Sauvegarde et valorisation du patrimoine culturel immatériel du Sénègal: projet de création d'un écomusée des pratiques divinatoires et curatives

7 RESUME/ABSTRACT Au Sénégal, il existe des pratiques culturelles et cultuelles, séculaires que l’on retrouve au niveau de toutes les composantes ethnolinguistiques. Une donnée qui nous interpelle, chacun en ce qui nous concerne, et nous invite à repenser le devenir de nos spécificités et particularités culturelles face aux assauts répétés et multiformes de la modernité. La caractéristique qui entoure les rites et rituels est le plus souvent sujette à plusieurs formes d’interprétations fantaisistes et parfois dévalorisantes. Force est de reconnaître que le recours à la médecine moderne ne saurait pleinement répondre à ce besoin de tranquillité et de sérénité mystique qui habite chaque africain en général et chaque sénégalais en particulier. Il s’agit ici, pour l’africain et en ce qui nous concerne le sénégalais, de trouver une tranquillité psychologique et une assurance symbolique propres à créer les conditions d’une guérison physique et/ou morale. En ce sens que l’emprise du modernise ne peut aucunement influer totalement sur cette croyance ancestrale que bon nombre de sénégalais, et pas des moindres, ont en l’endroit de ces pratiques. Une prédisposition culturelle sous-tendue par des préoccupations cultuelles qui font l’objet d’une communion agissante entre les différents membres des communautés. Une prise de conscience qui se manifeste à travers des cérémonies ponctuellement organisées et présidées par des prêtres et prêtresses. Notre présente étude participe de la recherche d’un juste équilibre spirituel et temporel apte à offrir une possibilité de concilier les aspects traditionnels des spécificités culturelles de nos composantes ethnolinguistiques avec ce qui constitue les contraintes et exigences de la modernité. Il reste certes évident que cette opposition a généré une sorte de fracture culturelle en véhiculant une autre manière de voir, mais surtout de percevoir nos traditions et coutumes. Cependant à l’heure d’un redimensionnement et d’une adaptation contextuelle de ce qui constitue nos valeurs identitaires, il nous revient de procéder à une démarche de sensibilisation et d’explication pour conférer plus de lisibilité à nos expressions culturelles. La mise en place d’un écomusée des pratiques divinatoires et curatives, est un moyen moderne et pratique de sauvegarde et de valorisation des savoirs et connaissances thérapeutiques endogènes. Outre la création d’emplois et de revenus, cette infrastructure sera une vitrine du patrimoine local qui favorisera le développement d’un tourisme culturel source de devises et vecteur de développement local; ABSTRACT: In Senegal, there are cultural and religious practices, ancient that we find in all the ethno-linguistic components. A given that challenges us, each in our case, and invites us to rethink the future of our cultural specificities and characteristics and multifaceted face of repeated assaults of modernity. The characteristic surrounding the rites and rituals is usually subject to various forms of demeaning and sometimes fanciful interpretations. We must recognize that the use of modern medicine can not fully meet this need of tranquility and mystical serenity that inhabits every African in general and Senegal in particular each. This is, for Africa and for us Senegalese, find a psychological tranquility and symbolic own insurance to create conditions for physical healing and / or legal. In that the grip of modernizing can in no way affect totally on this ancient belief that many Senegalese, not least, have the place of such practices. A cultural predisposition underpinned by cultic concerns that are the subject of an active communion between the community members. An awareness that manifests itself through occasionally organized ceremonies presided over by priests and priestesses. Our present study involved the search for a fair balance spiritual and temporal able to offer an opportunity to reconcile the traditional aspects of the cultural specificities of our ethno-linguistic components with which constitutes the constraints and demands of modernity. While it remains clear that this opposition has generated a kind of cultural divide by conveying a different way of seeing, but above all to collect our traditions and customs. However at the time resizing and contextual adaptation of what constitutes our identity values, it is our responsibility to conduct an outreach approach and explanation to give greater clarity to our cultural expressions. The establishment of a museum of divination and healing practices, is a modern and convenient way to backup and recovery of therapeutic knowledge and endogenous knowledge. In addition to creating jobs and income, this infrastructure will be a showcase of local heritage that promote the development of cultural tourism source of foreign exchange and local development vector.

