979 resultados para LOCAL ORDER
Resumo:
El rótulo "conflicto del campo" alude a un conjunto de acontecimientos complejos protagonizados por diversos actores durante el primer semestre del año 2008. El trasfondo fue la resolución número 125 del Ministerio de Economía de la Nación, que establecía retenciones móviles a la exportación de soja, maíz, trigo y girasol. Parte fundamental de este fenómeno fueron las muchas personas que organizaron cortes de rutas y campamentos en ciudades y pueblos del interior del país. Estos grupos fueron quienes efectivamente llevaron adelante la protesta y dieron fuerza y capacidad de negociación a las corporaciones agropecuarias nucleadas en la "mesa de enlace". Por esta razón, se cree necesario analizar los factores que hicieron posible la emergencia de estos pequeños, pero numerosos focos de protesta. Para ello, se analizará la influencia del entorno inmediato de los productores rurales sobre la dinámica del reclamo a nivel local en un escenario específico, teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva de los distintos actores que, voluntariamente o no, se vieron involucrados en los hechos
Resumo:
El presente artículo pretende reconstruir el proceso de luchas sociales y políticas que transitaba la sociedad argentina a mediados de la década de 1950 desde una perspectiva local. El diálogo entre la realidad nacional y la local tiene por intención problematizar las interpretaciones vigentes a la luz de la experiencia marplatense. El trabajo comienza situando a la 'revolución libertadora' como un hito en la historia argentina, luego recrea el clima de época en Mar del Plata para, finalmente, hacer una descripción analítica de la coyuntura golpista en la ciudad. Tras la reconstrucción histórica del período, en las reflexiones finales, el autor arriesga una interpretación del proceso como de incipiente guerra civil y caracteriza lo acaecido en Mar del Plata a partir del 19 de septiembre como un preludio de lo que sucedería en la sociedad argentina desde el golpe del 13 de noviembre de 1955
Resumo:
El artículo tiene como propósito el estudio de las relaciones interinstitucionales presentes en los Sistemas Productivos Locales (SPL), poniendo especial atención a la forma en que son establecidas, su grado de consolidación interna, los efectos dinamizadores del desarrollo local por ellas generados y la forma en que se ven influenciadas o no por las cadenas de valor globales. Para ello, se utiliza como ejemplo el sistema productivo de Crespo y las aldeas aledañas, situado en la provincia de Entre Ríos. La metodología se enfoca en el análisis cuali-cuantitativo de información secundaria (estadísticas, censos, relevamientos etc.), y cualitativo de información primaria obtenida a través de la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a informantes calificados. Los resultados destacan la existencia de una experiencia de articulación interinstitucional, que nuclea a distintas entidades públicas y privadas asentadas en el territorio, orientada a la generación de estrategias de gestión de corto, mediano y largo plazo para mejorar el nivel de competitividad de la localidad, en el marco de un sistema productivo que apunta al desarrollo local sustentable
Resumo:
El desarrollo local ambientalmente sostenible del territorio pondera variables económicas, sociales y ambientales, y en él es esencial la legitimidad política: necesita ser construido por consenso en un ámbito democrático. La articulación entre los actores sociales (Estado, sociedad civil y mercado) constituye una dimensión relevante para su logro. El objeto del presente artículo1 es identificar las potencialidades y restricciones de la articulación municipio organizaciones no gubernamentales para la gestión de problemáticas ambientales, teniendo en cuenta el papel que en tal relación juega la comunidad científica local. El recorte espacial válido para la investigación es el Municipio de Luján en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, que cuenta con gran cantidad y diversidad de ONG, cumple con las condiciones de escala poblacional para el desarrollo local y en el que se emplaza la sede central de la Universidad Nacional de Luján.
Resumo:
Rules of Origin (RoO) are an integral part of all trade rules. In order to be eligible for Common Effective Preferential Tariffs (CEPT) under AFTA and similar arrangements under the ASEAN-China FTA, a product must satisfy the conditions relative to local content. The paper tries to calculate local content as well as cumulative local content in East Asian economies, with use of the Asian International Input-Output Tables; it also investigates factors of change in local content by applying decomposition analysis. The paper finds that the cumulation rule increased local content of the electronics industry more significantly than local content of the automotive industry, and the contribution of the cumulation rule increased in the period 1990-2000, due to rising dependency on neighboring ASEAN countries and China.
