Agroclimatic zoning of the state of Minas Gerais for the production of high quality soybean seeds

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Gravity potential spherical harmonic series

Time variable gravity fields, reflecting variations of mass distribution in the system Earth is one of the key parameters to understand the changing Earth. Mass variations are caused either by redistribution of mass in, on or above the Earth's surface or by geophysical processes in the Earth's interior. The first set of observations of monthly variations of the Earth gravity field was provided by the US/German GRACE satellite mission beginning in 2002. This mission is still providing valuable information to the science community. However, as GRACE has outlived its expected lifetime, the geoscience community is currently seeking successor missions in order to maintain the long time series of climate change that was begun by GRACE. Several studies on science requirements and technical feasibility have been conducted in the recent years. These studies required a realistic model of the time variable gravity field in order to perform simulation studies on sensitivity of satellites and their instrumentation. This was the primary reason for the European Space Agency (ESA) to initiate a study on ''Monitoring and Modelling individual Sources of Mass Distribution and Transport in the Earth System by Means of Satellites''. The goal of this interdisciplinary study was to create as realistic as possible simulated time variable gravity fields based on coupled geophysical models, which could be used in the simulation processes in a controlled environment. For this purpose global atmosphere, ocean, continental hydrology and ice models were used. The coupling was performed by using consistent forcing throughout the models and by including water flow between the different domains of the Earth system. In addition gravity field changes due to solid Earth processes like continuous glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and a sudden earthquake with co-seismic and post-seismic signals were modelled. All individual model results were combined and converted to gravity field spherical harmonic series, which is the quantity commonly used to describe the Earth's global gravity field. The result of this study is a twelve-year time-series of 6-hourly time variable gravity field spherical harmonics up to degree and order 180 corresponding to a global spatial resolution of 1 degree in latitude and longitude. In this paper, we outline the input data sets and the process of combining these data sets into a coherent model of temporal gravity field changes. The resulting time series was used in some follow-on studies and is available to anybody interested.

Parameters of the near-bottom nepheloid layer off the northwestern Africa coast

Vertical profiles of light scattering at a right angle and turbidity profiles in seawater indicating suspended matter concentration in the near-bottom nepheloid layer (NNL) were measured simultaneously with temperature, salinity, and density profiles at the continental slope off the northwestern Africa. About 100 stations 5' apart in latitude and longitude were carried out over an ocean area of 6100 sq. km. Special features of the NNL variability in the area were analyzed. It was found that some structural parameters of the NNL (maximum transparency depth, that is the upper boundary of NNL; NNL thickness; maximum and total turbidity) correlate with ocean depth. On the average, thickness of the NNL in the area is 20-40% of the ocean depth. At most stations the NNL is fairly strong. In the shelf region NNL turbidity was influenced by the intensive near-shore upwelling. Formation of ''high-energy near-bottom layers'' in the shelf region resulted from passing of a mesoscale cyclonic eddy that caused redistribution of measured quantities within the entire water column.

The CLIMATE data base of monthly normals for globally gridded climatic variables (version 2.1)

This database (Leemans & Cramer 1991) contains monthly averages of mean temperature, temperature range, precipitation, rain days and sunshine hours for the terrestrial surface of the globe, gridded at 0.5 degree longitude/latitude resolution. All grd-files contain the same 62483 pixels in the same order, with 30' latitude and longitude resolution. The coordinates are in degree-decimals and indicate the SW corner of each pixel. Topography is from ETOPO5 and indicates modal elevation. Data were generated from a large data base, using the partial thin-plate splining algorithm (Hutchinson & Bischof 1983). This version is widely used around the globe, notably by all groups participating in the IGBP NPP model intercomparison.

