Nutrição mineral do trigo I: Produção de matéria seca sob regime de sequeiro e irrigado em latossolo roxo

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a produção de matéria seca na planta pelos cultivares de trigo BH 1146, de porte alto e com tolerância a deficiência hídrica e IAC 24 - Tucuruí, de porte baixo e com média tolerância e deficiência hídrica, sendo ambas de ciclo médio, em duas disponibilidades de água, sequeiro e irrigado. 0 experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Roxo, distrófico-argiloso, adubado com 20 kg de N e 90 kg de P2O5 por hectare. Para determinação do peso da matéria seca produzida das plantas, foram coletados ao 10 dias de idade, início de perfilhamento; aos 30 dias, elongamento do colmo; aos 50 dias, emborrachamento; aos 70 dias floração, aos 90 dias, grão leitoso; e aos 110 dias, maturação. Os resultados mostram que a irrigação determina mais acúmulo de matéria seca por planta e matéria Seca por área, nas duas cultivares e em todas as idades.

Ácidos orgânicos de folhas de três variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp) em quatro estádios de maturidade

Folhas de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp) de três variedades (NA 56-79, IAC 58-480 e RB 73-5275)em quatro estádios de maturidade (11, 12, 13 e 14 meses) foram analisadas para a determinação de ácidos orgânicos e potássio. O ácido trans-aconítico constituiu cerca de 60% do total de ácidos orgânicos seguido pelos ácidos málico, glutárico, succinics, alfa cetoglutárico, malônico e fumárico. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as variedades e entre os estádios de maturidade para todos os ácidos orgânicos identificados. Não foram observados coeficientes de correlação significativos entre os teores de potássio e de ácidos orgânicos.

Ácidos orgânicos de caldo de três variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp) em quatro estádios de maturidade

Os teores dos ácidos trans-aconítico, málico, malônico e succínico foram determinados no caldo de cana das variedades IAC 58-480, RB 73-5275 e NA 56-79, em quatro estádios de maturidade (11, 12, 13 e 14 meses). O ácido trans-aconítico constituiu cerca de 84% do total dos ácidos orgânicos seguido pelo ácido málico com 14%. Os ácidos oxálico, glutárico, alfa-cetoglutárico e cítrico foram encontrados em níveis inferiores a 1%. Os níveis dos ácidos succínico, málico e trans-aconítico diminuíram com a maturidade da planta enquanto os de malônico aumentaram. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as variedades estudadas em relação aos teores de ácido trans-aconítico.

Nível crítico de fósforo em cultivares de algodão: II. Escolha do órgão adequado para determinação do nível crítico

Com o intuito de se obter o nível crítico de fósforo para as cultivares de ciclo anual, IAC-20, IAC-19, IAC-17 e CNPA 78/SME4 e para as de ciclo perene CNPA 2M e CNPA 3M foi conduzido experimento em ca-sa-de-vegetaçao com solução nutritiva. As plantas foram cultivadas em quatro níveis de fósforo, sendo: l,14ppm, 3,42ppm, 10,26ppm e 30,78ppm. Em plantas com 44 dias, 59 dias e 74 dias foi coletada a 5ª folha situada no caule principal, a partir do ápice, e dividida em limbo, o pecíolo para a determinação de fósforo. Os níveis críticos internos de fósforo no limbo e pecíolo que correspondem à produção máxima de matéria seca em cada cultivar, foram determinados. Os autores concluem: - O limbo e/ou o pecíolo são adequados para a determinação do nível crítico de fósforo de todas as cultivares.

Nível crítico de fósforo em cultivares de algodão I: crescimento em função dos níveis externos de fósforo

Com o intuito de se obter o nível crítico de P para os cultivares de ciclo anual, IAC-17, IAC-19, IAC-20 e CNPA 78/SME4 e para as de ciclo perene CNPA 2M e CNPA 3M foram conduzidos experimentos em casa de vegetação com solução nutritiva. As plantas foram cultivadas em cinco níveis de P; 0,38ppm, l,14ppm, 3,42ppm, 10,26ppm e 30,78ppm. As plantas foram coletadas aos 75 dias de idade após a semeadura, sendo medida a altura das plantas e determinado o peso de matéria seca para raiz, caule e folhas em todos os cultivares. Nos cultivares de ciclo anual houve produção de botão floral, flores e frutos imaturos que foram determinados os pesos de matéria seca. Os autores concluem: o nível externo de P que determina a produção máxima de matéria seca é de 19,2ppm e 21,9ppm para todos os cultivares.