Resumo:
El objetivo de este trabajo es generar un modelo Edafogeomorfológico útil en la identificación de necesidades de manejo de suelos, se realizó un estudio en el área de la cuenca Cañada La Gorda Machiques-Colón, estado Zulia, Venezuela, caracterizada por un clima tropical de condición subhúmeda, con duración del periodo de crecimiento (DPC) de 230 días, régimen de humedad Ustic y de temperatura Isohipertémico. Se empleó el enfoque de la ecuación factorial de formación de suelos para el análisis y descripción biofísica de los factores a lo largo de una carena. El relieve caracterizado a partir de fotografías aéreas, imágenes de satélites y de chequeos sistemático mediante transectos en el sentido del flujo del escurrimiento; la vegetación a través del uso de la tierra, la cobertura vegetal, la identificación de las especies dominantes a partir de sus nombres vernáculos y la definición de indicadores de vegetales (Iv). Los suelos fueron descritos y clasificados según la Taxonomía de suelos y valorados mediante el modelo paramétricode Riquier et al. (1970) para determinar el índice de productividad (Ip). Se caracterizaron dos paisajes gemorfológicos: Colinar (C) y Valle (V), seis posiciones geomorfológicas entre ambos paisajes definidas por la sucesión de relieves en el sentido de la pendiente: Tope de colina-loma (TC), mesa conservada (MC), vertientes de mesa alta (VA), media (VM), baja (VB) y valle intracolinar (VI); e igual número de perfiles de suelos representativos, los cuales mostraron edafogénesis muy avanzada con Ip inferiores a 8% en todas las posiciones, exceptuando la VB, con una productividad de 13%. El uso de la tierra es a base de pastoreo semi-intensivo de plantas forrajeras introducidas. Las formaciones vegetales predominante fueron los matorrales y arbustales dispersos, acompañados con restos de una selva tropófila fuertemente afectada por la extracción forestal y la conversión en áreas de pastoreo. Se identificaron 8 Iv, asociados fuertemente con condiciones de físicas e hidrológicas del suelo. El alto impacto de las actividades humanas sobre el suelo y vegetación, expresado a través de los procesos de erosión activa, la ausencia de áreas boscosas y la baja productividad de los sistemas de ganadería reportada para la zona, señalan la necesidad de reorientación del uso actual de la tierra, para lo cual se plantean alternativas como la incorporación de bosques protectores y sistemas agrosilvopastoriles In order to generate an Edaphogeomorphological model to be used for the identification of management requirements of soils, a study was carried out in the area of the Cañada La Gorda watershed, Machiques Colon, Zulia State with a tropical climate, subsumid conditions with a growing period of 230 days, an Ustic soil moisture and Isohypertermic regimes. The soils factorial equation approach was used for the analisis and description of the factors of soil formation throughout a soil catena. Relief was characterized through aerial photographs, satellite images and systematic checks of transects drawn in the sense of surface runoff and also taking into account geomorphological features. Vegetation cover and land use were described and vegetation components were indified by its local names to defined vegetations indicators (VI) for the local conditions. Soils were described and classified according to soil taxonomy and valued by means of a parametric model proposed by Riquier et al, (1970) for determining the productivity index (PI). Two geomorphological landscapes were defined: Hilly and Valley with six positions within the landscapes: hilltop (round or elongated), preserved tableland summit, slopes of high, medium and low tableland and valleys between hills. Representative soils of each position were studied showing a highly advanced degree of edaphogenesis with PI values below 8% in all positions except the valleys with a PI of 13%. Land use type is based on semi intensive pasturing of introduced forage species, with a vegetation of brushwood and scattered shrubs, with some trees relicts of woods affected by timber extraction and turn to grassland Eight VI were identified, highly associated to local physical and hidrological soil conditions. The enormous impact of human activity on soils and vegetation as shown by active erosion processes and absence of wooded areas and the low productivity of livestock systems reported for the area, indicates the necessity of a reorientation of the present land use introducing alternatives like the incorporation of protective woods and agrosilvopastoral management systems.
Resumo:
Let p: E —» JV be an arbitrary fibred manifold over a connected n-dimensional manifold N oriented by a volume form v = dx1^-...^dxn, and let pk: JkE → N be the bundle of K-jets of local sections of p, with projections Plk : JkE → JlE for every k ≥ 1
Resumo:
Accreditation models in the international context mainly consider the evaluation of learning outcomes and the ability of programs (or higher education institutions) to achieve the educational objectives stated in their mission. However, it is not clear if these objectives and therefore their outcomes satisfy real national and regional needs, a critical point in engineering master's programs, especially in developing countries. The aim of this paper is to study the importance of the local relevancy evaluation of these programs and to analyze the main models of quality assurance and accreditation bodies of USA, Europe and Latin America, in order to ascertain whether the relevancy is evaluated or not. After a literature review, we found that in a free-market economic context and international education, the accreditation of master’s programs follows an international accreditation model, and doesn´t take in account in most cases criteria and indicators for local relevancy. It concludes that it is necessary both, international accreditation to ensure the effectiveness of the program (achievement of learning outcomes) and the national accreditation through which it could ensure local relevancy of programs, for which we are giving some indicators.
