Untersuchungen mit Bodenpilzen aus der Rebstock-Rhizosphäre unterschiedlich bewirtschafteter Rebanlagen des Rheingaus unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Pathogenität

Ziel der Untersuchungen war, Pilze aus geschädigtem und ungeschädigtem Wurzelmaterial konventionell und ökologisch bewirtschafteter Weinbergsböden zu isolieren und diese auf ihre Durchsetzungsfähigkeit gegenüber den anderen Arten bzw. deren Pilzmetabolitsuspensionen unter unterschiedlichen Nahrungsbedingungen zu prüfen und eine eventuelle substratabhängige Verhaltensänderung bei den Spezies in Interaktion festzustellen. Zudem wurde in weiteren In-vitro- Versuchen das pathogene Potenzial der gefundenen Arten gegenüber Vitis spp. getestet. Hintergrund dieser Untersuchungen war die Hypothese, dass Absterbeerscheinungen in Rebanlagen nicht durch die Reblaus per se verursacht werden, sondern dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Bewirtschaftungsmethode und dem Schadbild in reblausbefallenen Rebanlagen besteht und dessen Entstehung auf pathogenkonduktive und –suppressive Eigenschaften des Bodens zurückgeführt werden kann. Aus rund 2400 Wurzelproben konnten insgesamt 49 Pilzarten isoliert und bestimmt und mehr als die Hälfte davon in Wurzeln beider Versuchsflächen nachgewiesen werden. Ein Großteil der Pilze wurde sowohl in geschädigten als auch in ungeschädigten Wurzelgeweben identifiziert. Darunter waren Arten, die in der Literatur als Parasiten und Saprobier beschrieben werden, aber auch Arten, die eine andere Lebensweise pflegen oder deren Lebensweise nicht bekannt ist. Mit Hilfe von Interaktionsversuchen auf unterschiedlichen Nährmedien (einem Voll- und einem Mangelmedium) konnte bei den untersuchten Arten teilweise starke substratabhängige Verhaltensänderung in Interaktion mit bestimmten Pilzkolonien festgestellt und auf die Verfügbarkeit von organischem Kohlenstoff zurückgeführt werden. Starke Konkurrenz um organischen Kohlenstoff und dadurch entstehende fungistatische und antibiotische Effekte können in diesem Zusammenhang pathogenkonduktive bzw. pathogensuppressive Bodeneigenschaften fördern oder hemmen. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass alle 15 in vitro an Vitis spp. inokulierten Pilze (Absidia glauca, Acremonium kiliense, Aspergillus ustus, Cylindrocarpon magnusianum, Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium culmorum, F. detonianum, F. oxysporum, F. sacchari, F. semitectum, Gliocladium roseum, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, Penicillium expansum, Trichoderma harzianum, T. pseudokoningii), unter denen sich auch als Saprobier bekannte Arten befanden (P. expansum, T. harzianum), selbst bei Verfügbarkeit organischer Kohlenstoffverbindungen im Substrat, gegenüber Vitis spp. ein fakultativ pathogenes Potenzial besitzen. Diese aus In-vitro-Interaktionsversuchen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse geben Hinweise darauf, welchen Einfluss die Bewirtschaftung, insbesondere die Versorgung der Weinbergsböden mit organischem Kohlenstoff, auf fakultativ pathogene Sekundärparasiten in Form von Bodenpilzen und folglich auf die Entwicklung von Schadbildern an durch die Reblaus prädispositionierten Rebpflanzen in vivo haben kann.

Growth of Fusarium species as affected by temperature and osmotic potential (NaCl and KCl) interactions.

Myceliar growth of 90 Fusarium strains os F. acuminatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F.verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani an F. sambucinum isolated from fluvial channels and sea beds of the south-eastern coast of Spain was tested on potato-dextrose-agar adjusted to different matric potentials with either KCl or NaCl (from - 1.50 to - 144.54 bars).

