Hypothyroidism decreases proinsulin gene expression and the attachment of its mRNA and eEF1A protein to the actin cytoskeleton of INS-1E cells

The actions of thyroid hormone (TH) on pancreatic beta cells have not been thoroughly explored, with current knowledge being limited to the modulation of insulin secretion in response to glucose, and beta cell viability by regulation of pro-mitotic and pro-apoptotic factors. Therefore, the effects of TH on proinsulin gene expression are not known. This led us to measure: a) proinsulin mRNA expression, b) proinsulin transcripts and eEF1A protein binding to the actin cytoskeleton, c) actin cytoskeleton arrangement, and d) proinsulin mRNA poly(A) tail length modulation in INS-1E cells cultured in different media containing: i) normal fetal bovine serum - FBS (control); ii) normal FBS plus 1 µM or 10 nM T3, for 12 h, and iii) FBS depleted of TH for 24 h (Tx). A decrease in proinsulin mRNA content and attachment to the cytoskeleton were observed in hypothyroid (Tx) beta cells. The amount of eEF1A protein anchored to the cytoskeleton was also reduced in hypothyroidism, and it is worth mentioning that eEF1A is essential to attach transcripts to the cytoskeleton, which might modulate their stability and rate of translation. Proinsulin poly(A) tail length and cytoskeleton arrangement remained unchanged in hypothyroidism. T3 treatment of control cells for 12 h did not induce any changes in the parameters studied. The data indicate that TH is important for proinsulin mRNA expression and translation, since its total amount and attachment to the cytoskeleton are decreased in hypothyroid beta cells, providing evidence that effects of TH on carbohydrate metabolism also include the control of proinsulin gene expression.

Behavioral meaningful opioidergic stimulation activates kappa receptor gene expression

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) has been reported to be a location for opioid regulation of pain and a potential site for behavioral selection in females. Opioid-mediated behavioral and physiological responses differ according to the activity of opioid receptor subtypes. The present study investigated the effects of the peripheral injection of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist U69593 into the dorsal subcutaneous region of animals on maternal behavior and on Oprk1 gene activity in the PAG of female rats. Female Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g at the beginning of the study were randomly divided into 2 groups for maternal behavior and gene expression experiments. On day 5, pups were removed at 7:00 am and placed in another home cage that was distant from their mother. Thirty minutes after removing the pups, the dams were treated with U69593 (0.15 mg/kg, sc) or 0.9% saline (up to 1 mL/kg) and after 30 min were evaluated in the maternal behavior test. Latencies in seconds for pup retrieval, grouping, crouching, and full maternal behavior were scored. The results showed that U69593 administration inhibited maternal behavior (P < 0.05) because a lower percentage of kappa group dams showed retrieval of first pup, retrieving all pups, grouping, crouching and displaying full maternal behavior compared to the saline group. Opioid gene expression was evaluated using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A single injection of U69593 increased Oprk1 PAG expression in both virgin (P < 0.05) and lactating female rats (P < 0.01), with no significant effect on Oprm1 or Oprd1 gene activity. Thus, the expression of kappa-opioid receptors in the PAG may be modulated by single opioid receptor stimulation and behavioral meaningful opioidergic transmission in the adult female might occur simultaneously to specific changes in gene expression of kappa-opioid receptor subtype. This is yet another alert for the complex role of the opioid system in female reproduction