Nível crítico de fósforo em cultivares de algodão: III. concentração de fósforo no limbo e pecíolo de acordo com a época da coleta e concentração de fósforo nas soluções nutritivas

Com o intuito de se estudar a melhor época de coleta de folhas e pecíolos para a diagnose foliar do algodoeiro, ensaios foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação com solução nutritiva, com os cultivares de ciclo anual, IAC-17, IAC-19, IAC-20 e CNPA 78/SME4 e para as do ciclo perene CNPA 2M e CNPA 3M. As plantas foram cultivadas nos seguintes níveis de fósforo, em ppm: 0,38; 1,14; 3,42; 10,26; 30,78. Em plantas com 44 dias, 59 dias e 74 dias de idade foi coletada a 5ª folha situada na haste principal, a partir do ápice, e dividida em limbo e pecíolo para a determinação de fósforo. Os autores concluiram que a época mais adequada para a coleta das folhas nos cultivares de ciclo anual é aos 44 dias após a semeadura e para os cultivares perenes a melhor época corresponde aos 59 dias após a semeadura.

Approximating subtree distances between Phylogenies

We give a 5-approximation algorithm to the rooted Subtree-Prune-and-Regraft (rSPR) distance between two phylogenies, which was recently shown to be NP-complete by Bordewich and Semple [5]. This paper presents the first approximation result for this important tree distance. The algorithm follows a standard format for tree distances such as Rodrigues et al. [24] and Hein et al. [13]. The novel ideas are in the analysis. In the analysis, the cost of the algorithm uses a \cascading" scheme that accounts for possible wrong moves. This accounting is missing from previous analysis of tree distance approximation algorithms. Further, we show how all algorithms of this type can be implemented in linear time and give experimental results.

Test methods: anabolics.

In the International Olympic Committee (IOC) accredited laboratories, specific methods have been developed to detect anabolic steroids in athletes' urine. The technique of choice to achieve this is gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In order to improve the efficiency of anti-doping programmes, the laboratories have defined new analytical strategies. The final sensitivity of the analytical procedure can be improved by choosing new technologies for use in detection, such as tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) or high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A better sample preparation using immuno-affinity chromatography (IAC) is also a good tool for improving sensitivity. These techniques are suitable for the detection of synthetic anabolic steroids whose structure is not found naturally in the human body. The more and more evident use, on a large scale, of substances chemically similar to the endogenous steroids obliges both the laboratory and the sports authorities to use the steroid profile of the athlete in comparison with reference ranges from a population or with intraindividual reference values.

Vom Finanz- zum Wissenschaftsbetrug : Methode, den Irrungen in der medizinischen Literatur beizukommen [From financial to scientific fraud : Methods to detect discrepancies in the medical literature].

Fraud is as old as Mankind. There are an enormous number of historical documents which show the interaction between truth and untruth; therefore it is not really surprising that the prevalence of publication discrepancies is increasing. More surprising is that new cases especially in the medical field generate such a huge astonishment. In financial mathematics a statistical tool for detection of fraud is known which uses the knowledge of Newcomb and Benford regarding the distribution of natural numbers. This distribution is not equal and lower numbers are more likely to be detected compared to higher ones. In this investigation all numbers contained in the blinded abstracts of the 2009 annual meeting of the Swiss Society of Anesthesia and Resuscitation (SGAR) were recorded and analyzed regarding the distribution. A manipulated abstract was also included in the investigation. The χ(2)-test was used to determine statistical differences between expected and observed counts of numbers. There was also a faked abstract integrated in the investigation. A p<0.05 was considered significant. The distribution of the 1,800 numbers in the 77 submitted abstracts followed Benford's law. The manipulated abstract was detected by statistical means (difference in expected versus observed p<0.05). Statistics cannot prove whether the content is true or not but can give some serious hints to look into the details in such conspicuous material. These are the first results of a test for the distribution of numbers presented in medical research.

Early processing in the human lateral occipital complex is highly responsive to illusory contours but not to salient regions.

Human electrophysiological studies support a model whereby sensitivity to so-called illusory contour stimuli is first seen within the lateral occipital complex. A challenge to this model posits that the lateral occipital complex is a general site for crude region-based segmentation, based on findings of equivalent hemodynamic activations in the lateral occipital complex to illusory contour and so-called salient region stimuli, a stimulus class that lacks the classic bounding contours of illusory contours. Using high-density electrical mapping of visual evoked potentials, we show that early lateral occipital cortex activity is substantially stronger to illusory contour than to salient region stimuli, whereas later lateral occipital complex activity is stronger to salient region than to illusory contour stimuli. Our results suggest that equivalent hemodynamic activity to illusory contour and salient region stimuli probably reflects temporally integrated responses, a result of the poor temporal resolution of hemodynamic imaging. The temporal precision of visual evoked potentials is critical for establishing viable models of completion processes and visual scene analysis. We propose that crude spatial segmentation analyses, which are insensitive to illusory contours, occur first within dorsal visual regions, not the lateral occipital complex, and that initial illusory contour sensitivity is a function of the lateral occipital complex.