GIS analysis for the study of rural depopulation: the Kingdom of Valencia (Tomas Lopez 1789)

One of the more aspects that have shaped the landscape is the human impact. The human impact has the clearest indicator of the density of settlements in a particular geographic region. In this paper we study all settlements shown on the map of the Kingdom of Valencia, Spain Geographic Atlas (AGE) of Tomas Lopez (1788), and their correspondence with the current ones. To meet this goal we have developed a specific methodology, the systematic study of all existing settlements in historical cartography. This will determine which have disappeared and which have been renamed. The material used has been the historical cartography of Tomas Lopez, part of the AGE (1789), the Kingdom of Valencia (1789), sheets numbers (78, 79, 80 and 81); Current mapping of the provinces of Alicante, Valencia, Castellon, Teruel, Tattagona and Cuenca; As main software ArcGis V.9.3. The steps followed in the methodology are as follows: 1. Check the scale of the maps. Analyze the possible use of a spherical earth model. 2. Geo-reference of maps with latitude and longitude framework. Move the historical longitude origin to the origin longitude of modern cartography. 3 Digitize of all population settlements or cities. 4 Identify historic settlements or cities corresponding with current ones. 5. If the maps have the same orientation and scale, replace the coordinate transformation of historical settlements with a new one, by a translation in latitude and longitude equal to the calculated mean value of all ancient map points corresponding to the new. 6. Calculation of absolute accuracy of the two maps, i.e. the linear distance between the points of both maps. 7 draw in the GIS, the settlements without correspondence, in the current coordinates, and with a circle of mean error of the sheet, in order to locate their current location. If there are actual settlements exist within this circle, they are candidates to be the searched settlements. We analyzed more than 2000 settlements represented in the Atlas of Tomas Lopez of the Kingdom of Valencia (1789), of which almost 14.5% have no correspondence with the existing settlements. The rural landscape evolution of the Valencia, oldest kingdom of Valencia, one can say that can be severely affected by the anthropization suffered in the period from 1789 to the present, since 70% of existing settlements actually have appeared after Tomas Lopez¿s cartography, dated on 1789

GIS for cartographic accuracy analysis of settlements in the province of Madrid (AGE Tomas Lopez 1804).

Purpose: In this paper we study all settlements shown on the map of the Province of Madrid, sheet number 1 of AGE (Atlas Geográfico de España of Tomas Lopez 1804) and their correspondence with the current ones. This map is divided in to zones: Madrid and Almonacid de Zorita. Method: The steps followed in the methodology are as follow: 1. Geo-reference of maps with latitude and longitude framework. Move the historical longitude origin to the origin longitude of modern cartography. 2 Digitize of all population settlements or cities (97 on Madrid and 42 on Almonacid de Zorita), 3 Identify historic settlements or cities corresponding with current ones. 4. If the maps have the same orientation and scale, replace the coordinate transformation of historical settlements with a new one, by a translation in latitude and longitude equal to the calculated mean value of all ancient map points corresponding to the new. 5. Calculation of absolute accuracy of the two maps. 6 draw in the GIS, the settlements accuracy. Result: It was found that all AGE settlements have good correspondence with current, ie only 27 settlements lost in Madrid and 2 in Almonacid. The average accuracy is 2.3 and 5.7 km to Madrid and Almonacid de Zorita respectively. Discussion & Conclusion: The final accuracy map obtained shows that there is less error in the middle of the map. This study highlights the great work done by Tomas Lopez in performing this mapping without fieldwork. This demonstrates the great value that has been the work of Tomas Lopez in the history of cartography.

Desarrollo, implementación y análisis de un modelo cinemático local de velocidades para Costa Rica basado en la integración y homogenización de datos de estaciones GNSS continuas

