Avaliação do perfil psicofarmacológico de psicolatina isolada de psychotria umbellata (rubiaceae)

Estudos prévios mostraram que psicolatina (o alcalóide indolmonoterpênico, isolado de Psychotria umbellata (Vell.)) possui moderada atividade analgésica em modelos experimentais de dor que envolvem a participação de receptores opióides e glutamatérgicos do tipo NMDA. Visto que a psicolatina encontra-se em grande quantidade nesta espécie, e que receptores NMDA estão envolvidos em uma grande variedade de processos, incluindo memória, plasticidade neural, ansiedade e depressão, este estudo buscou avaliar o perfil psicofarmacológico de psicolatina, bem como seus efeitos centrais ou interações com alguns sistemas neurotransmissores como receptores glutamatérgicos NMDA, serotonérgico (5-HT), dopaminérgico (DA), gabaérgico (GABA) e colinérgico (Ach). Em dois modelos comportamentais de ansiedade, a psicolatina mostrou atividade ansiolítica revertida pela administração prévia de ritanserina (antagonista serotonérgico 5-HT2A/C), sendo, portanto, esta ação relacionada à modulação destes receptores. A psicolatina não parece interferir com receptores GABAérgicos, já que a atividade ansiolítica não foi revertida por picrotoxina e também porque a psicolatina não mostrou atividade anticonvulsivante no modelo das convulsões induzidas por pentilenotetrazol. A psicolatina também apresentou atividade antidepressiva e amnésica, atividades que também estão relacionadas à modulação de receptores serotonérgicos. Além disso, a psicolatina protege animais das convulsões induzidas por NMDA, além de reverter a hiperlocomoção induzida por dizocilpina, sugerindo que o mecanismo de ação de psicolatina também envolve o glutamato. A inibição do comportamento de escalada induzida por apomorfina e a proteção à letalidade induzida por anfetamina podem ser resultantes da modulação indireta de receptores dopaminérgicos exercida pelo glutamato e pela serotonina. A psicolatina modifica diferentemente o estado oxidativo basal em distintas áreas cerebrais de camundongos; aumentando a capacidade antioxidante total no hipocampo e no córtex, mas a formação de radicais livres sendo reduzida apenas no córtex. Esses resultados são consistentes com o relato de atividade antioxidante de derivados indólicos. A psicolatina administrada agudamente por via oral não apresentou nenhum sinal de toxicidade até 1g/kg; por via intraperitoneal, sinais de toxicidade só estão presentes em doses bem maiores do que as que apresentam os efeitos acima mencionados. Conclui-se que a psicolatina apresenta um padrão psicofarmacológico semelhante a drogas que modulam receptores NMDA e 5-HT, os quais tem papel proeminente em diversos distúrbios psiquiátricos e neurológicos. Assim, o presente estudo reforça a idéia de que este alcalóide indol-monoterpênico pode ser explorado como modelo estrutural para o desenvolvimento de drogas que atuem nestes subtipos de receptores.

Efeitos da desnutrição protéica sobre o metabolismo cerebral e sistemas glutamatérgico e GABAérgico sob condições de excitotoxicidade em SNC de ratos wistar

