Employment regulation, game theory, and the lacuna in employee participation in liberal economies

Employee participation is a vital ingredient of what the International Labour Organization (ILO) calls ‘representation security’. This article provides theoretical and empirical insights relating to social policy impact of worker participation, specifically the European Information and Consultation Directive (ICD) for employee voice rights. While existing research on the ICD offers important empirical insights, there is a need for further theoretical analysis to examine the potential effectiveness of the regulations in liberal market economies (LMEs). Drawing on data from 16 case studies, the article uses game theory and the prisoner's dilemma framework to explain why national implementing legislation is largely ineffective in diffusing mutual gains cooperation in two LMEs: UK and the Republic of Ireland. Three theoretical (metaphorical) propositions advance understanding of the policy impact of national information & consultation regulations in LMEs.

La conversión de los indios de la nueva España: Con el contexto de los coloquios de los doce de Bernardino de Saragun

Agosto de 1521: luego de dos años de guerra, México Tenochtitlán, cae en manos del conquistador Hemán Cortés. Tres años después, llegan a la antigua capitar azteca, los doce primeros franciscanos enviados por el Papa para convertir a los indios. Cortés organiza, entonces, con cierta sol, emnidad, una serie de reuniones entre los "doce apóstoles" y los representantes de las autoridades tradicionales indígenas. lns religiosos tratan de explicar los objefivos de su misión y comienzan atrazar las grandes lfneas de la fe católica. Los sacerdotes de los ídolos les responden defendiendo sus creencias ancestrales. Los coloquios continúan asf durante varios días antes de que los Aztecas, luchando con determinación en este conflicto teológico, terminen rindiéndose ante los argumentos de los frailes y acepten el bautismo. El proceso de conversión ha iniciado. De estas reuniones de México, existen ros relatos que transcriben el contenido de los argumentos interca¡nbiados: Los coloquios de los Doce - El texto bilingüe nahuatl - español fue preparado para su publicación por el célebre cronista franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún en 1564. sin embargo, los avatares de la censura hicieron desaparecer el manuscrito en los archivos secretos del vaticano, de donde fueron reexhumados únicamente a comienzos de este siglo.

Notable differences in gene expression between injured turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) skin

Dissertação de mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Application of Decision-Making Theory to the Regulation of Muscular Work Rate During Self-Paced Competitive Endurance Activity.

Successful participation in competitive endurance activities requires continual regulation of muscular work rate in order to maximise physiological performance capacities, meaning that individuals must make numerous decisions with regards to the muscular work rate selected at any point in time. Decisions relating to the setting of appropriate goals and the overall strategic approach to be utilised are made prior to the commencement of an event, whereas tactical decisions are made during the event itself. This review examines current theories of decision-making in an attempt to explain the manner in which regulation of muscular work is achieved during athletic activity. We describe rational and heuristic theories, and relate these to current models of regulatory processes during self-paced exercise in an attempt to explain observations made in both laboratory and competitive environments. Additionally, we use rational and heuristic theories in an attempt to explain the influence of the presence of direct competitors on the quality of the decisions made during these activities. We hypothesise that although both rational and heuristic models can plausibly explain many observed behaviours in competitive endurance activities, the complexity of the environment in which such activities occur would imply that effective rational decision-making is unlikely. However, at present, many proposed models of the regulatory process share similarities with rational models. We suggest enhanced understanding of the decision-making process during self-paced activities is crucial in order to improve the ability to understand regulation of performance and performance outcomes during athletic activity.

CuxSnSx+1 (x = 2, 3) thin films grown by sulfurization of metallic precursors deposited by dc magnetron sputtering

We report the results of the growth of Cu-Sn-S ternary chalcogenide compounds by sulfurization of dc magnetron sputtered metallic precursors. Tetragonal Cu2SnS3 forms for a maximum sulfurization temperature of 350 ºC. Cubic Cu2SnS3 is obtained at sulfurization temperatures above 400 ºC. These results are supported by XRD analysis and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The latter analysis shows peaks at 336 cm-1, 351 cm-1 for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, and 303 cm-1, 355 cm-1 for cubic Cu2SnS3. Optical analysis shows that this phase change lowers the band gap from 1.35 eV to 0.98 eV. At higher sulfurization temperatures increased loss of Sn is expected in the sulphide form. As a consequence, higher Cu content ternary compounds like Cu3SnS4 grow. In these conditions, XRD and Raman analysis only detected orthorhombic (Pmn21) phase (petrukite). This compound has Raman peaks at 318 cm-1, 348 cm-1 and 295 cm-1. For a sulfurization temperature of 450 ºC the samples present a multi-phase structure mainly composed by cubic Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. For higher temperatures, the samples are single phase and constituted by orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. Transmittance and reflectance measurements were used to estimate a band gap of 1.60 eV. For comparison we also include the results for Cu2ZnSnS4 obtained using similar growth conditions.

