Assessment of chloroquine single dose treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax in Brazilian Amazon

Malaria regions of the Amazon basin have been characterized by difficult access and non-compliance of the patients to treatment. In an attempt to assess the schizonticide efficacy of chloroquine in a single dose of 600 mg, the authors realized a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 132 outpatients with vivax malaria. Patients were distributed into two groups: group CPLA, given chloroquine 600 mg (single dose) on the first day of treatment, and two doses of placebo on second and third days. Group CHLO, given chloroquine 600 mg on first day and 450 mg on second and third day. Geometric means of the parasite density during the follow-up was similar in both groups. No differences were observed in the parasitological cure between the two groups (p = 0.442). There was clinical and parasitological efficacy in treatment of patients given a single-dose of chloroquine. This suggests that its restricted use could be indicated in remote areas of Brazilian Amazon Region, nevertheless the inadequate response of three patients indicates the need for further studies.

From Mind to Body: Is Mental Practice Effective on Strength Gains? A Meta-Analysis

Mental practice is an internal reproduction of a motor act (whose intention is to promote learning and improving motor skills). Some studies have shown that other cognitive strategies also increase the strength and muscular resistance in healthy people by the enhancement of the performance during dynamic tasks. Mental training sessions may be primordial to improving muscle strength in different subjects. The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analiyze studies that assessed whether mental practice is effective in improving muscular strength. We conducted an electronic-computed search in Pub-Med/Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge, Scielo and manual searchs, searching papers written in English between 1991 and 2014. There were 44 studies in Pub-Med/Medline, 631 in ISI Web of Knowledge, 11 in Scielo and 3 in manual searchs databases. After exclusion of studies for duplicate, unrelated to the topic by title and summary, different samples and methodologies, a meta-analysis of 4 studies was carried out to identify the dose-response relationship. We did not find evidence that mental practice is effective in increasing strength in healthy individuals. There is no evidence that mental practice alone can be effective to induce strength gains or to optimize the training effects.

Função Sexual após Braquiterapia Prostática de Baixa Taxa de Dose

A braquiterapia prostática de baixa taxa de dose é considerada uma opção terapêutica adequada para o carcinoma da próstata. É habitualmente, apresentada como a melhor forma de preservar a função eréctil de entre os diversos tratamentos de carcinoma da próstata. Contudo, estudos recentes demonstram que, também a braquiterapia prostática pode, no longo prazo, provocar algum grau de disfunção eréctil (DE). As taxas de DE nas diversas séries publicadas, são muito variáveis. Os resultados da influência da dose de radiação, isoladamente (D90) ou quando incidindo sobre o feixe neurovascular ou o bulbo são contraditórios. O tipo de isótopo utilizado não tem qualquer influência sobre a DE. No entanto factores como a idade, a função eréctil pré-tratamento, a diabetes, a utilização de radioterapia externa adjuvante e/ou hormonoterapia neoadjuvante podem condicionar os resultados obtidos. Otratamento da disfunção eréctil deve ser efectuado com inibidores da fosfodiesterase, obtendo-se boas taxas de resposta. Podem surgir outras alterações da função sexual, nomeadamente, hematospermia, dor durante o orgasmo e alteração da intensidade do orgasmo.

Low Dose Thalidomide for Treatment of Resistant Discoid Lupus Erythematosus. A Case Report

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a chronic, indolent, disfiguring disease that is characterized by scaly, erythematous, disk-shaped patches and plaques followed by atrophy, scarring and depigmentation. In a small number of patients, it is refractory to standard therapies. In several studies, thalidomide has been reported to be an effective treatment in those cases. The most fearful side effects are teratogenicity and neuropathy. Adequate counseling and vigilance must be given to the patients. We report a 45-year-old Portuguese woman who presented with a 20-year history of severe facial and scalp DLE confirmed by histopathology. For several years, it failed to respond to several therapies, including topical, intralesional and oral corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, azathioprine and topical tacrolimus. Thalidomide was initiated at a dosage of 50mg/day and the skin lesions had improved dramatically after three weeks with complete clinical remission. Two months later, the dose was reduced to 50mg, five days per week without disease rebound. The patient´s concomitant medications during the treatment included sunscreen, hydroxycholoroquine, enoxaparin and aspirin to prevent thromboembolic events. Pregnancy testing, routine laboratory and electrocardiography were performed at regular intervals for safety monitoring and the results were within normal limits. Only minor side effects as nausea, constipation and somnolence were noted, however, they improved with dose reduction. Our data confirm that thalidomide therapy is an alternative or adjunctive treatment for patients with severe, chronic DLE that is refractory to standard therapies. In this patient, low-dose thalidomide was an effective treatment with minimal side effects.