Effects of water potential on spore germination and viability of Fusarium species

Germination of macroconidia and/or microconidia of 24 strains of Fusarium solani, F. chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. verticillioides, F. sambucinum, F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum isolated from fluvial channels and sea beds of the south-eastern coast of Spain, and three control strains (F. oxysporum isolated from affected cultures) was studied in distilled water in response to a range of water potentials adjusted with NaCI. (0, -13.79, -41.79, -70.37, -99.56 and -144.54 bars). The vialibility (UFC/ml) of suspension was also tested in three time periods (0,24 and 48h). Conidia always germinated in distilled water. The pattern of conidial germination obseved of F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. chlamydosporum and F. culmorum was similar. A great diminution of spore germination was found in -13.79 bars solutions. Spore germination percentage for F. solani isolates was maximal at 48 h. and -13.79 bars with 21.33% spore germination, 16% higher than germination in distilled water. F. equiseti shows the maximum germination percentage in -144.54 bars solution in 24 h time with 12.36% germination. These results did not agree with those obtained in the viability test where maximum germination was found in distilled water. The viability analysis showed the great capacity of F. verticilloides strains to form viable colonies, even in such extreme conditions as -144,54 bars after 24 h F. proliferatum colony formation was prevented in the range of -70.37 bars. These results show the clear affectation of water potential to conidia germination of Fusaria. The ability of certain species of Fusarium to develop a saprophytic life in the salt water of the Mediterraneam Sea could be certain. Successful germination, even under high salty media conditions, suggests taht Fusarium spp. could have a competitive advantage over other soil fungi in crops irrigated with saline water. In the specific case of F. solani, water potential of -13.79 bars affected germination positively. It could indicate that F. solani has an special physiological mechanism of survival in low water potential environments.

Especies de Fusarium aisladas de aguas de cauces fluviales y fondos marinos del litoral sureste de España

Este trabajo es continuación de una serie de estudios sobre la biogeografía de Fusarium que se están realizando desde hace 5 años en España. En él se presentan los resultados analíticos para el género Fusarium de muestras de aguas del cauce del río Andarax y de fondos del mar Mediterráneo en las provincias de Granada y Almería (Sureste de España). Se analizan un total de 18 muestras de agua del río Andarax. De ellas se aislaron 10 especies de Fusarium: F. anthophilum, F. acuminatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani y F. sambucinum. De las 23 muestras del mar Mediterráneo se aislaron 5 especies: F. equiseti,F. moliniforme, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum y F. solani. Sobre el total de muestras analizadas, un 27,45% de las muestras de aguas del río y un 29,41% de muestras de procedencia marina presentaron como mínimo una especie de Fusarium a lo largo de casi 12 meses de muestreo. Considerando las muestras según sus orígenes se encuentra que en las de origen aguas del río un 77,77% presentaron alguna especie de Fusarium; en el caso de los fondos marinos un 45,45% de las muestras presentó alguna especie de Fusarium. La mayor presencia de especies en las aguas del río puede ser debida a los contenidos en el agua de partículas de suelo y materia orgánica, después de los arrastres producidos en las orillas por las lluvias. La presencia de especies encontradas en el mar puede ser consecuencia de las aguas de los cauces que desembocan en éste. Sin embargo, no pueden excluirse otras vías.

Evaluación del poder patógeno de especies de Fusarium aisladas de aguas de cauces fluviales y fondos marinos de España sobre cuatro especies vegetales.

En este artículo se estudia la patogenicidad de las especies de Fusarium aisladas de muestras de fondos marinos del Mediterráneo y de aguas del cauce del río Andarax en las provincias de Granada y Almería (Sureste de España) sobre plántulas de cebada, colirrábano, melón y tomate. La evaluación del poder patógeno se hizo para 41 aislados de 9 especies de Fusarium aisladas de agus de mar y de río: F. acuminatum, F. chlamydosporum, F.culmorum, F. equiseti, F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. sambucinum y F. solani. Todos los aislados de las diferentes especies mostraron patogenicidad tanto en preemergencia como en postemergencia de plántulas. No fue posible distiguir a los aislados según su procedencia: aguas marinas o de río.