Influence of selenization pressure on the growth of Cu2ZnSnSe4 films from stacked metallic layers

Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) is a p-type semiconductor with a high absorption coefficient, 104 to 105 cm-1, and is being seen as a possible replacement for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 in thin film solar cells. Yet, there are some fundamental properties of CZTSe that are not well known, one of them is its band gap. In order to resolve its correct value it is necessary to improve the growth conditions to ensure that single phase crystalline thin films are obtained. One of the problems encountered when growing CZTSe is the loss of Sn through evaporation of SnSe. Stoichiometric films are then difficult to obtain and usually there are other phases present. One possible way to overcome this problem is to increase the pressure of growth of CZTSe. This can be done by introducing an atmosphere of an inert gas like Ar or N2. In this work we report the results of morphological, structural and optical studies of the properties of CZTSe thin films grown by selenization of DC magnetron sputtered metallic layers under different Ar pressures. The films are analysed by SEM/EDS, Raman scattering and XRD.

Entity localization and tracking: a sensor fusion-based mechanism in WSNs

Knowing exactly where a mobile entity is and monitoring its trajectory in real-time has recently attracted a lot of interests from both academia and industrial communities, due to the large number of applications it enables, nevertheless, it is nowadays one of the most challenging problems from scientific and technological standpoints. In this work we propose a tracking system based on the fusion of position estimations provided by different sources, that are combined together to get a final estimation that aims at providing improved accuracy with respect to those generated by each system individually. In particular, exploiting the availability of a Wireless Sensor Network as an infrastructure, a mobile entity equipped with an inertial system first gets the position estimation using both a Kalman Filter and a fully distributed positioning algorithm (the Enhanced Steepest Descent, we recently proposed), then combines the results using the Simple Convex Combination algorithm. Simulation results clearly show good performance in terms of the final accuracy achieved. Finally, the proposed technique is validated against real data taken from an inertial sensor provided by THALES ITALIA.

Doseamento da Azadiractina e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana em produtos contendo óleo de Neem

O Neem (Azadirachta indica) é uma árvore indiana conhecida pela atividade pesticida e por várias atividades farmacológicas. De entre os vários compostos já isolados e estudados, a Azadiractina (AZA) foi identificada como o principal composto bioativo desta planta. Este composto apresenta uma grande diversidade de localizações nesta planta, porém assume a sua máxima concentração ao nível das sementes, porção que se apresenta também como a principal fonte de obtenção do óleo de Neem. O óleo apresenta-se como a porção menos estudada do Neem, quer ao nível do seu teor em AZA, quer ao nível das suas propriedades, nomeadamente antimicrobianas. Neste sentido, os objetivos primordiais deste estudo foram o doseamento da Azadiractina e a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana em produtos contendo óleo de Neem. Um método analítico rápido, sensível e seletivo utilizando HPLC-UV foi desenvolvido para a identificação e quantificação da Azadiractina-A (AZA-A) e 3-tigloylazadirachtol (AZA-B) em diferentes amostras de óleo de Neem. O teor de AZA-A, B e A+B determinado nas amostras de óleo de Neem apresentou valores entre 58,53-843,42 mg/kg, 12,52-800,223 mg/kg e 104,20-1642,17 mg/kg, respetivamente. Na generalidade, os valores obtidos foram inferiores aos descritos na literatura. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se ainda que o teor destes compostos não é similar em todas as amostras, sendo este condicionado pela qualidade das sementes que deram origem ao óleo e pelo processo extrativo utilizado. Para além disso, foi possível inferir que duas das amostras testadas teriam qualidade inferior, dados os teores reduzidos de AZA que apresentavam. As diferentes amostras de óleo de Neem, bem como formulações comerciais contendo óleo de Neem, foram testadas em 14 microrganismos de forma a avaliar o seu potencial antimicrobiano. Após a análise, verificou-se atividade antimicrobiana de todas as amostras sobre todos os microrganismos testados, observando-se atividade tanto em bactérias Gram+ como Gram-. Os resultados alcançados mostraram que o óleo de Neem e as formulações comerciais contendo óleo de Neem têm um potencial antimicrobiano interessante, principalmente sobre bactérias comuns em patologias da pele. Para além disso, foi possível comprovar que, no caso do óleo de Neem, a AZA não será a principal responsável por esta atividade. Por outro lado, verificou-se que a atividade antimicrobiana das formulações comerciais não se deverá exclusivamente à presença do óleo de Neem, Doseamento da Azadiractina e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana em produtos contendo óleo de Neem X uma vez que os valores dos halos de inibição obtidos com as formulações tenderam a ser superiores aos verificados apenas com o óleo, além de que os valores de inibição mais elevados foram observados para as formulações contendo menor percentagem de óleo de Neem incorporado. Em suma, os resultados alcançados para os diferentes produtos analisados são promissores e, na sua maioria, convergem com o que está descrito na literatura. No entanto, apesar destes resultados serem um grande contributo, mais estudos são necessários e importantes para conhecer melhor os produtos analisados e assim poder tirar o maior proveito deles.