El primer procesamiento estricto realizado con el software científico Bernese y contemplando las más estrictas normas de cálculo recomendadas internacionalmente, permitió obtener un campo puntual de alta exactitud, basado en la integración y estandarización de los datos de una red GPS ubicada en Costa Rica. Este procesamiento contempló un total de 119 semanas de datos diarios, es decir unos 2,3 años, desde enero del año 2009 hasta abril del año 2011, para un total de 30 estaciones GPS, de las cuales 22 están ubicadas en el territorio nacional de Costa Rica y 8 internaciones pertenecientes a la red del Sistema Geocéntrico para las Américas (SIRGAS). Las denominadas soluciones semilibres generaron, semana a semana, una red GPS con una alta exactitud interna definida por medio de los vectores entre las estaciones y las coordenadas finales de la constelación satelital. La evaluación semanal dada por la repetibilidad de las soluciones brindó en promedio errores de 1,7 mm, 1,4 mm y 5,1 mm en las componentes [n e u], confirmando una alta consistencia en estas soluciones. Aunque las soluciones semilibres poseen una alta exactitud interna, las mismas no son utilizables para fines de análisis cinemático, pues carecen de un marco de referencia. En Latinoamérica, la densificación del Marco Internacional Terrestre de Referencia (ITRF), está representado por la red de estaciones de operación continua GNSS de SIRGAS, denominada como SIRGAS-CON. Por medio de las denominadas coordenadas semanales finales de las 8 estaciones consideradas como vínculo, se refirió cada una de las 119 soluciones al marco SIRGAS. La introducción del marco de referencia SIRGAS a las soluciones semilibres produce deformaciones en estas soluciones. Las deformaciones de las soluciones semilibres son producto de las cinemática de cada una de las placas en las que se ubican las estaciones de vínculo. Luego de efectuado el amarre semanal a las coordenadas SIRGAS, se hizo una estimación de los vectores de velocidad de cada una de las estaciones, incluyendo las de amarre, cuyos valores de velocidad se conocen con una alta exactitud. Para la determinación de las velocidades de las estaciones costarricenses, se programó una rutina en ambiente MatLab, basada en una ajuste por mínimos cuadrados. Los valores obtenidos en el marco de este proyecto en comparación con los valores oficiales, brindaron diferencias promedio del orden de los 0,06 cm/a, -0,08 cm/a y -0,10 cm/a respectivamente para las coordenadas [X Y Z]. De esta manera se logró determinar las coordenadas geocéntricas [X Y Z]T y sus variaciones temporales [vX vY vZ]T para el conjunto de 22 estaciones GPS de Costa Rica, dentro del datum IGS05, época de referencia 2010,5. Aunque se logró una alta exactitud en los vectores de coordenadas geocéntricas de las 22 estaciones, para algunas de las estaciones el cálculo de las velocidades no fue representativo debido al relativo corto tiempo (menos de un año) de archivos de datos. Bajo esta premisa, se excluyeron las ocho estaciones ubicadas al sur de país. Esto implicó hacer una estimación del campo local de velocidades con solamente veinte estaciones nacionales más tres estaciones en Panamá y una en Nicaragua. El algoritmo usado fue el denominado Colocación por Mínimos Cuadrados, el cual permite la estimación o interpolación de datos a partir de datos efectivamente conocidos, el cual fue programado mediante una rutina en ambiente MatLab. El campo resultante se estimó con una resolución de 30' X 30' y es altamente constante, con una velocidad resultante promedio de 2,58 cm/a en una dirección de 40,8° en dirección noreste. Este campo fue validado con base en los datos del modelo VEMOS2009, recomendado por SIRGAS. Las diferencias de velocidad promedio para las estaciones usadas como insumo para el cálculo del campo fueron del orden los +0,63 cm/a y +0,22 cm/a para los valores de velocidad en latitud y longitud, lo que supone una buena determinación de los valores de velocidad y de la estimación de la función de covarianza empírica, necesaria para la aplicación del método de colocación. Además, la grilla usada como base para la interpolación brindó diferencias del orden de -0,62 cm/a y -0,12 cm/a para latitud y longitud. Adicionalmente los resultados de este trabajo fueron usados como insumo para hacer una aproximación en la definición del límite del llamado Bloque de Panamá dentro del territorio nacional de Costa Rica. El cálculo de las componentes del Polo de Euler por medio de una rutina programa en ambiente MatLab y aplicado a