Ammonia observations of the nearby molecular cloud MBM 12

We present NH_3(1,1) and (2,2) observations of MBM 12, the closest known molecular cloud (65-pc distance), aimed at finding evidence for on-going star formation processes, No local temperature (with a T_rot upper limit of 12 K) or linewidth enhancement is found, which suggests that the area of the cloud that we have mapped (∼ 15-arcmin size) is not currently forming stars. Therefore this nearby 'starless' molecular gas region is an ideal laboratory to study the physical conditions preceding new star formation. A radio continuum source has been found in Very Large Array archive data, close to but outside the NH_3 emission. This source is likely to be a background object.

Carlos V: las Comunidades y el Imperio

El objetivo de esta exposición es utilizar los fondos de la Biblioteca Histórica Marqués de Valdecilla para mostrar al público la realidad castellana del siglo XVI, cuando tras el gobierno de los Reyes Católicos desembarcó en las tierras de Castilla un nuevo rey que cambiaría el destino del reino vinculándolo a la dinastía imperial, cuyo poder se extendería por todo el orbe. El siglo XVI fue el periodo clave en la formación de la realidad política multiterritorial conocida como Monarquía Hispánica, en cuya conjunción se encontrarían inmersos territorios tan dispares como Perú y Holanda, Nápoles y México, Filipinas y Alemania... que contaban con peculiaridades culturales identitarias particulares de cada reino, señorío o lugar, además de contar con una estructura jurídica diferente, complicando en demasía el proceso de homogeneización deseada por las autoridades imperiales.Entre ese amplio número de reinos incluidos en la Monarquía Hispánica se encontraba Castilla, cuyo camino histórico a lo largo del XV había desembocado en un proceso de expansión económica que permitió a sus monarcas desarrollar un conjunto de políticas dirigidas hacia la consecución de los objetivos prioritarios establecidos desde hacía siglos y también aquellos que en ningún momento fueron planificados y que sin embargo, permitieron que Castilla se convirtiera en la fuente principal de riqueza para la Europa mercantilista, al introducir en el circuito económico grandes cantidades de metales preciosos procedentes de sus reinos asociados americanos. Pero la sucesión de Carlos V como rey castellano no fue ni mucho menos fácil, ni corriente ya que tuvo que vencer en una guerra civil para conseguirlo, a pesar de ser el legítimo heredero al trono.

Advanced interpretation of subsidence in Murcia (SE Spain) using A-DInSAR data – modelling and validation

Subsidence is a natural hazard that affects wide areas in the world causing important economic costs annually. This phenomenon has occurred in the metropolitan area of Murcia City (SE Spain) as a result of groundwater overexploitation. In this work aquifer system subsidence is investigated using an advanced differential SAR interferometry remote sensing technique (A-DInSAR) called Stable Point Network (SPN). The SPN derived displacement results, mainly the velocity displacement maps and the time series of the displacement, reveal that in the period 2004–2008 the rate of subsidence in Murcia metropolitan area doubled with respect to the previous period from 1995 to 2005. The acceleration of the deformation phenomenon is explained by the drought period started in 2006. The comparison of the temporal evolution of the displacements measured with the extensometers and the SPN technique shows an average absolute error of 3.9±3.8 mm. Finally, results from a finite element model developed to simulate the recorded time history subsidence from known water table height changes compares well with the SPN displacement time series estimations. This result demonstrates the potential of A-DInSAR techniques to validate subsidence prediction models as an alternative to using instrumental ground based techniques for validation.

Performance of TerraSAR-X for urban subsidence monitoring: Murcia case study

This paper presents an analysis of the performance of TerraSAR-X for subsidence monitoring in urban areas. The city of Murcia has been selected as a test-site due to its high deformation rate and the set of extensometers deployed along the city that provide validation data. The obtained results have been compared with those obtained from ERS/ENVISAT data belonging to the same period and validated with the in-situ measurements.

Radar interferometry techniques for the study of ground subsidence phenomena: a review of practical issues through cases in Spain

Subsidence related to multiple natural and human-induced processes affects an increasing number of areas worldwide. Although this phenomenon may involve surface deformation with 3D displacement components, negative vertical movement, either progressive or episodic, tends to dominate. Over the last decades, differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) has become a very useful remote sensing tool for accurately measuring the spatial and temporal evolution of surface displacements over broad areas. This work discusses the main advantages and limitations of addressing active subsidence phenomena by means of DInSAR techniques from an end-user point of view. Special attention is paid to the spatial and temporal resolution, the precision of the measurements, and the usefulness of the data. The presented analysis is focused on DInSAR results exploitation of various ground subsidence phenomena (groundwater withdrawal, soil compaction, mining subsidence, evaporite dissolution subsidence, and volcanic deformation) with different displacement patterns in a selection of subsidence areas in Spain. Finally, a cost comparative study is performed for the different techniques applied.