Resumo:
Advanced liver surgery requires a precise pre-operative planning, where liver segmentation and remnant liver volume are key elements to avoid post-operative liver failure. In that context, level-set algorithms have achieved better results than others, especially with altered liver parenchyma or in cases with previous surgery. In order to improve functional liver parenchyma volume measurements, in this work we propose two strategies to enhance previous level-set algorithms: an optimal multi-resolution strategy with fine details correction and adaptive curvature, as well as an additional semiautomatic step imposing local curvature constraints. Results show more accurate segmentations, especially in elongated structures, detecting internal lesions and avoiding leakages to close structures
Resumo:
The endemic Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis) has an effective strategy to counteract fire disturbance in the short term. It has a mixed strategy that combines the presence of serotinous cones and thick barks with the ability to re-sprout from the trunk after a fire, a rare trait in pine species. High frequency of fires in the Canary Islands is related to human action, as natural fires by lightning or vulcan activity have very low frequency; hence, the how and whys of the presence of serotinous cones in the species is still a topic of debate. Previous studies showed that the frequency of serotinous cones varies from stand to stand. Here, we analyzed the presence of serotinous cones at a local scale. We selected a Canary Island pine stand in the transition zone between dry and humid forests in the south of Tenerife. Branches were pruned from 20 trees in order to evaluate the presence of serotinous vs. non-serotinous cones by direct verticile counting on the branches. The opening temperature of serotinous cones was assessed in the laboratory. Percentages of serotinous vs. non-serotinous cones varied from 0 to 93 %, showing high variability between trees. Opening temperatures were very high (above 65 ºC) as compared to other Mediterranean pine species with serotinous cones
Resumo:
Se presenta un nuevo método de diseño conceptual en Ingeniería Aeronáutica basado el uso de modelos reducidos, también llamados modelos sustitutos (‘surrogates’). Los ingredientes de la función objetivo se calculan para cada indiviudo mediante la utilización de modelos sustitutos asociados a las distintas disciplinas técnicas que se construyen mediante definiciones de descomposición en valores singulares de alto orden (HOSVD) e interpolaciones unidimensionales. Estos modelos sustitutos se obtienen a partir de un número limitado de cálculos CFD. Los modelos sustitutos pueden combinarse, bien con un método de optimización global de tipo algoritmo genético, o con un método local de tipo gradiente. El método resultate es flexible a la par que mucho más eficiente, computacionalmente hablando, que los modelos convencionales basados en el cálculo directo de la función objetivo, especialmente si aparecen un gran número de parámetros de diseño y/o de modelado. El método se ilustra considerando una versión simplificada del diseño conceptual de un avión. Abstract An optimization method for conceptual design in Aeronautics is presented that is based on the use of surrogate models. The various ingredients in the target function are calculated for each individual using surrogates of the associated technical disciplines that are constructed via high order singular value decomposition and one dimensional interpolation. These surrogates result from a limited number of CFD calculated snapshots. The surrogates are combined with an optimization method, which can be either a global optimization method such as a genetic algorithm or a local optimization method, such as a gradient-like method. The resulting method is both flexible and much more computationally efficient than the conventional method based on direct calculation of the target function, especially if a large number of free design parameters and/or tunablemodeling parameters are present. The method is illustrated considering a simplified version of the conceptual design of an aircraft empennage.
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We present two concurrent semantics (i.e. semantics where concurrency is explicitely represented) for CC programs with atomic tells. One is based on simple partial orders of computation steps, while the other one is based on contextual nets and it is an extensión of a previous one for eventual CC programs. Both such semantics allow us to derive concurrency, dependency, and nondeterminism information for the considered languages. We prove some properties about the relation between the two semantics, and also about the relation between them and the operational semantics. Moreover, we discuss how to use the contextual net semantics in the context of CLP programs. More precisely, by interpreting concurrency as possible parallelism, our semantics can be useful for a safe parallelization of some CLP computation steps. Dually, the dependency information may also be interpreted as necessary sequentialization, thus possibly exploiting it for the task of scheduling CC programs. Moreover, our semantics is also suitable for CC programs with a new kind of atomic tell (called locally atomic tell), which checks for consistency only the constraints it depends on. Such a tell achieves a reasonable trade-off between efficiency and atomicity, since the checked constraints can be stored in a local memory and are thus easily accessible even in a distributed implementation.