Species of Fusarium isolated from river and sea water of Southeastern Spain and pathogenicity on four plant species

Species of Fusarium were isolated from water samples collected from the Andarax River and coastal sea water of the Mediterranean in Granada and Almería provinces of southeastern Spain. In total, 18 water samples were analyzed from the Andarax River, and 10 species of Fusarium were isolated: Fusarium anthophilum, F. acuminatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, and F. solani. When considering the samples by their origins, 77.8% of the river water samples yielded at least one species of Fusarium , with F. oxysporum comprising 72.2% of the total isolates. In the case of marine water, 45.5% of the samples yielded at least one species of Fusarium, with F. solani comprising 36.3% of the total isolates. The pathogenicity of 41 isolates representing nine of the species collected from river an sea water during the study ws evluated on barley, kohlrabe, melon, and tomato. Inoculation with F. acuminatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum F. solani, and F. sambucinum resulted in pre-and post-emergence damping off. Pathogenicity of Fusarium isolates did not seem to be related to the origin of the isolates (sea water or fresh water). However, the presence of pathogenic species of Fusarium in river water flowing to the sea could indicate long-distance dispersal in natural water environments

Fumonisins and Alternaria alternata lycopersici toxins: sphinganine analog mycotoxins induce apoptosis in monkey kidney cells.

Fusarium moniliforme toxins (fumonisins) and Alternaria alternata lycopersici (AAL) toxins are members of a new class of sphinganine analog mycotoxins that occur widely in the food chain. These mycotoxins represent a serious threat to human and animal health, inducing both cell death and neoplastic events in mammals. The mechanisms by which this family of chemical congeners induce changes in cell homeostasis were investigated in African green monkey kidney cells (CV-1) by assessing the appearance of apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and putative components of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. Structurally, these mycotoxins resemble the sphingoid bases, sphingosine and sphinganine, that are reported to play critical roles in cell communication and signal transduction. The addition of fumonisin B1 or AAL toxin, TA, to CV-1 cells induced the stereotypical hallmarks of apoptosis, including the formation of DNA ladders, compaction of nuclear DNA, and the subsequent appearance of apoptotic bodies. Neither mycotoxin induced cell death, DNA ladders, or apoptotic bodies in CV-1 cells expressing simian virus 40 large T antigen (COS-7) at toxin concentrations that readily killed CV-1 cells. Fumonisin B1 induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in CV-1 cells but not in COS-7 cells. AAL toxin TA did not arrest cell cycle progression in either cell line. The induction of apoptosis combined with the widespread presence of these compounds in food crops and animal feed identifies a previously unrecognized health risk to humans and livestock. These molecules also represent a new class of natural toxicants that can be used as model compounds to further characterize the molecular and biochemical pathways leading to apoptosis.

Fusarium head blight: characterization of secondary Fusarium species, evaluation of their pathogenetic role and ability to produce mycotoxins