Gene expression profiling analysis of lung adenocarcinoma

The present study screened potential genes related to lung adenocarcinoma, with the aim of further understanding disease pathogenesis. The GSE2514 dataset including 20 lung adenocarcinoma and 19 adjacent normal tissue samples from 10 patients with lung adenocarcinoma aged 45-73 years was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were screened using the t-test. Potential gene functions were predicted using functional and pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks obtained from the STRING database were constructed with Cytoscape. Module analysis of PPI networks was performed through MCODE in Cytoscape. In total, 535 upregulated and 465 downregulated DEGs were identified. These included ATP5D, UQCRC2, UQCR11 and genes encoding nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which are mainly associated with mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport, and which were enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Other DEGs were associated with DNA replication (PRIM1, MCM3, and RNASEH2A), cell surface receptor-linked signal transduction and the enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway (MAPK1, STAT3, RAF1, and JAK1), and regulation of the cytoskeleton and phosphatidylinositol signaling system (PIP5K1B, PIP5K1C, and PIP4K2B). Our findings suggest that DEGs encoding subunits of NADH, PRIM1, MCM3, MAPK1, STAT3, RAF1, and JAK1 might be associated with the development of lung adenocarcinoma.

Globin Gene Expression: Role of Transcription Factors

La dérégulation de l'expression génétique est une base pathophysiologique de plusieurs maladies. On a utilisé le locus du gène β-globine humain comme modèle pour élucider le mécanisme de régulation de la transcription génétique et évaluer son expression génétique durant l'érythropoïèse. La famille des protéines 'E' est composée de facteurs de transcription qui possèdent plusieurs sites de liaison au sein de locus du gène β-globine, suggérant leur rôle potentiel dans la régulation de l’expression de ces gènes. Nous avons montré que les facteurs HEB, E2A et ETO2 interagissent d’une manière significative avec la région contrôle du Locus (LCR) et avec les promoteurs des gènes de la famille β-globine. Le recrutement de ces facteurs au locus est modifié lors de l'érythropoïèse dans les cellules souches hematopoitiques et les cellules erythroides de souris transgéniques pour le locus de la β-globine humain, ainsi que dans les cellules progénitrices hématopoïétiques humaines. De plus par cette étude, nous démontrons pour la première fois que le gène β-globine humain est dans une chromatine active et qu’il interagit avec des facteurs de transcriptions de type suppresseurs dans les cellules progénitrices lymphoïdes (voie de différentiation alternative). Cette étude a aussi été faite dans des souris ayant une génétique mutante caractérisée par l'absence des facteurs de transcription E2A ou HEB.

Decreased 5-F{T1fti Receor Gene Expression and 5-F4T11 Receptor Protein in the Cerebra'' Cortex and Brain Stem during Pancreatic Regenera tion in Rats

The present study was to investigate the rote of central 5-11T and 5-HT,:v receptor Lindin4o and acne expression in it 'at mo(lel of pancreatic regeneration using 60" -, pancreatcutumy. The pancreatic regeneration was evaluated by 5-HT content and 5-HT,,receptor gene expression in the cerebral cortex (CC) and brain stem MS) of Alain opcrate,t, 7 It utd 7 (.lays panereatectomised rats. 5-11T content significantly increased in the CC' (I' 1.1)11 and 13S (P 0.05) of 72 Ii p.ntcreateetomiscd rats. Sympathetic activity was decreased as indicated by the significantly decreased norcpiuephrine (NIi) and epinephrine (FTI) Icvcl (1' < 0.001 and P < 0.05) in the plasma of 72 h panereateetomised rats. 5-111 ,^, receptor density and affinity was decreased in the CC (P < 0.01) and BS (P < 0.01). These rh:)nge; correlated with a diminished 5-IITIA receptor mRNA expression in the brain region. studied. Our resuils suggest that the brain 5-11T through 5-HTin receptor has it funcuon:0 rule iii 11w pi+ncreatic regcner:ttion through the sympathetic regulation.

MUSCARINIC M1 AND M3 RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION DURING PANCREATIC REGENERATION AND INSULIN SECRETION IN RATS