diferentes combinaciones de puntos no brindó mayores aportes a la definición física de este límite. La estrategia lo que confirmó fue simplemente la diferencia en la dirección de todos los vectores velocidad y no permitió reveló revelar con mayor detalle una ubicación de esta zona dentro del territorio nacional de Costa Rica. ABSTRACT The first strict processing performed with the Bernese scientific software and contemplating the highest standards internationally recommended calculation, yielded a precise field of high accuracy, based on the integration and standardization of data from a GPS network located in Costa Rica. This processing watched a total of 119 weeks of daily data, is about 2.3 years from January 2009 to April 2011, for a total of 30 GPS stations, of which 22 are located in the country of Costa Rica and 8 hospitalizations within the network of Geocentric System for the Americas (SIRGAS). The semi-free solutions generated, every week a GPS network with high internal accuracy defined by vectors between stations and the final coordinates of the satellite constellation. The weekly evaluation given by repeatability of the solutions provided in average errors of 1.7 mm 1.4 mm and 5.1 mm in the components [n e u], confirming a high consistency in these solutions. Although semi-free solutions have a high internal accuracy, they are not used for purposes of kinematic analysis, because they lack a reference frame. In Latin America, the densification of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), is represented by a network of continuously operating GNSS stations SIRGAS, known as SIRGAS-CON. Through weekly final coordinates of the 8 stations considered as a link, described each of the solutions to the frame 119 SIRGAS. The introduction of the frame SIRGAS to semi-free solutions generates deformations. The deformations of the semi-free solutions are products of the kinematics of each of the plates in which link stations are located. After SIRGAS weekly link to SIRGAS frame, an estimate of the velocity vectors of each of the stations was done. The velocity vectors for each SIRGAS stations are known with high accuracy. For this calculation routine in MatLab environment, based on a least squares fit was scheduled. The values obtained compared to the official values, gave average differences of the order of 0.06 cm/yr, -0.08 cm/yr and -0.10 cm/yr respectively for the coordinates [XYZ]. Thus was possible to determine the geocentric coordinates [XYZ]T and its temporal variations [vX vY vZ]T for the set of 22 GPS stations of Costa Rica, within IGS05 datum, reference epoch 2010.5. The high accuracy vector for geocentric coordinates was obtained, however for some stations the velocity vectors was not representative because of the relatively short time (less than one year) of data files. Under this premise, the eight stations located in the south of the country were excluded. This involved an estimate of the local velocity field with only twenty national stations plus three stations in Panama and Nicaragua. The algorithm used was Least Squares Collocation, which allows the estimation and interpolation of data from known data effectively. The algorithm was programmed with MatLab. The resulting field was estimated with a resolution of 30' X 30' and is highly consistent with a resulting average speed of 2.58 cm/y in a direction of 40.8° to the northeast. This field was validated based on the model data VEMOS2009 recommended by SIRGAS. The differences in average velocity for the stations used as input for the calculation of the field were of the order of +0.63 cm/yr, +0.22 cm/yr for the velocity values in latitude and longitude, which is a good determination velocity values and estimating the empirical covariance function necessary for implementing the method of application. Furthermore, the grid used as the basis for interpolation provided differences of about -0.62 cm/yr, -0.12 cm/yr to latitude and longitude. Additionally, the results of this investigation were used as input to an approach in defining the boundary of Panama called block within the country of Costa Rica. The calculation of the components of the Euler pole through a routine program in MatLab and applied to different combinations of points gave no further contributions to the physical definition of this limit. The strategy was simply confirming the difference in the direction of all the velocity vectors and not allowed to reveal more detail revealed a location of this area within the country of Costa Rica.