Para um adequado funcionamento do SNC, são necessárias complexas interações entre os sistemas de neurotransmissão inibitório e excitatório. Desequilíbrios nos sistemas, e/ou na sua interação, podem acarretar comprometimentos neuropsiquiátricos. Várias etapas do desenvolvimento ontogenético cerebral, incluindo proliferação e migração neuronal, crescimento cerebral e mielinização, astrocitogênese e morte celular programada, são alteradas pela desnutrição protéica. Alterações no sistema glutamatérgico decorrentes de desnutrição, padrões de desenvolvimento afetados no sistema GABAérgico como a atividade da glutamato descarboxilase (GAD) e mRNA de subunidades de receptores GABAA , alterações nas reações a fármacos envolvendo o sistema GABAérgico, além de estudos epidemiológicos que apontam para a maior incidência de doenças neuropsiquiátricas em populações desnutridas precocemente e, ainda, os transtornos nas complexas interações entre células neuronais e gliais, que acompanham o desenvolvimento destas patologias, levantam questionamentos sobre as implicações da desnutrição sobre o metabolismo cerebral e parâmetros inibitórios e excitatórios sob condições de excitotoxicidade. Considerando estes aspectos, investigou-se a sensibilidade a drogas convulsivantes agindo sobre os sistemas glutamatérgico (ácido quinolínico) e GABAérgico (picrotoxina), assim como se procurou detectar interferências provocadas pela desnutrição protéica gestacional e pós-natal, e/ou drogas em um dos parâmetros, que, além da biossíntese, liberação, interação com receptores, determina uma neurotransmissão eficiente, qual seja: na inativação dos dois principais neurotransmissores excitatório e inibitório, glutamato e GABA, respectivamente, por meio da captação mediada por transportadores localizados nas membranas neuronais e gliais de córtex e hipocampo de ratos em desenvolvimento, assim como parâmetros ontogenéticos ligados ao transporte de GABA. A sensibilidade à picrotoxina foi avaliada ainda segundo parâmetros metabólicos, envolvendo o metabolismo da glicose e do acetato, procurando detectar interações neurônio-glia na resposta à droga, assim como a ocorrência de peroxidação lipídica, dado o seu envolvimento no processo convulsivante. Considerando que o acetato é metabolizado predominantemente pelos astrócitos, células que têm importante papel no fluxo de substratos energéticos aos neurônios, a sua oxidação foi avaliada em fatias de córtex cerebral de ratos adultos, frente a diferentes concentrações extracelulares de potássio. A desnutrição acarretou menor sensibilidade à ação convulsivante do ácido quinolínico, em ratos de 25 dias de idade, excluindo alterações na captação de glutamato como mecanismo envolvido, uma vez que este parâmetro não foi afetado pela desnutrição e/ou droga. Contrariamente, a desnutrição induziu maior sensibilidade à ação convulsivante da picrotoxina, em ratos de 25 dias, o que pode estar relacionado à maior captação de GABA por fatias de córtex cerebral e hipocampo evidenciadas no grupo desnutrido. A desnutrição alterou o perfil ontogenético da captação de GABA por fatias de córtex cerebral e também o perfil inibitório da β-alanina (inibidor de GAT-3), dando suporte à hipótese de que a maior captação de GABA em ratos desnutridos em desenvolvimento seja devida predominantemente a este transportador. A maior sensibilidade à picrotoxina no grupo desnutrido também foi evidenciada pelo maior estímulo à oxidação da glicose em fatias de córtex cerebral (que também é idade dependente) e peroxidação lipídica. Enquanto em ratos imaturos a administração de uma única dose de picrotoxina mostrou a maior susceptibilidade de ratos desnutridos, no procedimento de “kindling” químico pela picrotoxina em ratos em desenvolvimento, a susceptibilidade mostrou-se sexo e tratamento nutricional dependente. A picrotoxina estimulou a oxidação do acetato a CO2, mas não a da glicose em período precoce pós picrotoxina (24 horas) em fatias de córtex e hipocampo de ratos de 25 dias, indicando o envolvimento astrocitário na resposta ao agente convulsivante, independente do tratamento nutricional. A administração crônica de picrotoxina acarretou estímulo à oxidação da glicose em fatias de córtex de ratos desnutridos, mostrando efeito tempo e tratamento nutricional-dependente sobre o metabolismo da glicose, sem alteração da oxidação do acetato. Altas concentrações de potássio extracelular aumentaram a oxidação do acetato em fatias de córtex cerebral, em função da redução intracelular de sódio em ratos controle e desnutridos adultos; o agravamento do déficit nutricional exacerbou a oxidação do acetato em fatias de cerebelo. A desnutrição pré e pós-natal afeta respostas envolvendo os sistemas GABAérgico e glutamatérgico em situações de excitotoxicidade, provocada por antagonista de receptor GABAA, picrotoxina e por hiperestimulador do sistema glutamatérgico, ácido quinolínico, em ratos em desenvolvimento, assim como parâmetros ontogenéticos ligados ao transporte de GABA. A severidade da restrição nutricional é fator determinante da exacerbação do estímulo à oxidação do acetato. Além do mais, a desnutrição parece afetar a interação neurônio-glia em condições de excitotoxicidade.