DOSE RESPONSE EFFECT OF Paracoccidioides brasiliensis IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF ARTHRITIS

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) and corresponds to prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the dose response effect of the fungal yeast phase for the standardization of an experimental model of septic arthritis. The experiments were performed with groups of 14 rats that received doses of 103, 104 or 105 P. brasiliensis (Pb18) cells. The fungi were injected in 50 µL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) directly into the knee joints of the animals. The following parameters were analyzed in this work: the formation of swelling in knees infused with yeast cells and the radiological and anatomopathological alterations, besides antibody titer by ELISA. After 15 days of infection, signs of inflammation were evident. At 45 days, some features of damage and necrosis were observed in the articular cartilage. The systemic dissemination of the fungus was observed in 11% of the inoculated animals, and it was concluded that the experimental model is able to mimic articular PCM in humans and that the dose of 105 yeast cells can be used as standard in this model.

Methacholine Dose-Response Slopes from Maximal Bronchial Challenge Tests in Asthmatic Children: Methodological Aspects

To determine whether the slope of a maximal bronchial challenge test (in which FEV1 falls by over 50%) could be extrapolated from a standard bronchial challenge test (in which FEV1 falls up to 20%), 14 asthmatic children performed a single maximal bronchial challenge test with methacholin(dose range: 0.097–30.08 umol) by the dosimeter method. Maximal dose-response curves were included according to the following criteria: (1) at least one more dose beyond a FEV1 ù 20%; and (2) a MFEV1 ù 50%. PD20 FEV1 was calculated, and the slopes of the early part of the dose-response curve (standard dose-response slopes) and of the entire curve (maximal dose-response slopes) were calculated by two methods: the two-point slope (DRR) and the least squares method (LSS) in % FEV1 × umol−1. Maximal dose-response slopes were compared with the corresponding standard dose-response slopes by a paired Student’s t test after logarithmic transformation of the data; the goodness of fit of the LSS was also determined. Maximal dose-response slopes were significantly different (p < 0.0001) from those calculated on the early part of the curve: DRR20% (91.2 ± 2.7 FEV1% z umol−1)was 2.88 times higher than DRR50% (31.6 ± 3.4 DFEV1% z umol−1), and the LSS20% (89.1 ± 2.8% FEV1 z umol−1) was 3.10 times higher than LSS 50% (28.8 ± 1.5%FEV1 z umol−1). The goodness of fit of LSS 50% was significant in all cases, whereas LSS 20% failed to be significant in one. These results suggest that maximal dose-response slopes cannot be predicted from the data of standard bronchial challenge tests.

Dose única de hidrato de piperazina na erradicação da ascaríase

Os autores medicaram 50 pacientes portadores de ascaríase com o Hidrato de Piperazina a 20% na dose única de 0,5 ml por Kg de pêso, sem exceder 6,0 g. Conseguiram cura radical em 76% dos casos e redução de 98% no eliminação dos ovos pelas fezes. A tolerância ao produto foi excelente e recomendam o mesmo para o tratamento da referida helmintiase.