A rational geography,

Part I. Climate. British Isles. Europe.--Part II. Tides, winds, currents, latitude and longitude. America, Africa.--Part III. Scales and direction ... Asia, Australasia.

Design of Streaming Media Panoramic Video System Based on WebGL

2016 is the outbreak year of the virtual reality industry. In the field of virtual reality, 3D surveying plays an important role. Nowadays, 3D surveying technology has received increasing attention. This project aims to establish and optimize a WebGL three-dimensional broadcast platform combined with streaming media technology. It takes streaming media server and panoramic video broadcast in browser as the application background. Simultaneously, it discusses about the architecture from streaming media server to panoramic media player and analyzing relevant theory problem. This paper focuses on the debugging of streaming media platform, the structure of WebGL player environment, different types of ball model analysis, and the 3D mapping technology. The main work contains the following points: Initially, relay on Easy Darwin open source streaming media server, built a streaming service platform. It can realize the transmission from RTSP stream to streaming media server, and forwards HLS slice video to clients; Then, wrote a WebGL panoramic video player based on Three.js lib with JQuery browser playback controls. Set up a HTML5 panoramic video player; Next, analyzed the latitude and longitude sphere model which from Three.js library according to WebGL rendering method. Pointed out the drawbacks of this model and the breakthrough point of improvement; After that, on the basis of Schneider transform principle, established the Schneider sphere projection model, and converted the output OBJ file to JS file for media player reading. Finally implemented real time panoramic video high precision playing without plugin; At last, I summarized the whole project. Put forward the direction of future optimization and extensible market.

Método de elaboração de mapas dos cenários climáticos futuros para o Brasil.

Human activities are altering greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and causing global climate change. The issue of impacts of human-induced climate change has become increasingly important in recent years. The objective of this work was to develop a database of climate information of the future scenarios using a Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. Future scenarios focused on the decades of the 2020?s, 2050?s, and 2080?s (scenarios A2 and B2) were obtained from the General Circulation Models (GCM) available on Data Distribution Centre from the Third Assessment Report (TAR) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The TAR is compounded by six GCM with different spatial resolutions (ECHAM4:2.8125×2.8125º, HadCM3: 3.75×2.5º, CGCM2: 3.75×3.75º, CSIROMk2b: 5.625×3.214º, and CCSR/NIES: 5.625×5.625º). The mean monthly of the climate variables was obtained by the average from the available models using the GIS spatial analysis tools (arithmetic operation). Maps of mean monthly variables of mean temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and solar radiation were elaborated adopting the spatial resolution of 0.5° X 0.5° latitude and longitude. The method of elaborating maps using GIS tools allowed to evaluate the spatial and distribution of future climate assessments. Nowadays, this database is being used in studies of impacts of climate change on plant disease of Embrapa projects.

Climate variability over the last 35,000 years recorded in marine and terrestrial archives in the Australian region : an OZ-INTIMATE compilation