Empirical evidence of S-curves in the Colombian

The Marshall-Lerner condition, the J-curve and S-curve have emerged as theoretical and empirical foundations developed for the study of the interaction between exchange rates and international patterns of bilateral trade -- They have a significant bearing on thedevelopment of public policy, and are of equal interest to the academic and professional communities -- The most recently developed of these theories, the S-Curve, is named after the theorized short-run behavior to be found in the cross-correlation function of the real exchange rate and the trade balance -- Considering this theoretical context, the paper seeks empirical evidence of the existence of the S-Curve in the bilateral trade in commodity and non-commodity goods between Colombia and the United States and Venezuela, its main trading partners, for the yearly quarters between 1994:1 and 2009:4

LA POLÍTICA MONETARIA ANTE LA CRISIS

Resumen La actuación del Banco Central frente a la crisis ha sido objeto de críticas constantes por distintos sectores del país, pues su accionar se considera pobre e inclusive equivocado. Los problemas de la gestión de la política monetaria no son recientes, iniciaron en el 2006 con la implementación del sistema de bandas cambiarias. El sistema como tal no tiene fallas, sin embargo, las autoridades han cometido errores importantes en su aplicación que dificultan adoptar medidas anticrisis en el presente. Una política monetaria procíclica es quizás el principal problema que enfrenta el Banco Central, que en la actualidad afronta una fuerte contracción de la economía costarricense y no ha creado las condiciones para aplicar medidas paliativas. Adicionalmente, el Banco aún no reconoce la contradicción de sus medidas y pronto deberá enfrentarse a una disminución de las tasas de interés y un ajuste del tipo de cambio. Abstract The Central Bank's performance against the crisis has been the subject of critics by different economic sectors, because its performance is considered poor or even wrong. The problems of management of monetary policy are not recent, initiated in 2006 with the reform of foreign exchange policy. The system itself has no faults, but the authorities have made mistakes in its implementation that difficult the anticrisis action. A procyclical monetary policy is perhaps the biggest problem facing the Central Bank, which now faces a sharp contraction in the Costa Rican economy and has created the conditions for implementing mitigation measures. Additionally, the Bank still does not recognize the contradiction in their policies, and must soon face a reduction in interest rates and exchange rate adjustment.

Understanding import diversification: an empirical analysis

This paper analyzes import diversification in an aggregated perspective -- Using a dataset for 60 countries covering the period 1995-2010, we study the main determinants of import diversification -- We expect to contribute to the current literature, taking into account that there have been few empirical studies addressing import diversification and more specifically, at the cross-country level -- We take into account variables classified into four categories: Structural factors, macroeconomic factors, international trade factors and political factors -- We find robust evidence that total factor productivity (TFP), capital stock, real Exchange rates and terms of trade are key drivers of import diversification -- On the other hand, domestic consumption and trade openness exert an effect leading to import concentration -- We interpret this finding, taking into account the theoretical framework provided by the international trade and growth theories

¿FRACASÓ LA POLÍTICA DE LAS “METAS DE INFLACIÓN” Y LAS BANDAS CAMBIARIAS?

Resumen El viernes 13 de octubre del 2006, el Banco Central de Costa Rica (BCCR) emitió un comunicado de prensa anunciando que modificaría, a partir del 17 de ese mes, el esquema cambiario de minidevaluaciones por otro denominado bandas cambiaras. En el nuevo esquema, el tipo de cambio podría ser fijado por el “mercado” siempre que fluctuara dentro de bandas predeterminadas. Este artículo analiza la evolución del tipo de cambio desde que se estableció el nuevo esquema, profundizando desde setiembre de 2009, cuando el BCCR dejó de intervenir el mercado cambiario y con ello aumentó la inestabilidad y volatilidad del tipo de cambio. Se pone en duda si el BCCR debe preocuparse solo por lograr una baja inflación y olvidarse del crecimiento económico, al igual que si el mercado cambiario opera en un mercado de competencia. Abstract On Friday October 13, 2006, the Banco Central de Costa Rica (BCCR) released a press communication announcing that the exchange regime would change, from the crawling-peg exchange regime to other called exchange rate band, effective on the 17th of that month. In the new scheme, the exchange rate may be established by the "market", when the fluctuation happened within predetermined bands. This article analyzes the evolution of the exchange rate from the establishment of the new scheme, deepening on the month of September 2009 when the BCCR stopped intervening the foreign exchange rate and therefore increased the instability and volatility of the exchange rate. It questions not only if the BCCR needs to worry only on achieving low inflation and forget about the economic growth, but also if the foreign exchange market operates in a competitive market.

Reporte financiero Burkenroad / Latinoamérica – Colombia Avianca Holdings S.A.

