Syndrome In Question

Multiple autoimmune syndrome is a rare condition, described by Humbert and Dupond in 1988. It is defined by the association of at least 3 autoimmune diseases in the same patient. Vitiligo is the most common skin condition in this syndrome. This article presents the case of a 31-year-old male with vitiligo, alopecia areata, Crohn's disease, psoriasis vulgaris and oral lichen planus. The rarity of this case is highlighted by the coexistence of four autoimmune skin diseases in association with Crohn's disease, never described in the literature.

Do You Know This Syndrome?

POEMS syndrome is a unique clinical entity, the diagnosis of which is made when polyneuropathy and monoclonal gammopathy occur together, associated with other changes such as organomegaly, endocrinopathy, skin changes and papilledema. Cutaneous manifestations are heterogeneous, with diffuse cutaneous hyperpigmentation, hemangiomas and hypertrichosis occurring more frequently. We report the case of a 65- year-old female patient with this syndrome, diagnosed after 15 years of disabling peripheral neuropathy.

Familial Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Is Associated With More Complications After Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

OBJECTIVE: A familial predisposition to abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is present in approximately one-fifth of patients. Nevertheless, the clinical implications of a positive family history are not known. We investigated the risk of aneurysm-related complications after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for patients with and without a positive family history of AAA. METHODS: Patients treated with EVAR for intact AAAs in the Erasmus University Medical Center between 2000 and 2012 were included in the study. Family history was obtained by written questionnaire. Familial AAA (fAAA) was defined as patients having at least one first-degree relative affected with aortic aneurysm. The remaining patients were considered sporadic AAA. Cardiovascular risk factors, aneurysm morphology (aneurysm neck, aneurysm sac, and iliac measurements), and follow-up were obtained prospectively. The primary end point was complications after EVAR, a composite of endoleaks, need for secondary interventions, aneurysm sac growth, acute limb ischemia, and postimplantation rupture. Secondary end points were specific components of the primary end point (presence of endoleak, need for secondary intervention, and aneurysm sac growth), aneurysm neck growth, and overall survival. Kaplan-Meier estimates for the primary end point were calculated and compared using log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test of equality. A Cox-regression model was used to calculate the independent risk of complications associated with fAAA. RESULTS: A total of 255 patients were included in the study (88.6% men; age 72 ± 7 years, median follow-up 3.3 years; interquartile range, 2.2-6.1). A total of 51 patients (20.0%) were classified as fAAA. Patients with fAAA were younger (69 vs 72 years; P = .015) and were less likely to have ever smoked (58.8% vs 73.5%; P = .039). Preoperative aneurysm morphology was similar in both groups. Patients with fAAA had significantly more complications after EVAR (35.3% vs 19.1%; P = .013), with a twofold increased risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.7). Secondary interventions (39.2% vs 20.1%; P = .004) and aneurysm sac growth (20.8% vs 9.5%; P = .030) were the most important elements accounting for the difference. Furthermore, a trend toward more type I endoleaks during follow-up was observed (15.6% vs 7.4%; P = .063) and no difference in overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows that patients with a familial form of AAA develop more aneurysm-related complications after EVAR, despite similar AAA morphology at baseline. These findings suggest that patients with fAAA form a specific subpopulation and create awareness for a possible increase in the risk of complications after EVAR.

A Influência do Ensino Pré-Operatório de Enfermagem na Redução da Ansiedade Intra-Operatória em Cirurgia Ambulatória de Extração de Catarata