Ensaio terapêutico com o pamoato de pirantel na ascaridíase e enterobíase em dose única: estudo da atividade sôbre demais helmintos

Os autores apresentam estudo de 90 pacientes medicados pelo Pamoato de Pirantel (Trans-1,4,5,6-Tetraidro-1-metil-1-2/2- (2-Tienil) vinil/pirimidina). todos portadores de parasitoses intestinais, principalmente Ascaris lumbricoides e Enterobius vermicularis. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos; o primeiro, constituído de 25 pacientes, recebeu a dosagem de 5mg/kg, dose única, numa só tomada e neste grupo apenas se estudou a atividade terapêutica na ascaridiase e enterobiase. No segundo grupo, de 65 pacientes, empregou-se a dose única de 10mg/kg numa só tomada e foi estudada, além da ação terapêutica na ascaridiase e enterobiase, possível atividade também sôbre outras helmintiases. Todos os pacientes após a medicação eram submetidos a 3 exames proctoparasitoscópicos de controle (no 7º, 15º, e 30º dia) e nos casos prèviamente positivos para Enterobius vermicularis também se fêz controle no 7º e 15º dia pelo "Anal-swab". Comprovaram os autores no primeiro grupo, cura proctoparasitológica de 13 dos 18 casos de ascaridiase (72,2%); na enterobiase obtiveram cura de 61,5%, e na associação Ascaris-Enterobius obtiveram cura de 50,0% de ambos os parasitas, não havendo, entretanto, nenhum caso de falha total nos casos restantes. No segundo grupo, os resultados que obtiveram foram os seguintes: ascaridiase, 50 casos; curados, 40 (80,0%). Enterobiase, 22 casos; curados, 16 (72,7%). Necaturiase, 8 casos; curados, 5 (17,8%). Tricuríase, 41 casos; curados, 5 (12,1%). Estrongiloidiase, 5 casos; curado, 1 caso (20,0%). Associação Enterobius-Ascaris, 14 casos; cura total de ambos os parasitas em 10 casos (71,4%); 4 casos com cura parcial de um ou do outro parasita, não havendo falha total em nenhum caso. Empregaram comprimidos contendo 100 e 300mg da substância ativa, e forma liquida contendo 10mg da substância ativa por cm³. Efeitos colaterais reduzidos em número e em intensidade; o primeiro grupo 12,0% dos casos (epigastralgia, tonturas e diarréia); no segundo grupo 23,07% dos casos (predominando epigastralgia, tonturas, cefaléia, dôres abdominais difusas e diarréia). Os autores concluem indicando ser o Pamoato de Pirantel droga muito eficaz no tratamento da ascaridiase e enterobiase, inclusive na associação destas duas parasitoses. A droga apresenta efeitos colaterais discretos e é de fácil ministração (pequeno número de comprimidos, dose única e forma líquida de sabor muito agradável). Indicam como eleita a dosagem de 10mg/kg, que sem alterar significativamente a intensidade e incidência dos efeitos colaterais, apresenta maior atividade terapêutica na ascaridiase, enterobiase e na associação dessas duas parasitoses.

Effects of Local Anesthetic on the Time Between Analgesic Boluses and the Duration of Labor in Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia: Prospective Study of Two Ultra-Low Dose Regimens of Ropivacaine and Sufentanil

BACKGROUND: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with low concentrations of anesthetics is effective in reducing labor pain. The aim of this study was to assess and compare two ultra-low dose regimens of ropivacaine and sufentanil (0.1% ropivacaine plus 0.5 μg.ml-1 sufentanil vs. 0.06% ropivacaine plus 0.5 μg.ml-1 sufentanil) on the intervals between boluses and the duration of labor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this non-randomized prospective study, conducted between January and July 2010, two groups of parturients received patient-controlled epidural analgesia: Group I (n = 58; 1 mg.ml-1 ropivacaine + 0.5 μg.ml-1 sufentanil) and Group II (n = 57; 0.6 mg.ml-1 ropivacaine + 0.5 μg.ml-1 sufentanil). Rescue doses of ropivacaine at the concentration of the assigned group without sufentanil were administered as necessary. Pain, local anesthetic requirements, neuraxial blockade characteristics, labor and neonatal outcomes, and maternal satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: The ropivacaine dose was greater in Group I (9.5 [7.7-12.7] mg.h-1 vs. 6.1 [5.1-9.8 mg.h-1], p < 0.001). A time increase between each bolus was observed in Group I (beta = 32.61 min, 95% CI [25.39; 39.82], p < 0.001), whereas a time decrease was observed in Group II (beta = -1.40 min, 95% CI [-2.44; -0.36], p = 0.009). The duration of the second stage of labor in Group I was significantly longer than that in Group II (78 min vs. 65 min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Parturients receiving 0.06% ropivacaine exhibited less evidence of cumulative effects and exhibited faster second stage progression than those who received 0.1% ropivacaine.