La recomendación de compra expuesta y el valor estimado de la acción para los próximos 12 meses se sustentan en los siguientes aspectos -- El crecimiento esperado en los próximos años en el transporte de pasajeros en la región donde principalmente opera Avianca Holdings (Latinoamérica), las inversiones de capital proyectadas por la empresa en materia de flota y eficiencia, la capacidad demostrada para mantener sostenidamente altos índices de ocupación, el posicionamiento de la marca y las estrategias concebidas al interior para reducir costos y gastos -- No obstante, a pesar de los logros obtenidos por la empresa en temas como la distribución de los ingresos y la estabilidad en los índices de ocupación, tras evaluar los resultados del análisis de sensibilidad al que se sometió la valoración realizada, debe aclararse que el alto grado de incertidumbre que caracteriza algunas de las variables determinantes de los resultados de la empresa, como el precio de los combustibles fósiles y la tasa de cambio, hacen que el valor de la acción pueda diferir de lo aquí estimado con un nivel de probabilidad considerable -- Esto hace que la recomendación de compra se adapte mejor a un perfil arriesgado de inversión

Neutralizing the tendency to the overvaluation of the exchange rate or assuming a foreign constraint and asking for foreign savings

The objectives of these notes are two. The first objective is to analyze whether the strategy of growth with absorption of foreign savings leads to a trajectory of the economy that is sustainable in the long run. The second one is to evaluate the possibility of success of a policy of administered devaluation of the exchange rate in Brazil.

A study of mutual funds : prepared for the Securities and Exchange Commission. Report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, pursuant to section 136 of the Legislative reorganization act of 1946, Public law 601, 79th Congress, and House Resolution 108, 87th Congress.

Mode of access: Internet.

Foreign gold and exchange reserves; current trends.

Mode of access: Internet.

American and foreign stock exchange practice, stock and bond trading, and the business corporation laws of all nations, together with local regulations, laws, fees and taxes affecting American firms and corporations carrying on business in any other states of the U.S.A., or establishing branches or agencies in foreign countries.

"This book is no. B. 105."

Letters on the currency : addressed to Charles Wood, Esq. M.P. (Chairman of the Committee of the House of Commons, now sitting,) ascertaining for the first time, on true principles, the amount of inland and foreign bills of exchange, in circulation for several consecutive years, and out at one time : also, defending country bankers from the charge made against them in the work of S. Jones Loyd, Esq. : and giving unanswerable reasons why the notes of a bank of issue should not be substituted for the circulation of country bankers /

Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 31555.

Foreign Capital and Finland : Central government's first period of reliance on international financial markets, 1862-1938

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the Finnish central government s foreign borrowing between the years 1862 and 1938. Most of this period was characterised by deep capital market integration that bears resemblance to the liberal world financial order at the turn of the millennium. The main aim is to analyse the credit risk associated with the state and its determination by evaluating the world financial market centres perception of Finland. By doing this, the study is also expected to provide an additional dimension to Finland s political and economic history by incorporating into the research the assessments of international capital markets regarding Finland during a period that witnessed profound political and economic changes in Finnish society. The evaluation of the credit risk mainly relies on exchange-rate risk free time series of the state s foreign bonds. They have been collected from quotations in the stock exchanges in Helsinki, Hamburg, Paris and London. In addition, it investigates Finland s exposure to short-term debt and Moody s credit ratings assigned to Finland. The study emphasises the importance of the political risk. It suggests that the hey-day of the state s reliance on foreign capital markets took place during last few decades of the 19th century when Finland enjoyed a wide autonomy in the Russian Empire and prudently managed its economy, highlighted in Finland s adherence to the international gold standard. Political confrontations in Finland and, in particular, in Russia and the turbulence of the world financial system prevented the return of this beneficial position again. Through its issuance of foreign bonds the state was able to import substantial amounts of foreign capital, which was sorely needed to foster economic development in Finland. Moreover, the study argues that the state s presence in the western capital markets not only had economic benefits, but it also increased the international awareness of Finland s distinct and separate status in the Russian Empire and later underlined its position as an independent republic.

Going Multinational under Exchange Rate Uncertainty

Published as an article in: Journal of International Money and Finance, 2010, vol. 29, issue 6, pages 1171-1191.

International order flows: Explaining equity and exchange rate returns

Macroeconomic models of equity and exchange rate returns perform poorly at high frequencies. The proportion of daily returns that these models explain is essentially zero. Instead of relying on macroeconomic determinants, we model equity price and exchange rate behavior based on a concept from microstructure – order flow. The international order flows are derived from belief changes of different investor groups in a two-country setting. We obtain a structural relationship between equity returns, exchange rate returns and their relationship to home and foreign equity market order flow. To test the model we construct daily aggregate order flow data from 800 million equity trades in the U.S. and France from 1999 to 2003. Almost 60% of the daily returns in the S&P100 index are explained jointly by exchange rate returns and aggregate order flows in both markets. As predicted by the model, daily exchange rate returns and order flow into the French market have significant incremental explanatory power for the daily S&P returns. The model implications are also validated for intraday returns.