The Australian region spans some 60° of latitude and 50° of longitude and displays considerable regional climate variability both today and during the Late Quaternary. A synthesis of marine and terrestrial climate records, combining findings from the Southern Ocean, temperate, tropical and arid zones, identifies a complex response of climate proxies to a background of changing boundary conditions over the last 35,000 years. Climate drivers include the seasonal timing of insolation, greenhouse gas content of the atmosphere, sea level rise and ocean and atmospheric circulation changes. Our compilation finds few climatic events that could be used to construct a climate event stratigraphy for the entire region, limiting the usefulness of this approach. Instead we have taken a spatial approach, looking to discern the patterns of change across the continent. The data identify the clearest and most synchronous climatic response at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (21 ± 3 ka), with unambiguous cooling recorded in the ocean, and evidence of glaciation in the highlands of tropical New Guinea, southeast Australia and Tasmania. Many terrestrial records suggest drier conditions, but with the timing of inferred snowmelt, and changes to the rainfall/runoff relationships, driving higher river discharge at the LGM. In contrast, the deglaciation is a time of considerable south-east to north-west variation across the region. Warming was underway in all regions by 17 ka. Post-glacial sea level rise and its associated regional impacts have played an important role in determining the magnitude and timing of climate response in the north-west of the continent in contrast to the southern latitudes. No evidence for cooling during the Younger Dryas chronozone is evident in the region, but the Antarctic cold reversal clearly occurs south of Australia. The Holocene period is a time of considerable climate variability associated with an intense monsoon in the tropics early in the Holocene, giving way to a weakened monsoon and an increasingly El Niño-dominated ENSO to the present. The influence of ENSO is evident throughout the southeast of Australia, but not the southwest. This climate history provides a template from which to assess the regionality of climate events across Australia and make comparisons beyond our region. The data identify the clearest and most synchronous climatic response at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (21 ± 3 ka), with unambiguous cooling recorded in the ocean, and evidence of glaciation in the highlands of tropical New Guinea, southeast Australia and Tasmania. Many terrestrial records suggest drier conditions, but with the timing of inferred snowmelt, and changes to the rainfall/runoff relationships, driving higher river discharge at the LGM. In contrast, the deglaciation is a time of considerable south-east to north-west variation across the region. Warming was underway in all regions by 17 ka. Post-glacial sea level rise and its associated regional impacts have played an important role in determining the magnitude and timing of climate response in the north-west of the continent in contrast to the southern latitudes. No evidence for cooling during the Younger Dryas chronozone is evident in the region, but the Antarctic cold reversal clearly occurs south of Australia. The Holocene period is a time of considerable climate variability associated with an intense monsoon in the tropics early in the Holocene, giving way to a weakened monsoon and an increasingly El Niño-dominated ENSO to the present. The influence of ENSO is evident throughout the southeast of Australia, but not the southwest. This climate history provides a template from which to assess the regionality of climate events across Australia and make comparisons beyond our region.

Effects of seed origin latitude on the timing of height growth cessation and field performance of silver birch

The aim of this thesis was to increase our knowledge about the effects of seed origin on the timing of height growth cessation and field performance of silver birch from different latitudes, with special attention paid to the browsing damage by moose in young birch plantations. The effect of seed origin latitude and sowing time on timing of height growth cessation of first-year seedlings was studied in a greenhouse experiment with seven seed origins (lat. 58º - 67ºN). Variation in critical night length (CNL) for 50 % bud set within two latitudinally distant stands (60º and 67ºN) was studied in three phytotron experiments. Browsing by moose on 5-11 -year-old silver birch saplings from latitudinally different seed origins (53º - 67ºN) was studied in a field experiment in southern Finland. Yield and stem quality of 22-year-old silver birch trees of Baltic, Finnish and Russian origin (54º - 63ºN) and the effect of latitudinal seed transfers were studied in two provenance trials at Tuusula, southern and Viitasaari, central Finland. The timing of height growth cessation depended systematically on latitude of seed origin and sowing date. The more northern the seed origin, the earlier the growth cessation and the shorter the growth period. Later sowing dates delayed growth cessation but also shortened the growth period. The mean CNL of the southern ecotype was longer, 6.3 ± 0.2 h (95 % confidence interval), than that of the northern ecotype, 3.1 ± 0.3 h. Within-ecotype variance of the CNL was higher in the northern ecotype (0.484 h2) than in the southern ecotype (0.150 h2). Browsing by moose decreased with increasing latitude of seed origin and sapling height. Origins transferred from more southern latitudes were more heavily browsed than the more northern native ones. Southern Finnish seed origins produced the highest volume per unit area in central Finland (lat. 63º11'N). Estonian and north Latvian stand seed origins, and the southern Finnish plus tree origins, were the most productive ones in southern Finland (lat. 60º21'N). Latitudinal seed transfer distance had a significant effect on survival, stem volume/ha and proportion of trees with a stem defect. The relationship of both survival and stem volume/ha to the latitudinal seed transfer distance was curvilinear. Volume was increased by transferring seed from ca. 2 degrees of latitude from the south. A longer transfer from the south, and transfer from the north, decreased the yield. The proportion of trees with a stem defect increased linearly in relation to the latitudinal seed transfer distance from the south.