Resumo:
The integration of powerful partial evaluation methods into practical compilers for logic programs is still far from reality. This is related both to 1) efficiency issues and to 2) the complications of dealing with practical programs. Regarding efnciency, the most successful unfolding rules used nowadays are based on structural orders applied over (covering) ancestors, i.e., a subsequence of the atoms selected during a derivation. Unfortunately, maintaining the structure of the ancestor relation during unfolding introduces significant overhead. We propose an efficient, practical local unfolding rule based on the notion of covering ancestors which can be used in combination with any structural order and allows a stack-based implementation without losing any opportunities for specialization. Regarding the second issue, we propose assertion-based techniques which allow our approach to deal with real programs that include (Prolog) built-ins and external predicates in a very extensible manner. Finally, we report on our implementation of these techniques in a practical partial evaluator, embedded in a state of the art compiler which uses global analysis extensively (the Ciao compiler and, specifically, its preprocessor CiaoPP). The performance analysis of the resulting system shows that our techniques, in addition to dealing with practical programs, are also significantly more efficient in time and somewhat more efficient in memory than traditional tree-based implementations.
Resumo:
Se desarrollan varias técnicas basadas en descomposición ortogonal propia (DOP) local y proyección de tipo Galerkin para acelerar la integración numérica de problemas de evolución, de tipo parabólico, no lineales. Las ideas y métodos que se presentan conllevan un nuevo enfoque para la modelización de tipo DOP, que combina intervalos temporales cortos en que se usa un esquema numérico estándard con otros intervalos temporales en que se utilizan los sistemas de tipo Galerkin que resultan de proyectar las ecuaciones de evolución sobre la variedad lineal generada por los modos DOP, obtenidos a partir de instantáneas calculadas en los intervalos donde actúa el código numérico. La variedad DOP se construye completamente en el primer intervalo, pero solamente se actualiza en los demás intervalos según las dinámicas de la solución, aumentando de este modo la eficiencia del modelo de orden reducido resultante. Además, se aprovechan algunas propiedades asociadas a la dependencia débil de los modos DOP tanto en la variable temporal como en los posibles parámetros de que pueda depender el problema. De esta forma, se aumentan la flexibilidad y la eficiencia computacional del proceso. La aplicación de los métodos resultantes es muy prometedora, tanto en la simulación de transitorios en flujos laminares como en la construcción de diagramas de bifurcación en sistemas dependientes de parámetros. Las ideas y los algoritmos desarrollados en la tesis se ilustran en dos problemas test, la ecuación unidimensional compleja de Ginzburg-Landau y el problema bidimensional no estacionario de la cavidad. Abstract Various ideas and methods involving local proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and Galerkin projection are presented aiming at accelerating the numerical integration of nonlinear time dependent parabolic problems. The proposed methods come from a new approach to the POD-based model reduction procedures, which combines short runs with a given numerical solver and a reduced order model constructed by expanding the solution of the problem into appropriate POD modes, which span a POD manifold, and Galerkin projecting some evolution equations onto that linear manifold. The POD manifold is completely constructed from the outset, but only updated as time proceeds according to the dynamics, which yields an adaptive and flexible procedure. In addition, some properties concerning the weak dependence of the POD modes on time and possible parameters in the problem are exploited in order to increase the flexibility and efficiency of the low dimensional model computation. Application of the developed techniques to the approximation of transients in laminar fluid flows and the simulation of attractors in bifurcation problems shows very promising results. The test problems considered to illustrate the various ideas and check the performance of the algorithms are the onedimensional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation and the two-dimensional unsteady liddriven cavity problem.
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A unified solution framework is presented for one-, two- or three-dimensional complex non-symmetric eigenvalue problems, respectively governing linear modal instability of incompressible fluid flows in rectangular domains having two, one or no homogeneous spatial directions. The solution algorithm is based on subspace iteration in which the spatial discretization matrix is formed, stored and inverted serially. Results delivered by spectral collocation based on the Chebyshev-Gauss-Lobatto (CGL) points and a suite of high-order finite-difference methods comprising the previously employed for this type of work Dispersion-Relation-Preserving (DRP) and Padé finite-difference schemes, as well as the Summationby- parts (SBP) and the new high-order finite-difference scheme of order q (FD-q) have been compared from the point of view of accuracy and efficiency in standard validation cases of temporal local and BiGlobal linear instability. The FD-q method has been found to significantly outperform all other finite difference schemes in solving classic linear local, BiGlobal, and TriGlobal eigenvalue problems, as regards both memory and CPU time requirements. Results shown in the present study disprove the paradigm that spectral methods are superior to finite difference methods in terms of computational cost, at equal accuracy, FD-q spatial discretization delivering a speedup of ð (10 4). Consequently, accurate solutions of the three-dimensional (TriGlobal) eigenvalue problems may be solved on typical desktop computers with modest computational effort.