Proadrenomedullin: An effective prognostic biomarker in septic patients

Background: Measurement of biomarkers is a potential approach to early prediction of mortality in septic patients. The purpose of this study was to asses the prognostic value of proadrenomedullin (pADM) in adult patients with sepsis with a single measurement in the first 24 hours after the onset of severe sepsis or septic shock. Conclusions: The protein pADM is an important prognostic biomarker of survival when measured on admission of septic patients to the ICU.

The Lunch Line, Vol. 52, no. 5, May 2003

Newsletter produced by Department of Education, Bureau of Food and Nutrition

β-Glucan Antigenemia Anticipates Diagnosis of Blood Culture-Negative Intraabdominal Candidiasis.

Rationale: Life-threatening intraabdominal candidiasis (IAC) occurs in 30 to 40% of high-risk surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Although early IAC diagnosis is crucial, blood cultures are negative, and the role of Candida score/colonization indexes is not established. Objectives: The aim of this prospective Fungal Infection Network of Switzerland (FUNGINOS) cohort study was to assess accuracy of 1,3-β-d-glucan (BG) antigenemia for diagnosis of IAC. Methods: Four hundred thirty-four consecutive adults with abdominal surgery or acute pancreatitis and ICU stay 72 hours or longer were screened: 89 (20.5%) at high risk for IAC were studied (68 recurrent gastrointestinal tract perforation, 21 acute necrotizing pancreatitis). Diagnostic accuracy of serum BG (Fungitell), Candida score, and colonization indexes was compared. Measurements and Main Results: Fifty-eight of 89 (65%) patients were colonized by Candida; 29 of 89 (33%) presented IAC (27 of 29 with negative blood cultures). Nine hundred twenty-one sera were analyzed (9/patient): median BG was 253 pg/ml (46-9,557) in IAC versus 99 pg/ml (8-440) in colonization (P < 0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of two consecutive BG measurements greater than or equal to 80 pg/ml were 65 and 78%, respectively. In recurrent gastrointestinal tract perforation it was 75 and 77% versus 90 and 38% (Candida score ≥ 3), 79 and 34% (colonization index ≥ 0.5), and 54 and 63% (corrected colonization index ≥ 0.4), respectively. BG positivity anticipated IAC diagnosis (5 d) and antifungal therapy (6 d). Severe sepsis/septic shock and death occurred in 10 of 11 (91%) and 4 of 11 (36%) patients with BG 400 pg/ml or more versus 5 of 18 (28%, P = 0.002) and 1 of 18 (6%, P = 0.05) with BG measurement less than 400 pg/ml. β-Glucan decreased in IAC responding to therapy and increased in nonresponse. Conclusions: BG antigenemia is superior to Candida score and colonization indexes and anticipates diagnosis of blood culture-negative IAC. This proof-of-concept observation in strictly selected high-risk surgical ICU patients deserves investigation of BG-driven preemptive therapy.

Hinnat ja maksut

Puhe

Nymphal development of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) preying on larvae of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) fed with resistant and susceptible soybeans

Nymphal development of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) fed with a susceptible (UFV 16) or an insect resistant soybean genotype (IAC 17) and with larvae of the prey Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) reared on these genotypes, was evaluated. Survival and duration of each instar and of total nymphal stage, besides weight of nymphs at the beginning of each instar and of adults of P. nigrispinus soon after emergence, were also evaluated. Nymphal survival of this predator was similar with both genotypes (64.41% for the UFV 16 and 72.88% for the IAC 17). Duration of second and fourth instars for nymphs that originated females, of fourth instar for those that originated males, of the nymphal period for males (20.21 and 17.94 days) and females (19.76 and 18.19 days) was longer on the IAC 17 than on the UFV 16. Weight of third instar nymphs (3.12 mg and 2.42 mg) for those that originated males and of fifth instar (26.20 mg and 23.86 mg) for those that originated females and female weight after emergence (65.76 mg and 58.68 mg) was lower with the IAC 17 than with the UFV 16. Sex ratio of P. nigrispinus was not affected by the resistant soybean IAC 17.