O ensino pré-operatório inicia-se com o acolhimento do cliente, sendo este um processo contínuo, dinâmico e favorável ao desenvolvimento de uma relação de ajuda. Todas as pessoas que são submetidas a uma cirurgia deparam-se com sintomas como medo, insegurança e ansiedade face ao desconhecido (Dugas, 1984). O ensino pré-operatório é o meio que o enfermeiro tem ao dispor para fazer face a esta sintomatologia apresentada pelos seus clientes. Em cirurgia oftalmológica, a extração da catarata é o procedimento mais frequentemente realizado, sendo feito actualmente em regime de ambulatório. Existem diversos estudos (McDonald et al., 2004; Johansson et al., 2005) que demonstram a importância do ensino pré-operatório em regime de internamento, mas desconhece-se qual a sua relevância no regime de cirurgia de ambulatório. Sabendo-se que na cirurgia de ambulatório o tempo de permanência do doente no hospital é reduzido, o enfermeiro peri-operatório terá menos tempo para o acompanhar pelo que deverá adequar as suas práticas. Pretende-se com este trabalho conhecer a relação entre a realização do ensino pré-operatório de enfermagem a clientes a serem submetidos a cirurgia de extração de catarata, em regime de ambulatório, e os níveis de ansiedade que manifestam no período intra-operatório. Foram seleccionados 120 sujeitos com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos e que iam ser submetidos pela primeira vez a cirurgia de extração da catarata sob anestesia tópica em regime de ambulatório. Os sujeitos foram randomizados em dois grupos, um dos quais foi submetido a visita de enfermagem pré-operatória. O nível de ansiedade, nos dois grupos, foi medido com a Escala STAY-estado, no período intra-operatório. Conclui-se que a realização da visita pré-operatória influencia significativamente os níveis de ansiedade no período intra-operatório dos clientes que são submetidos (pela primeira vez) a extração de catarata em cirurgia de ambulatório.

Ophthalmic Complications of Bariatric Surgery

Obesity is increasing vastly in the world, and the number of bariatric surgeries being performed is also increasing. Patients being submitted to bariatric surgeries, especially malabsorptive procedures, have an increased risk of developing nutrient deficiencies, which can culminate in symptomatic hypovitaminosis, if supplementation is not done correctly. The eye and the optic system need an adequate level of several vitamins and minerals to perform properly, especially vitamin A, and this article wants to cover the main nutrients involved, the possible ophthalmic complications that can arise by their deficiency, and the management of those complications.

Estado de Mal Epiléptico

O Estado de Mal Epiléptico é uma situação com expressão clínica variável, relacionando-se o seu prognóstico com a etiologia subjacente. O Estado de Mal Convulsivo constitui uma emergência médica associada com elevadas taxas de morbilidade e de mortalidade, sendo essencial uma intervenção terapêutica precoce e adequada. Os autores apresentam um esquema de protocolo terapêutico a utilizar neste quadro.

Metástases Cerebrais. Revisão de uma População Hospitalar

As metástases cerebrais ocorrem em cerca de 20-30% dos doentes com neoplasias sistémicas. A incidência deste tipo particular de lesão cerebral tem tendência a aumentar progressivamente devido a maior diferenciação das actuais técnicas neuroimagiológicas e dos actuais esquemas terapêuticos, cada vez mais eficazes. Neste estudo retrospectivo foram analisados os doentes internados nos Serviços de Neurologia, Neurocirurgia e Medicina, e os seguidos na Unidade de Quimioterapia do nosso Hospital, com o diagnóstico de metástase cerebral. Determinou-se a distribuição etária e por sexos, a semiologia neurológica e as características imagiológicas, o tipo de neoplasia primária, a terapêutica efectuada, bem como os índices de sobrevida e o prognóstico global deste grupo de doentes.

Manifestações Radiológicas da Sarcoidose

A Sarcoidose é uma doença inflamatória crónica multissistémica que se caracteriza pela deposição de granulomas não caseosos em diversos órgãos, originando diferentes manifestações clínicas. No entanto, cerca de 50% dos casos são assintomáticos e detectados incidentalmente em radiograma de tórax. Nesta apresentação, realizamos uma revisão das manifestações radiológicas da sarcoidose, com particular destaque para as torácicas, por serem as mais frequentes. O nosso principal objectivo é demonstrar que a sarcoidose apresenta vários padrões radiológicos, desde os mais típicos até outros mais atípicos, podendo mimetizar diversas doenças.