The present work is an attempt to understand the role of acetylcholine muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors during pancreatic regeneration and insulin secretion. The work focuses on the changes in the muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors in brain and pancreas during pancreatic regeneration. The effect of these receptor subtypes on insulin secretion and pancreatic P-cell proliferation were studied in vitro using rat primary pancreatic islet culture. Muscarinic Ml and M3 receptor kinetics and gene expression studies during pancreatic regeneration and insulin secretion will help to elucidate the role of acetylcholine functional regulation of pancreatic u-cell proliferation and insulin secretion.The cholinergic system through muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors play an important role in the regulation of pancreatic (3-cell proliferation and insulin secretion . Cholinergic activity as indicated by acetylcholine esterase, a marker for cholinergic system, decreased in the brain regions - hypothalamus, brain stem, corpus striatum, cerebral cortex and cerebellum during pancreatic regeneration. Pancreatic muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor activity increased during proliferation indicating that both receptors are stimulatory to (3-cell division. Acetylcholine dose dependently increase EGF induced DNA synthesis in pancreatic islets in vitro, which is inhibited by muscarinic antagonist atropine confirming the role of muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor antagonists also block acetycholine induced DNA synthesis suggesting the importance of these receptors in regeneration. Acetylcholine also stimulated glucose induced insulin secretion in vitro which is inhibited by muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor antagonists. The muscarinic receptors activity and their functional balance in the brain and pancreas exert a profound influence in the insulin secretion and also regeneration of pancreas

Dopamine Receptor Gene Expression In Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats And Its Role In Insulin Secretion

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with insulin deficiency, which not.only affects the carbohydrate metabolism but also is associated with various central and peripheral complications. Chronic hyperglycemia during diabetes mellitus is a major initiator of diabetic microvascular complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, The central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters play an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. These neurotransmitters mediate rapid intracellular communications not only within the central nervous system but also in the peripheral tissues. They exert their function through receptors present in both neuronal and non neuronal cell surface that trigger second messenger signaling pathways. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in various central neuronal degenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease and behavioral diseases like Schizophrenia. Dopamine is synthesised from tyrosine, stored in vesicles in axon terminals and released when the neuron is depolarised. Dopamine interacts with specific membrane receptors to produce its effect. Dopamine plays an important role both centrally and peripherally. The recent identification of five dopamine receptor subtypes provides a basis for understanding dopamine's central and peripheral actions . Dopamine receptors are classified into two major groups : DA D1 like and DA D2 like. Dopamine D1 like receptors consists of DA D1 and DA D5 receptors . Dopamine D2 like receptors consists of DA D2, DA D3 and DA D4 receptors. Stimulation of the DA D1 receptor gives rise to increased production of cAMP. Dopamine D2 receptors inhibit cAMP production, but activate the inositol phosphate second messenger system . Impairment of central dopamine neurotransmission causes muscle rigidity, hormonal regulation , thought disorder and cocaine addiction. Peripheral dopamine receptors mediate changes in blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion and catecholamine release. The dopamine D2 receptors increased in the corpus striatum and cerebral cortex but decreased in the hypothalamus and brain stem indicating their involvement in regulating insulin secretion. Dopamine D2 receptor which has a stimulatory effecton insulin secretion decreased in the pancreatic islets during diabetes. Our in vitro studies confirmed the stimulatory role of dopamine D2 receptors in stimulation of glucose induced insulin secretion. A detailed study at the molecular level on the mechanisms involved in the role of dopamine in insulin secretion, its functional modification could lead to therapeutic interventions that will have immense clinical importance.

Gaba Receptor Gene Expression during Rat Liver Cell Proliferation and Its Function in Hepatocyte Cultures

The present thesis is an attempt to understand the role of GABA, GABAA and GABAB receptors in the regulation of liver cell proliferation using in vivo and in vitro models. The work also focuses on the brain GABAergic changes associated with normal and neoplastic cell growth in liver and to delineate its regulatory function. The investigation of mechanisms involving mitogenic models without cell necrosis may contribute our knowledge about both on cell growth, carcinogenesis, liver pathology and treatment. Objectives of the present study are, to induce controlled liver cell proliferation by partial hepatectomy and lead nitrate administration and uncontrolled cell proliferation by N-nitrosodiethylamine treatment in male Wistar rats, the changes in the content of GABA, GABAA,GABAB in various rat brain regions. To study the GABAA and GABAB receptor changes in brain stem, hypothalamus, cerebellum and cerebral cortex during the active cortex during the period of active DNA synthesis in liver of different experimental groups. The changes in GABAA and GABAB receptor function of the brain stem, hypothalamus and cerebellum play an important role sympathetic regulation of cell proliferation and neoplastic growth in liver. The decrease in GABA content in brain stem, hypothalamus and cerebellum during regeneration and neoplasia in liver. The time course of brain GABAergic changes was closely correlated with that of heptic DNA synthesis. The functional significance of these changes was further explored by studying the changes in GABAA and GABAB receptors in brain.

