late Quaternary. Furthermore, elevated smectite content in the siliciclastic, glaciomarine sediment intervals is linked to the deglaciation history of the British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS). The increase of smectite is attributed to the initial stage of chemical weathering processes, which became activated following glacial retreat and the onset of warmer climatic conditions. During these deglaciations a significant change in the signature of the detrital fraction and a lack of coral growth is observed. Therefore, we postulate that the deglaciation of the BIIS has an important effect on mound growth. It can seriously alter the hydrography, nutrient supply and sedimentation processes, thereby affecting both sediment input and coral growth and hence, coral mound development.

(Table S1, S4) Campanian-Maastrichtian benthic foraminifera from ODP Hole 113-690C

During the latest Cretaceous cooling phase, a positive shift in benthic foraminiferal d18O values lasting about 1.5 Myr (71.5-70 Ma) can be observed at a global scale (Campanian-Maastrichtian Boundary Event, CMBE). This d18O excursion is interpreted as being influenced by a change in intermediate- to deep-water circulation or by temporal build-up of Antarctic ice sheets. Here we test whether benthic foraminiferal assemblages from a southern high-latitudinal site near Antarctica (ODP Site 690) are influenced by the CMBE. If the d18O transition reflects a change in intermediate- to deep-water circulation from low-latitude to high-latitude water masses, then this change would result in cooler temperatures, higher oxygen concentration, and possibly lower organic-matter flux at the seafloor, resulting in a major benthic foraminiferal assemblage change. If, however, the d18O transition was mainly triggered by ice formation, no considerable compositional difference in benthic foraminiferal assemblages would be expected. Our data show a separation of the studied succession into two parts with distinctly different benthic foraminiferal assemblages. Species dominating the older part (73.0-70.5 Ma) tolerate less bottom water oxygenation and are typical components of low-latitude assemblages. In contrast, the younger part (70.0-68.0 Ma) is characterized by species that indicate well-oxygenated bottom waters and species common in high-latitude assemblages. We interpret the observed change in benthic foraminiferal assemblages toward a well-oxygenated environment to reflect the onset of a shift from low-latitude toward high-latitude dominated intermediate- to deep-water sources. This implies that a change in oceanic circulation was at least a major component of the CMBE.

(Table 2) Presence of plant remains in sediment core GIK14973, northern Kattegat

For the first time detailed physical properties were measured in addition to sedimentological parameters of near surface sediments of Kattegat channel system. This study has been accomplished on two sediment cores of different waterdepth of each Alkor-deep and Littorina-deep. The sediments of Littorina-deep, which have been dated with 210Pb-method, turned out to be surprisingly recent, with sedimentation rates up to 3,2 cm/year. Differences in physical properties lead to the assumption of lower sedimentation rates in Alkor-deep, the velocities of bottom and deepwater currents could be the cause of these differences in sedimentation rates. In Alkor-deep, the morphology runs parallel to the main direction of the bottom current. Therefore higher current velocities can be reached, which favor the erosion of fine sediment particles. Littorina-deep is located rectangular to the main direction of bottom currents. This might lead to an 'overflow' situation instead of a 'flow through'.

(Table T1) Mineralogy and geochemistry of ODP Hole 192-1183A and Hole 192-1186A sediments, Ontong Java Plateau

Boron, Ca, Na, and Gd concentrations and H intensity in sediments obtained during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 192 were determined by prompt gamma neutron activation analysis. The results show strong positive correlation between B content and H intensity in carbonate samples; chalk samples have higher B contents than limestone samples. Average B content is 9.1 ppm for the chalk and 5.2 ppm for the limestone. When chert blocks or clay minerals are present in the carbonate samples, B content increases (up to 91 ppm).