Exploratory fishing for tunas and tuna tagging in the Marquesas, Tuamotu, Society, Pitcairn, and Gambier Islands

The Marquesas Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean at about 9 degrees south latitude and 140 degrees west longitude (Figure 1). It has been demonstrated by tagging (Anonymous, 1980b) that skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, which occur in the northeastern Pacific Ocean have migrated to the Hawaiian Islands and Christmas Island in the central Pacific and also to the area between the Marshall and Mariana islands in the western Pacific. The Tuamotu, Society, Pitcairn, and Gambier islands, though the first two are not as close to the principal fishing areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean as are the Marquesas Islands, and the last two are small and isolated, are of interest for the same reasons that the Marquesas Islands are of interest, and thus skipjack should be tagged in those islands for the same reason that they should be tagged in the Marquesas Islands. The organizations which participated in the Marquesas Islands tagging and other scientific activities were the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), the South Pacific Commission (SPC), the Centre National pour l'Exploitation des Oceans (CNEXO), the Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM), the Service de la Peche de la Polynesie Francaise (SPPF), and the Service de l'Economie Rural (SER).

James's rule and causes and consequences of a latitudinal cline in the demography of John's Snapper (Lutjanus johnii) in coastal waters of Australia

Demographic parameters were derived from sectioned otoliths of John’s Snapper (Lutjanus johnii) from 4 regions across 9° of latitude and 23° of longitude in northern Australia. Latitudinal variation in size and growth rates of this species greatly exceeded longitudinal variation. Populations of John’s Snapper farthest from the equator had the largest body sizes, in line with James’s rule, and the fastest growth rates, contrary to the temperature-size rule for ectotherms. A maximum age of 28.6 years, nearly 3 times previous estimates, was recorded and the largest individual was 990 mm in fork length. Females grew to a larger mean asymptotic fork length (L∞) than did males, a finding consistent with functional gonochorism. Otolith weight at age and gonad weight at length followed the same latitudinal trends seen in length at age. Length at maturity was ~72–87% of L∞ and varied by ~23% across the full latitudinal gradient, but age at first maturity was consistently in the range of 6–10 years, indicating that basic growth trajectories were similar across vastly different environments. We discuss both the need for complementary reproductive data in age-based studies and the insights gained from experiments where the concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance is applied to explain the mechanistic causes of James’s rule in tropical fish species.

Movements, behavior, and habitat selection of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the eastern equatorial Pacific, ascertained through archival tags

Ninety-six bigeye tuna (88– 134 cm fork length) were caught and released with implanted archival (electronic data storage) tags near fish-aggregating devices (FADs) in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) during April 2000. Twenty-nine fish were recaptured, and the data from twenty-seven tags were successfully downloaded and processed. Time at liberty ranged from 8 to 446 days, and data for 23 fish at liberty for 30 days or more are presented. The accuracy in geolocation estimates, derived from the light level data, is about 2 degrees in latitude and 0.5 degrees in longitude in this region. The movement paths derived from the filtered geolocation estimates indicated that none of the fish traveled west of 110°W during the period between release and recapture. The null hypothesis that the movement path is random was rejected in 17 of the 22 statistical tests of the observed movement paths. The estimated mean velocity was 117 km/d. The fish exhibited occasional deep-diving behavior, and some dives exceeded 1000 m where temperatures were less than 3°C. Evaluations of timed depth records, resulted in the discrimination of three distinct behaviors: 54.3% of all days were classified as unassociated (with a floating object) type-1 behavior, 27.7% as unassociated type-2 behavior, and 18.7% as behavior associated with a floating object. The mean residence time at floating objects was 3.1 d. Data sets separated into day and night were used to evaluate diel differences in behavior and habitat selection. When the fish were exhibiting unassociated type-1 behavior (diel vertical migrations), they were mostly at depths of less than 50 m (within the mixed layer) throughout the night, and during the day between 200 and 300 m and 13° and 14°C. They shifted their average depths in conjunction with dawn and dusk events, presumably tracking the deep-scattering layer as a foraging strategy. There were also observed changes in the average nighttime depth distributions of the fish in relation to moon phase.