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a worldwide cereal disease caused by a complex of Fusarium species resulting in high yield losses, reduction in quality and mycotoxin contamination of grain. A shift in Fusarium head blight community has been observed worldwide. The present work aimed to analyze the evolution of Italian FHB community focusing the attention on species considered “secondary” in the past years such as members of Fusarium tricinctum species complex (FTSC) and F. proliferatum. The first goal of the study was to analyze the fungal community associated with Italian durum wheat in two different years. F. poae, F. avenaceum and F. proliferatum were the main species detected on Italian durum kernels. A variable mycotoxins contamination was observed in the analyzed samples. Considering, the increased incidence of F. avenaceum and other members of FTSC in Italian FHB, the second aim was to investigate genetic diversity among the FTSC and estimate the mycotoxin risk related to these species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that F. avenaceum (FTSC 4) was the most common species in Italy, followed by an unnamed Fusarium sp., F. tricinctum and F. acuminatum. In addition to these four phylospecies, five other F. tricinctum clade species were sampled. These included strains of four newly discovered species (Fusarium spp. FTSC 11, 13, 14, 15) and F. iranicum (FTSC 6). Most isolates tested for mycotoxin production on rice cultures were able to produce quantitative levels of enniatins and moniliformin. In addition, a preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the ability of a selected F. proliferatum isolate to produce fumonisins on wheat in open field and under natural climatic conditions. The three analogues (FB1, FB2 and FB3) were quantified by HPLC-FLD analysis on kernels, chaff and rachis. Fumonisins were detected in all the three investigated fractions without significant differences.

High-throughput Analysis By Sp-ldi-ms For Fast Identification Of Adulterations In Commercial Balsamic Vinegars.

Balsamic vinegar (BV) is a typical and valuable Italian product, worldwide appreciated thanks to its characteristic flavors and potential health benefits. Several studies have been conducted to assess physicochemical and microbial compositions of BV, as well as its beneficial properties. Due to highly-disseminated claims of antioxidant, antihypertensive and antiglycemic properties, BV is a known target for frauds and adulterations. For that matter, product authentication, certifying its origin (region or country) and thus the processing conditions, is becoming a growing concern. Striving for fraud reduction as well as quality and safety assurance, reliable analytical strategies to rapidly evaluate BV quality are very interesting, also from an economical point of view. This work employs silica plate laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SP-LDI-MS) for fast chemical profiling of commercial BV samples with protected geographical indication (PGI) and identification of its adulterated samples with low-priced vinegars, namely apple, alcohol and red/white wines.

Chromobacterium Amazonense Sp. Nov. Isolated From Water Samples From The Rio Negro, Amazon, Brazil.

The taxonomic position of a bacterium isolated from water samples from the Rio Negro, in Amazon, Brazil, was determined by using a polyphasic approach. The organism formed a distinct phyletic line in the Chromobacterium 16S rRNA gene tree and had chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in this genus. It was found to be closely related to Chromobacterium vaccinii DSM 25150(T) (98.6 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) and shared 98.5 % 16S rRNA gene similarity with Chromobacterium piscinae LGM 3947(T). DNA-DNA relatedness studies showed that isolate CBMAI 310(T) belongs to distinct genomic species. The isolate was readily distinguished from the type strain of these species using a combination of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties. Thus, based on genotypic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that isolate CBMAI 310(T) (=DSM 26508(T)) be classified in the genus Chromobacterium as the type strain of a novel species, namely, Chromobacterium amazonense sp. nov.

Nitrogen Starvation For Lipid Accumulation In The Microalga Species Desmodesmus Sp.

Recently, to obtain lipids from microalgae has been the object of extensive research, since it is viewed as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production, especially when compared with crops such as soybean and sunflower, in terms of theoretical performance. The reduction of nutrient availability in culture media, especially nitrogen, stresses the microorganisms and affects cell growth, thus inducing lipid accumulation. This is an interesting step in biodiesel feedstock obtention from microalgae and should be better understood. In this study, four levels of nitrogen concentration in the BG-11 culture medium were evaluated in the growth of the chlorophycean microalga Desmodesmus sp. Both cell growth and lipid content were monitored over 7 days of cultivation, which yielded a final cell density of 33 × 10(6) cells mL(-1) with an initial NaNO3 concentration of 750 mg L(-1) in the medium and a maximum lipid content of 23 % with total nitrogen starvation. It was observed that the microalgae presented high lipid accumulation in the fourth day of cultivation with nitrogen starvation, although with moderate cell growth.