Odontoameloblastoma: a Propósito de um Caso Clínico

O odontoameloblastoma é um tumor odontogénico misto muito raro. Reportam-se 29 casos bem documentados na literatura inglesa consultada, dos quais apenas 5 têm envolvimento do segmento anterior da mandíbula. Um homem de 51 anos apresentava um tumor da região anterior da mandíbula, com tumefacção dura, difusa e indolor na região parassinfisária direita da mandíbula. Radiograficamente existia extensa lesão radiolucente, bem delimitada, desde o dente 46 ao dente 34, com pequenas estruturas calcificadas no interior. Observava-se expansão óssea com provável perfuração cortical e reabsorções radiculares. Após biópsia realizou-se resseção cirúrgica. O exame anatomopatológico permitiu o diagnóstico de odontoameloblastoma. Não houve recorrência nos 30 meses de seguimento. O odontoameloblastoma é um tumor localmente agressivo com comportamento aparentemente semelhante ao dos ameloblastomas, em termos de crescimento, expansão óssea, rizólise e recorrência, parecendo prudente adotar o mesmo critério terapêutico para ambos.

Thoracic Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases

Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) comprise several immunologic systemic disorders, each of which associated with a particular set of clinical manifestations and autoimmune profile. CTDs may cause numerous thoracic abnormalities, which vary in frequency and pattern according to the underlying disorder. The CTDs that most commonly involve the respiratory system are progressive systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease. Pulmonary abnormalities in this group of patients may result from CTD-related lung disease or treatment complications, namely drug toxicity and opportunistic infections. The most important thoracic manifestations of CTDs are interstitial lung disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension, with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia being the most common pattern of interstitial lung disease. High-resolution computed tomography is a valuable tool in the initial evaluation and follow-up of patients with CTDs. As such, general knowledge of the most common high-resolution computed tomographic features of CTD-related lung disease allows the radiologist to contribute to better patient management.

The Impact of Multifocal Intraocular Lens in Retinal Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography

Multifocal intraocular lenses (MF IOLs) have concentric optical zones with different dioptric power, enabling patients to have good visual acuity at multiple focal points. However, several optical limitations have been attributed to this particular design. The purpose of this study is to access the effect of MF IOLs design on the accuracy of retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT). Cross-sectional study conducted at the Refractive Surgery Department of Central Lisbon Hospital Center. Twenty-three eyes of 15 patients with a diffractive MF IOL and 27 eyes of 15 patients with an aspheric monofocal IOL were included in this study. All patients underwent OCT macular scans using Heidelberg Spectralis®. Macular thickness and volume values and image quality (Q factor) were compared between the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences between both groups regarding macular thickness or volume measurements. Retinal OCT image quality was significantly lower in the MF IOL group (p < 0.01). MF IOLs are associated with a significant decrease in OCT image quality. However, this fact does not seem to compromise the accuracy of spectral domain OCT retinal measurements.