Twenty-year advanced DInSAR analysis of severe land subsidence: The Alto Guadalentín Basin (Spain) case study

A twenty-year period of severe land subsidence evolution in the Alto Guadalentín Basin (southeast Spain) is monitored using multi-sensor SAR images, processed by advanced differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) techniques. The SAR images used in this study consist of four datasets acquired by ERS-1/2, ENVISAT, ALOS and COSMO-SkyMed satellites between 1992 and 2012. The integration of ground surface displacement maps retrieved for different time periods allows us to quantify up to 2.50 m of cumulated displacements that occurred between 1992 and 2012 in the Alto Guadalentín Basin. DInSAR results were locally compared with global positioning system (GPS) data available for two continuous stations located in the study area, demonstrating the high consistency of local vertical motion measurements between the two different surveying techniques. An average absolute error of 4.6 ± 4 mm for the ALOS data and of 4.8 ± 3.5 mm for the COSMO-SkyMed data confirmed the reliability of the analysis. The spatial analysis of DInSAR ground surface displacement reveals a direct correlation with the thickness of the compressible alluvial deposits. Detected ground subsidence in the past 20 years is most likely a consequence of a 100–200 m groundwater level drop that has persisted since the 1970s due to the overexploitation of the Alto Guadalentín aquifer system. The negative gradient of the pore pressure is responsible for the extremely slow consolidation of a very thick (> 100 m) layer of fine-grained silt and clay layers with low vertical hydraulic permeability (approximately 50 mm/h) wherein the maximum settlement has still not been reached.

Regional subsidence modelling in Murcia city (SE Spain) using 1-D vertical finite element analysis and 2-D interpolation of ground surface displacements

Subsidence is a hazard that may have natural or anthropogenic origin causing important economic losses. The area of Murcia city (SE Spain) has been affected by subsidence due to groundwater overexploitation since the year 1992. The main observed historical piezometric level declines occurred in the periods 1982–1984, 1992–1995 and 2004–2008 and showed a close correlation with the temporal evolution of ground displacements. Since 2008, the pressure recovery in the aquifer has led to an uplift of the ground surface that has been detected by the extensometers. In the present work an elastic hydro-mechanical finite element code has been used to compute the subsidence time series for 24 geotechnical boreholes, prescribing the measured groundwater table evolution. The achieved results have been compared with the displacements estimated through an advanced DInSAR technique and measured by the extensometers. These spatio-temporal comparisons have showed that, in spite of the limited geomechanical data available, the model has turned out to satisfactorily reproduce the subsidence phenomenon affecting Murcia City. The model will allow the prediction of future induced deformations and the consequences of any piezometric level variation in the study area.

Application of multi-sensor advanced DInSAR analysis to severe land subsidence recognition: Alto Guadalentín Basin (Spain)

Multi-sensor advanced DInSAR analyses have been performed and compared with two GPS station measurements, in order to evaluate the land subsidence evolution in a 20-year period, in the Alto Guadalentín Basin where the highest rate of man-induced subsidence (> 10 cm yr−1) of Europe had been detected. The control mechanisms have been examined comparing the advanced DInSAR data with conditioning and triggering factors (i.e. isobaths of Plio-Quaternary deposits, soft soil thickness and piezometric level).

Reconquista ...

Mode of access: Internet.

El circo,

Mode of access: Internet.

El secreto del acueducto.

Mode of access: Internet.

Studien zur Geschichte der spanischen und portugiesischen Nationalliteratur,

"Ich habe diese Aufsätze die fast alle ursprünglich in der form von Anzeigen oder Recensionen und in grossen Zwischenräumen erschienen, wohl so zu Ordnen gesucht, dass sie in einer Art von pragmatischem Zusammenhange stehen."

Química orgánica general y aplicada a la farmacia, medicina, industria, agricultura y artes /

Mode of access: Internet.

Galatea : zarzuela en dos actos, en verso arreglada á la española /

Estrenada en el Teatro de la Zarzuela el 7 de febrero de 1868.

[Teoría del gobierno representativo, intereses que deben ser representados, intervención que á las cámaras representativas corresponde en la ...] : Discurso leído ante el claustro de la Universidad Central /

Tesis inédita, presentada en la Universidad de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, 1868.