Molecular Characterization and Gene Expression Profiling of Antimicrobial Peptides in Penaeid Shrimps

The constitutive production of AMPs in shrimps ensures that animals are able to protect themselves from low-level assaults by pathogens present in the environment. As these molecules play important roles in the shrimp immune defense system, the expression level of these AMPs are possible indicators of the immune state of shrimps. The present study also indicates the antiviral property of AMPs, especially ALF, stressing the importance of their up-regulation through the application of immunostimulants/probiotics as a prophylactic strategy in aquaculture. The present study shows that shrimp defense system is equipped enough to evade WSSV infection to a certain extent, when the animals were maintained on marine yeast and probiotic diet, whereas the control diet fed group succumbed to WSSV infection. This study reveals that marine yeast and probiotic supplemented diet can delay the process of WSSV infection and confer greater protection to the animals. Particularly, the protection conferred by marine yeast, C. haemulonii S27 and Bacillus MCCB101 were highly promising imparting greater hope to the aquaculture community to overcome the prevailing disease problems in aquaculture. It may be inferred from the present study that up-regulation of AMP genes could be effected by the application of immunostimulants and probiotics. Also, AMP expression profile could be used as an effective tool for screening immunostimulants and probiotics for application in shrimp culture. Ultimately, it is likely that no single compound or strategy will provide a solution to the problem of disease within aquaculture and that, in reality, a suite of techniques will be required including the manipulation of the rearing environment, addition of probionts as a matter of routine during culture, and the use of immunostimulants and other supplements during vulnerable growth phases. Finally, the development of good management practices, the control of environmental variables, genetic improvement in the penaeid species, understanding of host-virus interaction, modulation of the shrimp immune system, supported by functional genomics and proteomics of this crustacean, as a whole suggests that the control of WSSV is not far.

Dopamine D2 and 5-HT2A receptor gene expression

Neuronal dopamine and serotonin receptors are widely distributed in the central and the peripheral nervous systems at different levels. Dopaminergic and serotonergic systems have crucial role in aldehyde dehydrogenase regulation Stimulation of autonomic nervous system during ethanol treatment is suggested to be an important factor in regulating the ALDH function. The ALDH enzyme activity was increased in plasma, cerebral cortex, and liver but decreased in cerebellum. The ALDH enzyme affinity was decreased in plasma, brainstem and liver and increased in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Dopamine and serotonin content decreased in liver and brain regions - cerebral cortex, corpus striatum of ethanol treated rats with an increased HVA/DA, 5-HIAA/5-HT tumover rate. Dopamine content decreased in brainstem with an increased HVA/DA turnover rate and serotonin content decreased with an increased 5-HIAA/5-HT turnover rate in the brainstem of ethanol treated rats compared to control. Serotonin content increased in hypothalamus with a decreased 5-HIAA/5—HT turnover rate where as dopamine content decreased in hypothalamus with an increased HVA/DA tumover rate of ethanol treated rats compared to control.alterations of DA D2 and 5-HTQA receptor function and gene expression in the cerebellum, hypothalamus, corpus striatum, cerebral cortex play an important role in the sympathetic regulation of ALDH enzyme in ethanol addiction. There is a serotonergic and dopaminergic functional regulation of ALDH activity in the brain regions and liver of ethanol treated rats. Gene expression studies of DA D2 and 5'HT2A studies confirm these observations. Perfusion studies using DA, 5-HT and glucose showed ALDH regulatory function. Brain activity measeurement using EEG showed a prominentfrontal brain wave difference. This will have immense clinical significance in the management of ethanol addiction.