Mid-Term Results of EVAR in Severe Proximal Aneurysm Neck Angulation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if mid-term outcome following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with the Endurant Stent Graft (Medtronic, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) is influenced by severe proximal neck angulation. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was performed using data from a prospective multicenter database. All measurements were obtained using dedicated reconstruction software and center-lumen line reconstruction. Patients with neck length >15 mm, infrarenal angle (β) >75°, and/or suprarenal angle (α) >60°, or neck length >10 mm with β >60°, and/or α >45° were compared with a matched control group. Primary endpoint was primary clinical success. Secondary endpoints were freedom from rupture, type 1A endoleak, stent fractures, freedom from neck-related reinterventions, and aneurysm-related adverse events. Morphological neck variation over time was also assessed. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included in the study group and were compared with a matched control group with 65 patients. Median follow-up time was 49.5 months (range 30.5-58.4). The 4-year primary clinical success estimates were 83% and 80% for the angulated and nonangulated groups (p = .42). Proximal neck angulation did not affect primary clinical success in a multivariate model (hazard ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval 0.55-4.41). Groups did not differ significantly in regard to freedom from rupture (p = .79), freedom from type 1A endoleak (p = .79), freedom from neck-related adverse events (p = .68), and neck-related reinterventions (p = .68). Neck angle reduction was more pronounced in patients with severe proximal neck angulation (mean Δα -15.6°, mean Δβ -30.6°) than in the control group (mean Δα -0.39°, mean Δβ -5.9°) (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Mid-term outcomes following EVAR with the Endurant Stent Graft were not influenced by severe proximal neck angulation in our population. Despite the conformability of the device, moderate aortic neck remodeling was identified in the group of patients with angulated neck anatomy on the first computed tomography scan after implantation with no important further remodeling afterwards. No device integrity failures were encountered.

Epilepsy and Physical Exercise

Epilepsy is one of the commonest neurologic diseases and has always been associated with stigma. In the interest of safety, the activities of persons with epilepsy (PWE) are often restricted. In keeping with this, physical exercise has often been discouraged. The precise nature of a person’s seizures (or whether seizures were provoked or unprovoked) may not have been considered. Although there has been a change in attitude over the last few decades, the exact role of exercise in inducing seizures or aggravating epilepsy still remains a matter of discussion among experts in the field. Based mainly on retrospective, but also on prospective, population and animal-based research, the hypothesis that physical exercise is prejudicial has been slowly replaced by the realization that physical exercise might actually be beneficial for PWE. The benefits are related to improvement of physical and mental health parameters and social integration and reduction in markers of stress, epileptiform activity and the number of seizures. Nowadays, the general consensus is that there should be no restrictions to the practice of physical exercise in people with controlled epilepsy, except for scuba diving, skydiving and other sports at heights. Whilst broader restrictions apply for patients with uncontrolled epilepsy, individual risk assessments taking into account the seizure types, frequency, patterns or triggers may allow PWE to enjoy a wide range of physical activities.

Conscious Sedation with Inhaled 50% Nitrous Oxide/Oxygen Premix in Photodynamic Therapy Sessions for Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Treatment

Photodynamic therapy has been described as an effective therapeutic option in selected cases of anogenital lichen sclerosus that are refractory to first-line treatments. However, procedure-related pain is a limiting factor in patient adherence to treatment. The authors report the case of a 75-year-old woman with highly symptomatic vulvar lichen sclerosus, successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. An inhaled 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen premix was administered during sessions, producing a pain-relieving, anxiolytic, and sedative effect without loss of consciousness. This ready-to-use gas mixture may be a well-tolerated and accepted alternative to classical anesthetics in Photodynamic therapy, facilitating patients' adherence to illumination of pain-prone areas.

Onychomycosis in Patients with Chronic Leg Ulcer and Toenail Abnormalities

Nails have a limited number of reactive patterns to disease. Accordingly, toenail changes of different etiologies may mimic onychomycosis. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of toenail onychomycosis among patients with leg ulcer and toenail abnormalities attending a dermatology clinic. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted through the analysis of clinical records and results of mycological examination. RESULTS A total of 81 patients were included, with a median age of 76.0 years. Most ulcers were of venous etiology, followed by those of mixed and arterial pathogenesis. The mycological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of onychomycosis in 27.2% of the patients. The etiologic agent was a dermatophyte in 59.1% of isolates in nail samples, while Trichophyton interdigitale was the most frequent fungal species (40.9%). CONCLUSIONS Most toenail abnormalities in patients with chronic leg ulcer were not onychomycosis. This study highlights the importance of systematic mycological examination in these patients, in order to avoid overtreatment with systemic antifungals, unnecessary costs and side effects.