Biomasa de recursos pesqueros a finales de la primavera 1998. Cruceros BIC José Olaya Balandra 9811-12

Se estimaron las biomasas de las especies: anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), vinciguerria (Vinciguerria lucetia), falso volador (Prionotuis stephanophrys), bagre (Galeichthys peruvianus) y múnida (Pleuroncodes monodon), mediante técnicas hidroacústicas durante el Crucero 9811-12 de Evaluación Hidroacústica de Recursos Pelágicos, a bordo del BIC José Olaya Balandra desde el 28 de noviembre al 23 de diciembre de 1998 entre la Isla Lobos de Tierra y el Morro Sama. El trayecto utilizado fue el sistemático paralelo con transectos perpendiculares a la costa con 14 mn de separación. El equipo utilizado fue la ecosonda científica EK 500 SIMRAD en frecuencias de 38 y 120 kHz, en un rango de detección de 3 a 250 m de profundidad. Se realizó la calibración de equipos en la Isla San Lorenzo, Callao (12° S). Para la obtención de las biomasas se utilizó el método de estratificación por áreas isoparalitorales. La biomasa de anchoveta se estimó en 2.700.205 t (± 23,92%), las mayores biomasas se encontraron entre los grados 13 y 14 de latitud sur. La biomasa de la vinciguerria se calculó en 2.248.405 t (± 31,28%) con un mayor porcentaje en el grado 10 de latitud sur. La biomasa del falso volador se estimó en 422.349 t (± 38,82%), la del bagre se determinó en 409.470 t (± 30,32%) y de la múnida en 911.976 t (± 31,78 %).

Recueil de costumes étrangers formé par M. de Gaignières, faisant suite aux costumes de france - Allemagne 16e siècle

Collectionneur : Gaignières, Roger de (1642-1715)

Recueil de costumes étrangers formé par M. de Gaignières, faisant suite aux costumes de france - Suisse 1572

Collectionneur : Gaignières, Roger de (1642-1715)

Recueil de costumes étrangers formé par M. de Gaignières, faisant suite aux costumes de france - Pays-Bas - 1572

Collectionneur : Gaignières, Roger de (1642-1715)

Monumens [sic] recueillis pour l'histoire de France par Mr de Gaignières - Maisons étrangères - 1ère Partie : Maison d'Anjou-Sicile. Ayant pour auteur Charles de France 7° fils de Louis VIII et frère de St Louis par son mariage avec Beatrix de Provence en 1246

Collectionneur : Gaignières, Roger de (1642-1715)

Monumens [sic] recueillis pour l'histoire de France par Mr de Gaignières - Maisons étrangères - 1ère Partie : Maison de Savoye

Collectionneur : Gaignières, Roger de (1642-1715)

Recueil de portraits des roys et reynes de France, des princes, princesses, seigneurs et dames, et des personnes de toutes sortes de professions, dessinez à la main ou peints en miniature, et pris sur des monumens qui font connoistre les differens habillemens de chaque regne. T. I, Clovis - Saint-Louis

Collectionneur : Gaignières, Roger de (1642-1715)