Role of neurokinin-1 expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus on ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to hypercapnia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

CONTROL of THE CENTRAL CHEMOREFLEX BY A5 NORADRENERGIC NEURONS IN RATS

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Contribuições para a análise de sinais neuronais e biomédicos

Following the new tendency of interdisciplinarity of modern science, a new field called neuroengineering has come to light in the last decades. After 2000, scientific journals and conferences all around the world have been created on this theme. The present work comprises three different subareas related to neuroengineering and electrical engineering: neural stimulation; theoretical and computational neuroscience; and neuronal signal processing; as well as biomedical engineering. The research can be divided in three parts: (i) A new method of neuronal photostimulation was developed based on the use of caged compounds. Using the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA caged by a ruthenium complex it was possible to block neuronal population activity using a laser pulse. The obtained results were evaluated by Wavelet analysis and tested by non-parametric statistics. (ii) A mathematical method was created to identify neuronal assemblies. Neuronal assemblies were proposed as the basis of learning by Donald Hebb remain the most accepted theory for neuronal representation of external stimuli. Using the Marcenko-Pastur law of eigenvalue distribution it was possible to detect neuronal assemblies and to compute their activity with high temporal resolution. The application of the method in real electrophysiological data revealed that neurons from the neocortex and hippocampus can be part of the same assembly, and that neurons can participate in multiple assemblies. (iii) A new method of automatic classification of heart beats was developed, which does not rely on a data base for training and is not specialized in specific pathologies. The method is based on Wavelet decomposition and normality measures of random variables. Throughout, the results presented in the three fields of knowledge represent qualification in neural and biomedical engineering

The dorsal raphe nucleus exerts opposed control on generalized anxiety and panic-related defensive responses in rats

It has been proposed that the ascending dorsal raphe (DR)-serotonergic (5-HT) pathway facilitates conditioned avoidance responses to potential or distal threat, while the DR-periventricular 5-HT pathway inhibits unconditioned flight reactions to proximal danger. Dysfunction on these pathways would be, respectively, related to generalized anxiety (GAD) and panic disorder (PD). To investigate this hypothesis, we microinjected into the rat DR the benzodiazepine inverse receptor agonist FG 7142, the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT or the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol. Animals were evaluated in the elevated T-maze (ETM) and light/dark transition test. These models generate defensive responses that have been related to GAD and PD. Experiments were also conducted in the ETM 14 days after the selective lesion of DR serotonergic neurons by 5,7-dihydroxytriptamine (DHT). In all cases, rats were pre-exposed to one of the open arms of the ETM 1 day before testing. The results showed that FG 7142 facilitated inhibitory avoidance, an anxiogenic effect, while impairing one-way escape, an anxiolytic effect. 8-OH-DPAT, muscimol, and 5,7-DHT-induced lesions acted in the opposite direction, impairing inhibitory avoidance while facilitating one-way escape from the open arm. In the light/dark transition, 8-OH-DPAT and muscimol increased the time spent in the lighted compartment, an anxiolytic effect. The data supports the view that distinct DR-5-HT pathways regulate neural mechanisms underlying GAD and PD. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Blockade of fear-induced antinociception with intra-amygdala infusion of midazolam: Influence of prior test experience

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O complexo nuclear vestibular do sagui (callithrix jacchus): caracterização citoarquitetônica e neuroquímica

To the vertebrates, maintain body balance against the gravitational field and be able to orient themselves in the environment are fundamental aspects for survival, in which the participation of vestibular system is essential. As part of this system, the vestibular nuclear complex is the first central station that, by integrating many information (visual, proprioceptive), and the vestibular, assumes the lead role in maintaining balance. In this study, the vestibular nuclear complex was evaluated in relation to its cytoarchitecture and neurochemical content of cells and axon terminals, through the techniques of Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry for neuronal specific nuclear protein (NeuN), glutamate (Glu), substance P (SP), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) (enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine-Ach) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) (enzyme that synthesizes gamma-amino butyric acid-GABA). The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was used as experimental animal, which is a small primate native from the Atlantic Forest in the Brazilian Northeast. As results, the Nissl technique, complemented by immunohistochemistry for NeuN allowed to delineate the vestibular nucleus superior, lateral, medial and inferior (or descending) in the brain of the common marmoset. Neurons and terminals immunoreactive to Glu and ChAT and only immunoreactive terminals to SP and GAD were seen in all nuclei, although in varying density. This study confirms the presence in the vestibular nuclei of the common marmoset, of Glu and SP in terminals, probably from the first order neurons of vestibular ganglion, and of GABA in terminals, presumably from Purkinge cells of the cerebellum. Second-order neurons of the vestibular nuclei seem to use Glu and Ach as neurotransmitters, judging by their expressive presence in the cell bodies of these nuclei in common marmosets, as reported in other species

