Girona entre l'Islam i Carlemany: una ciutat de frontera (759-801)

Tradicionalment s'ha considerat l'ocupació de Girona pels francs (any 785) com el moment "fundacional" de la ciutat medieval, en paral·lel a la consideració que ha merescut l'època de Carlemany (final del segle VIII i principi del IX) com una època formativa en la història de Catalunya. Però tenim raons per pensar que aquells moments no significaren un gran terrabastall en una ciutat que, des de començament del segle VIII, jugava un paper polític i militar significatiu en els esdeveniments de l'anomenada Marca Superior, el territori musulmà proper a les terres del regne franc. Més endavant, un cop incorporada a l'imperi carolingi, Girona mantingué la seva condició de ciutat capital de frontera o marca, fins a la conquesta de Barcelona l'any 801. Volem historiar, en la mesura del possible, aquesta etapa d'uns quaranta anys -entre 759 i 801- quan la ciutat visqué en primera línia i, també, protagonitzà les vicissituds de l'enfrontament entre dos dels grans estats d'aquell moment: la monarquia franca dels carolingis i l'emirat omeia A'al-Andalús. Els moviments d'anada i tomada dels seus exèrcits van situar Girona en primera línia de combat en aquells anys, fins a la definitiva consolidació del poder franc a principis del segle IX

Acerca do impacto da administração transdérmica de um inibidor da NO-sintetase (L-NAME) : uma abordagem preliminar

O L-NAME, um dos inibidores do NO mais utilizados para o estudo da função microcirculatória na hiperémia cutânea, é normalmente administrado por microdiálise, uma técnica invasiva e traumática com reconhecidas limitações. Neste contexto, procurou-se avaliar, ainda que de forma preliminar, o interesse da aplicação transdérmica deL-NAMEemexperiências de indução de hiperémia local. O estudo consistiu na aplicação (durante 2 horas) de um sistema oclusivo contendo L-NAME (40 ) a 10mM, ou 100mM e um controlo com água destilada, no antebraço de voluntários saudáveis (n=5). Após a oclusão os voluntários foram submetidos a um protocolo de aquecimento local da pele a 42ºC durante 20 minutos, com a resposta hiperémica avaliada por Fluxometria de Laser Doppler (LDF).A análise estatística das várias concentrações de inibidor, involveu a comparação das diferentes fases do estudo com o controlo através de estatística não paramétrica. A aplicação de 100mM de L-NAME desencadeou a inibição de toda a resposta microcirculatória, o que constitui um bom indício para que esta metodologia continue a ser desenvolvida.

What's in a name? Lexical knowledge drives infants' visual preferences in the absence of referential input

Seventeen-month-old infants were presented with pairs of images, in silence or with the non-directive auditory stimulus 'look!'. The images had been chosen so that one image depicted an item whose name was known to the infant, and the other image depicted an image whose name was not known to the infant. Infants looked longer at images for which they had names than at images for which they did not have names, despite the absence of any referential input. The experiment controlled for the familiarity of the objects depicted: in each trial, image pairs presented to infants had previously been judged by caregivers to be of roughly equal familiarity. From a theoretical perspective, the results indicate that objects with names are of intrinsic interest to the infant. The possible causal direction for this linkage is discussed and it is concluded that the results are consistent with Whorfian linguistic determinism, although other construals are possible. From a methodological perspective, the results have implications for the use of preferential looking as an index of early word comprehension.

Name agreement in picture naming: An ERP study

Name agreement is the extent to which different people agree on a name for a particular picture. Previous studies have found that it takes longer to name low name agreement pictures than high name agreement pictures. To examine the effect of name agreement in the online process of picture naming, we compared event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded whilst 19 healthy, native English speakers silently named pictures which had either high or low name agreement. A series of ERP components was examined: P1 approximately 120ms from picture onset, N1 around 170ms, P2 around 220ms, N2 around 290ms, and P3 around 400ms. Additionally, a late time window from 800 to 900ms was considered. Name agreement had an early effect, starting at P1 and possibly resulting from uncertainty of picture identity, and continuing into N2, possibly resulting from alternative names for pictures. These results support the idea that name agreement affects two consecutive processes: first, object recognition, and second, lexical selection and/or phonological encoding.

Bottlenecks in name resolution of migrating processes

Three naming strategies are discussed that allow the processes of a distributed application to continue being addressed by their original logical name, along all the migrations they may be forced to undertake because of performance-improvement goals. A simple centralised solution is firstly discussed which showed a software bottleneck with the increase of the number of processes; other two solutions are considered that entail different communication schemes and different communication overheads for the naming protocol. All these strategies are based on the facility that each process is allowed to survive after migration, even in its original site, only to provide a forwarding service to those communications that used its obsolete address.