Serotonin Receptor Gene Expression And Insulin Function In Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Recent studies have established a fimctional correlation of serotonergic and adrenergic function in the brain regions with insulin secretion in diabetic rats (Vahabzadeh et al., 1995). Administration of 5-HT”. agonist 8-OH-DPAT to conscious rats caused an increase in blood glucose level. This increase in blood glucose is due to inhibition of insulin secretion by increased circulating EPI (Chaouloff et al., 1990a; Chaouloff et al., 1990d; Chaoulo1T& Jeanrenaud, 1987). The increase in EPI is brought about by increased sympathetic stimulation. This increase can lead to increased sympatho-medullary stimulation thereby inhibiting insulin release (Bauhelal & Mir, 1993, Bauhelal & Mir, 1990a; Chaouloffet al., 1990d). Also, studies have shown that Gi protein in the liver has been decreased in diabetes which will increase gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis thereby causing hyperglycaemia (Pennington, 1987). Serotonergic control is suggested to exert different effects on insulin secretion according to the activation of different receptor subclasses (Pontiroli et al., 1975). In addition to this mechanism, the secretion of insulin is dependent on the turnover ratio of endogenous 5-hydroxy tryptophan (5-HTP) to 5-HT in the pancreatic islets (Jance er al., 1980). The reports so far stated does not explain the complete mechanism and the subclass of 5-HT receptors whose expression regulate insulin secretion in a diabetic state. Also, there is no report of a direct regulation of insulin secretion by 5-HT from the pancreatic islets even though there are reports stating that the pancreatic islets is a rich source of 5-HT (Bird et al., 1980). Therefore, in the present study the mechanism by which 5-HT and its receptors regulate insulin secretion from pancreatic [3-cells was investigated. Our results led to the following hypotheses by which 5-HT and its receptors regulate the insulin secretion.

Use of global gene expression patterns in mechanistic studies of oestrogen action in MCF7 human breast cancer cells

Over the years, the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line has provided a model system for the study of cellular and molecular mechanisms in oestrogen regulation of cell proliferation and in progression to oestrogen and antioestrogen independent growth. Global gene expression profiling has shown that oestrogen action in MCF7 cells involves the coordinated regulation of hundreds of genes across a wide range of functional groupings and that more genes are down regulated than upregulated. Adaptation to long-term oestrogen deprivation, which results in loss of oestrogen-responsive growth, involves alterations to gene patterns not only at early time points (0-4 weeks) but continuing through to later times (20-55 weeks), and even involves alterations to patterns of oestrogen-regulated gene expression. Only 48% of the genes which were regulated >= 2-fold by oestradiol in oestrogen-responsive cells retained this responsiveness after long-term oestrogen deprivation but other genes developed de novo oestrogen regulation. Long-term exposure to fulvestrant, which resulted in loss of growth inhibition by the antioestrogen, resulted in some very large fold changes in gene expression up to 10,000-fold. Comparison of gene profiles produced by environmental chemicals with oestrogenic properties showed that each ligand gave its own unique expression profile which suggests that environmental oestrogens entering the human breast may give rise to a more complex web of interference in cell function than simply mimicking oestrogen action at inappropriate times. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Metallothionein I and II gene expression as a response to metal contamination in bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus

The expression of two metallothionein genes (Mt-I and Mt-II) in the liver, kidney, and gonad of bank voles collected at four metal-contaminated sites (Cd, Zn, Pb, and Fe) were measured using the quantitative real-time PCR method (QPCR). Relative Mt gene expression was calculated by applying a normalization factor (NF) using the expression of two housekeeping genes, ribosomal 18S and beta-actin. Relative Mt expression in tissues of animals from contaminated sites was up to 54.8-fold higher than those from the reference site for Mt-I and up to 91.6-fold higher for Mt-II. Mt-II gene expression in the livers of bank voles from contaminated sites was higher than Mt-I gene expression. Inversely, Mt-II expression in the kidneys of voles was lower than Mt-I expression. Positive correlations between cadmium levels in the tissues and Mt-I were obtained in all studied tissues. Zinc, which undergoes homeostatic regulation, correlated positively with both Mt-I and Mt-II gene expression only in the kidney. Results showed that animals living in chronically contaminated environments intensively activate detoxifying mechanisms such as metallothionein expression. This is the first time that QPCR techniques to measure MT gene expression have been applied to assess the impact of environmental metal pollution on field collected bank voles.

Modulation of stretch-induced myocyte remodeling and gene expression by nitric oxide: a novel role for lipoma preferred partner in myofibrillogenesis

Prolonged hemodynamic load as a result of hypertension eventually leads to maladaptive cardiac adaptation and heart failure. The signalling pathways that underlie these changes are still poorly understood. The adaptive response to mechanical load is mediated by mechanosensors which convert the mechanical stimuli into a biological response. We examined the effect of cyclic mechanical stretch on myocyte adaptation using neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with 10% (adaptive) or 20% (maladaptive) maximum strain, 1Hz for 48 hours to mimic in vivo mechanical stress. Cells were also treated with and without L-NAME, a general nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor to suppress NO production. Maladaptive 20% mechanical stretch led to a significant loss of intact sarcomeres which was rescued by LNAME (P<0.05, n≥5 cultures). We hypothesized that the mechanism was through NOinduced alteration of myocyte gene expression. L-NAME up-regulated the mechanosensing proteins Muscle LIM protein (MLP (by 100%, p<0.05, n=4 cultures)) and lipoma preferred partner, a novel cardiac protein (LPP (by 80%, p<0.05, n=4 cultures)). L-NAME also significantly altered the subcellular localisation of LPP and MLP in a manner that favoured growth and adaptation. These findings suggest that NO participates in stretch-mediated adaptation. The use of isoform selective NOS inhibitors indicated a complex interaction between iNOS and nNOS isoforms regulate gene expression. LPP knockdown by siRNA led to formation of α-actinin aggregates and Z-bodies showing that myofibrillogenesis was impaired. There was an up-regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase (MUL1) by 75% (P<0.05, n=5 cultures). This indicates that NO contributes to stretch-mediated adaptation via the upregulation of proteins associated mechansensing and myofibrillogenesis, thereby presenting potential therapeutic targets during the progression of heart failure. Keywords: Mechanotransduction, heart failure, stretch, heart, hypertrophy

Bmp4 regulates chick Ebf2 and Ebf3 gene expression in somite development

The chick Early B-cell Factor-2 and 3 (cEbf2 and cEbf3) genes are members of EBF family of helix loop helix transcription factors. The expression, regulation and importance of these genes have been extensively studied in lymphatic, nervous and muscular tissues. Recently, a new role for some members of EBF in bone development has been investigated. However, the expression profile and regulation in the axial skeleton precursor, the somite, have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the expression and regulation of cEbf2 and cEbf3 genes in the developing chick embryo somite from HH4 to HH28. The spatiotemporal expression study revealed predominant localization of cEbf2 and cEbf3 in the lateral sclerotomal domains and later around vertebral cartilage anlagen of the arch and the proximal rib. Subsequently, microsurgeries, ectopic gene expression experiments were performed to analyze which tissues and factors regulate cEbf2 and cEbf3 expression. Lateral barriers experiments indicated the necessity for lateral signal(s) in the regulation of cEbf2 and cEbf3 genes. Results from tissue manipulations and ectopic gene expression experiments indicate that lateral plate-derived Bmp4 signals are necessary for the initiation and maintenance of cEbf2 and cEbf3 genes in somites. In conclusion, cEbf2 and cEbf3 genes are considered as lateral sclerotome markers which their expression is regulated by Bmp4 signals from the lateral plate mesoderm.