Tratamento da esquitossomose mansoni pela oxamniquine em dose única, pela via oral

A oxamniquine em cápsulas foi usada no tratamento de 132 doentes com esquistossomose mansoni crônica, sendo 129 com a forma hepato-intestinal e 3 com a forma hepato-esplênica. A dose foi de 10 mg por quilo de peso corporal em 34 pacientes, 12.5 mg em 35 e 15 mg em 63. A tolerância foi excelente em 43,2% dos tratados, boa em 48,5% e satisfatória em 8,3%. As queixas mais freqüentes foram tonturas e sonolência, que aparecem logo após a ingestão da droga e são fugazes. Os exames de laboratório mostraram em um ou outro paciente somente discreta retenção de bromosulfaleina, aumento de transaminase e da bilirrubina, insuficientes para caracterizar uma hepatoxicidade evidente. O seguimento dos pacientes se prolongou por mais de quatro meses e constou de pelo menos cinco exames de fezes pelo método de sedimentação. Todos os exames foram negativos em 20 (66,66%) pacientes que tomaram 10 mg, em 13 (56,52%) que tomaram 12.5 mg e em 41 (89,13%) que tomaram 15 mg. Excluindo-se os menores de 16 anos subiu a 95% a negatividade entre os que foram tratados com 15 mg.

Tratamento da colite amebiana não disentérica com dose única de Teclozan

Os autores trataram 30 pacientes portadores de colite amebiana não disentérica, de ambos os sexos (17 homens e 13 mulheres), com idades compreendidas entre 15 (dois casos) a 55 anos (um doente), na Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas. Parasitárias da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. A posologia administrada foi de 1.500 mg em dose única e os resultados avaliados pelas técnicas de Hoffman, raspado da mucosa retaí, retossigmoidoscopia (em 16 enfermos) e exame direto com ou sem coloração pelo lugol, foram de 80% (24 doentes) de cura clínica e laboratorial. Nenhuma manifestação colateral foi relatada petos pacientas e concluem os autores que o Teclozan administrado em nova posologia, representa valioso subsídio no tratamento da amebíase intestinal.

Different in Vivo Reactivity Profile in Health Care Workers and Patients with Spina Bifida to Internal and External Latex Glove Surface-Derived Allergen Extracts

BACKGROUND: Allergy to natural rubber latex is a well-recognized health problem, especially among health care workers and patients with spina bifida. Despite latex sensitization being acquired in health institutions in both health care workers and patients with spina bifida, differences in allergen sensitization profiles have been described between these two risk groups. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vivo reactivity of health care workers and patients with spina bifida to extracts of internal and external surfaces of latex gloves and also to specific extracts enriched in major allergens for these risk groups. METHODS: Gloves from different manufacturers were used for protein extraction, and salt precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) were applied to obtain the enriched latex extracts. The major latex allergens were quantified by an enzyme immunoassay. The extracts obtained were tested in 14 volunteers using skin prick tests (SPT). RESULTS: Latex glove extracts enriched in the hydrophobic allergens that are most often seen in patients with spina bifida were obtained by selective precipitation, whereas HIC produced extracts enriched in the hydrophilic allergens commonly found in health care workers. The health care workers had positive SPTs to glove extracts from internal surfaces and to the hydrophilic allergen-enriched extracts. By contrast, patients with spina bifida had larger skin reactions both to external glove extracts and to the extracts enriched with the hydrophobic major allergens for this risk group. Despite the protein concentration of these extracts being less than half the concentration of the commercial extract, the weal-and-flare reactions were of similar magnitude. CONCLUSION: Using novel latex extracts, our study showed a different in vivo reactivity pattern in health care workers and in patients with spina bifida to extracts of the internal and external surfaces of gloves, which suggests that sensitization may occur by different routes of exposure, and that this influences the allergen reactivity profiles of these risk groups