Variabilidade espacial e sazonal da concentração de elementos-traço em sedimentos do sistema estuarino de Santos-Cubatão (SP)

Multi-element analyses of sediment samples from the Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System were carried out to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability of trace-element concentrations. The study area contains a rich mangrove ecosystem that is a habitat for tens of thousands of resident and migratory birds, some of them endangered globally. Enrichments of metals in fine-grained surface sediments are, in decreasing order, Hg, Mn, La, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cu, Cr, Fe, Nb, Y, Ni and Ga, relative to pre-industrial background levels. The maximum enrichment ranged from 49 (Hg) to 3.1 (Ga). Mercury concentrations were greater in the Cubatão river than in other sites, while the other elements showed greater concentrations in the Morrão river. Concentrations of Mn were significantly greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. However, other elements (e.g. Cd and Pb) showed the opposite, with greater concentrations in summer and spring. This study suggests that seasonal changes in physical and chemical conditions may affect the degree of sediment enrichment and therefore make the assessment of contamination difficult. Consequently, these processes need to be considered when assessing water quality and the potential contamination of biota.

Um novo índice de qualidade das águas para proteção da vida aquática aplicado ao Rio Atibaia, região de Campinas/Paulínia-SP

In this paper a water quality index is developed to subsidize management actions in the Atibaia River for upon protection of aquatic organisms. This index is composed of two measurable environmental parameters normaly, ammonia and dissolved oxygen, the latter representing the contribution of organic matter. Concentrations of these two variables were normalized on a scale from 0 to 100 and translated into statements of quality (excellent, good, regular, bad and very bad). The index was applied to three monitoring points in the Atibaia River and compared to other indices used by the State of São Paulo Environmental Agency (CETESB). The results showed that the degradation in this watershed follows the urban population density. The developed index is more restricted than the other ones routinely used to infer water quality.

Levantamento fitossociológico e caráter sucessional de um trecho de floresta secundária ciliar em Juquitiba, SP, Brasil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the horizontal and vertical structures of tree community in regeneration in a fragment of a secondary riparian forest at approximately 30 years of age and to identify the most abundant species in each fragment of the forest to determine the sucessional stage. An area of 800 m² was subdivided into 16 samples of 10 x 5 m and all individuals with DBH ≥ 1 cm were sampled and identified for the following analyzes: horizontal parameters (DR, FR, DoR, IVC and IVI), vertical parameters (PSR and RNR) and mixed parameters, from of value of increased importance index (IVIa). The survey measured 689 individuals, belonging to 38 families, 74 genus and 109 species. The total density was 8,614 individuals/ha. The index of Shannon´s diversity was 3.99 and the index of Pielou´s equability was 0.85. Tibouchina pulchra, Psychotria suterella and Endlicheria paniculata obtained high values of IVIa. Guarea macrophylla, Gomidesia anacardiaefolia, Xylopia langsdorffiana and Endlicheria paniculata achieved high values of RNT, indicating adequate natural regeneration in the plot. The initial secondary and umbrophylous species showed the highest ecological importance in this fragment of the forest, with the highest values of sociologic position and importance index. Furthermore, the presence of late secondary species in all layers suggest that the studied fragment is in intermediate succession degree.

Classificação e padronização dos tomates cv. Carmem e Débora dentro da CEAGESP - SP

The creation of the Brazilian Program for the Modernization of the Horticulture by the Secretariat of Agriculture and Supplying of the State of São Paulo at CEAGESP, determined the standardization of fruit and vegetables in the follow aspects: degree of coloration, format, calibers, defects and packing. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to correlate the classification given by the Brazilian Program with the one used by the wholesalers at CEAGESP, verifying if the established norms are being fulfilled for cultivar Carmen and Debora (SAKATA SEED). The results showed, that for cultivar Carmem, for the averages of the observed values it does not move away from the norms created by the Program for sizes small and medium. However, for the case of cultivar Debora, the results showed differences between the adopted classifications. The tomatoes were devaluated, because had been commercialized below of the standardization indicated for the Brazilian Program.