Diferenças funcionais das regiões hipocampais na formação da memória do tipo o quê", "quando" e "onde" em ratos

Episodic memory refers to the recollection of what, where and when a specific event occurred. Hippocampus is a key structure in this type of memory. Computational models suggest that the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA3 hippocampal subregions are involved in pattern separation and the rapid acquisition of episodic memories, while CA1 is involved in memory consolidation. However there are few studies with animal models that access simultaneously the aspects ‗what-where-when . Recently, an object recognition episodic-like memory task in rodents was proposed. This task consists of two sample trials and a test phase. In sample trial one, the rat is exposed to four copies of an object. In sample trial two, one hour later, the rat is exposed to four copies of a different object. In the test phase, 1 h later, two copies of each of the objects previously used are presented. One copy of the object used in sample trial one is located in a different place, and therefore it is expected to be the most explored object.However, the short retention delay of the task narrows its applications. This study verifies if this task can be evoked after 24h and whether the pharmacological inactivation of the DG/CA3 and CA1 subregions could differentially impair the acquisition of the task described. Validation of the task with a longer interval (24h) was accomplished (animals showed spatiotemporal object discrimination and scopolamine (1 mg/kg, ip) injected pos-training impaired performance). Afterwards, the GABA agonist muscimol, (0,250 μg/μl; volume = 0,5 μl) or saline were injected in the hippocampal subregions fifteen minutes before training. Pre-training inactivation of the DG/CA3 subregions impaired the spatial discrimination of the objects (‗where ), while the temporal discrimination (‗when ) was preserved. Rats treated with muscimol in the CA1 subregion explored all the objects equally well, irrespective of place or presentation time. Our results corroborate the computational models that postulate a role for DG/CA3 in spatial pattern separation, and a role for CA1 in the consolidation process of different mnemonic episodes

A Zona Incerta no sagüi (Callithrix jacchus): Análise Citoarquitetônica, Neuroquímica e Projeção Retiniana

The retinal projections in mammals usually reach, classically, three major functional systems: the primary visual system, the accessory optic system, and the circadian timing system. But the retinal projections also reach areas classically considered non-visual, one of which groups the neurons of the zona incerta (ZI), target this study. The primary visual system includes thalamic lateral geniculate complex is formed by the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and other Components. The accessory optic system is composed of the small nuclei: nuclei terminal dorsal, lateral, medial and the interstitial nucleus of the superior posterior fasciculus. These nuclei are involved in visuo-motor activities. The circadian timing system is comprised of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, that act as master circadian pacemaker, entraining pathways and efferents pathways to the efectors, and the intergeniculate leaflet, that seems to act as a modulator of the pacemaker. The retinal projections too reach classically considered non-visual areas, including the zona incerta. This region is localized in the ventral thalamus and has been implicated in various functional properties including nociceptive and somatosensory processing, motor response, sociosexual behaviour, feeding and drinking, in symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, arousal and attention. It also displays connection with several areas of central nervous system. The aim of this study was characterize the retinal projection in the zona incerta of Callithrix jacchus (sagüi), a primate of the New World through the anterograde axonal transport of the cholera toxin subunit b and analyze the citoarchicteture using Nissl and NeuN, and neurochemical substances such as serotonin, GABA, VIP, VP, GFAP and binding-calcium proteins. The zona incerta showed a different division of the literature in citoarquitetura, both by means of Nissl as neurochemical by NeuN, with a subdivision ventrolateral and dorsomedial. The neurochemical to the other substances corroborate with this subdivision. The GFAP was almost completely negative for the zona incerta, result non evidenced in previous studies yet. The 16 retinal projection in sagüi, unlike other primates and rodents, reached the caudal portion only. This work helps to make further studies are conducted based on this subdivision and the localization of the neurochemical substances associated with possible behaviors that the zona incerta is involved

Alterações na evocação de uma memória aversiva ao liongo do ciclo estral de ratas: influências da transmissão gabaérgica na amígdala

GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in many aspects of learning and memory, as well as mood and anxiety disorders. The amygdala has been one of the major focuses in this area, given its essential role in modulating emotionally relevant memories. However, studies with male subjects are still predominant in the field. Here we investigated the consequences for an aversive memory of enhancing or decreasing GABAergic transmission in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). Wistar female rats were trained in the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task, in which they had to learn to avoid one of the enclosed arms where an aversive stimulus consisting of a bright light and a loud noise was given (day 1). Fifteen minutes before the test session (day 2) animals received 0,2 μL infusions of either saline solution, the GABAergic agonist muscimol (0,05 mg/ml), or the GABAergic antagonist bicuculine (0,025 mg/ml) bilaterally intra-BLA. On the test day, females in proestrous or estrous presented adequate retrieval and did not extinguish the task, while females in metestrous or diestrous presented impaired retrieval. In the first group, muscimol infusion impaired retrieval and bicuculline had no effect, suggesting naturally low levels of GABAergic transmission in the BLA of proestrous and estrous females. In the second group, muscimol infusion had no effect and bicuculline reversed retrieval impairment, suggesting naturally high levels of GABAergic transmission in the BLA of metestrous and diestous females. Additionally, proestrous and estrous females presented higher anxiety levels compared to metestrous and diestrous females, which could explain better performance of this group. On the other hand, BLA GABAergic system did not interfere with the innate fear response because drug infusions had no effect in anxiety. Thus, retrieval alterations caused by the GABAergic drugs were probably related specifically to memory processes

Effect of a nanostructured dendrimer-naloxonazine complex on endogenous opioid peptides mu(1) receptor-mediated post-ictal antinociception

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Anxiolytic effect of Rubus brasilensis in rats and mice

The aim of the present work was to investigate if infuse and ethanolic extracts (aqueous, butanolic and wax fractions) of Rubus brasiliensis Martius (Rosaceae) induce anxiolytic effect. The extracts were administered to male Wistar rats and Swiss mice per oral route, at 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, 30 min before the behavioral evaluation in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Both infuse and wax ethanolic fraction at the dosage 150 mg/kg, vo, increased the number and the percentage of open arm entries of rats and mice. The aqueous and butanolic fractions, obtained from ethanolic extract, failed to induce anxiolytic effect. The treatment of mice with flumazenil (Ro 15-1788), 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, i.p., 15-min before the administration of infuse or wax fraction, 150 mg/kg, vo, blocked the infuse or wax fraction-induced anxiolytic effect. The LD50 for the wax fraction was 1000 mg/kg. In conclusion, the infuse and wax ethanolic fraction of R. brasiliensis present anxiolytic effect in rats and mice. In addition, it is suggested that the anxiolytic effect may be attributed at least to one liposoluble principle with low acute toxicity which may be acting as an agonist on GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex. (C) 1998 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

GABAergic mechanisms of the lateral parabrachial nucleus on sodium appetite

GABAergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) induces sodium and water intake in satiated and normovolemic rats. In the present study we investigated the effects of GABA(A) receptor activation in the LPBN on 0.3 M NaCl, water, 2% sucrose and food intake in rats submitted to sodium depletion (treatment with the diuretic furosemide subcutaneously + sodium deficient food for 24 h), 24 h food deprivation or 24 h water deprivation. Male Holtzman rats with bilateral stainless steel cannulas implanted into the LPBN were used. In sodium depleted rats, muscimol (GABA(A) receptor agonist, 0.5 nmol/0.2 mu/l), bilaterally injected into the LPBN, produced an inconsistent increase of water intake and two opposite effects on 0.3 M NaCl intake: an early inhibition (4.3 +/- 2.7 versus saline: 14.4 +/- 1.0 ml/15 min) and a late facilitation (37.6 +/- 2.7 versus saline: 21.1 +/- 0.9 ml/180 min). The pretreatment of the LPBN with bicuculline (GABA(A) receptor antagonist, 1.6 nmol) abolished these effects of muscimol. Muscimol into the LPBN also reduced food deprivation-induced food intake in the first 30 min of test (1.7 +/- 0.6 g versus saline: 4.1 +/- 0.6 g), without changing water deprivation-induced water intake or 2% sucrose intake in sodium depleted rats. Therefore, although GABAA receptors in the LPBN are not tonically involved in the control of sodium depletion-induced sodium intake, GABAA receptor activation in the LPBN produces an early inhibition and a late facilitation of sodium depletion-induced sodium intake. GABAA activation in the LPBN also inhibits food intake, while it consistently increases only sodium intake and not water, food or sucrose intake. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Natriorexigenic effect of baclofen is reduced by AT(1) receptor blockade in the lateral parabrachial nucleus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)