Fang, Anlandungen, Discard und Bestand der Nordsee-garnele (Crangon crangon L.)

Landings of brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) for human consumption are not the only part that is taken from the North Sea shrimp stocks. Small amounts of industrial shrimps taken in the second half of a year in Germany add as well to the total amount that is taken from the stocks as the moribund animals discarded all over the year during the first sieving process on board, as the cooked and discarded ones in the second sieving on board and as those from the third sieving process ashore normally being crushed and used for animal feed stuff. All these fractions of the total catch of brown shrimps give a total of approximately 74 000 tonnes that were taken from the North Sea in 2005. Nevertheless, due to low predator abundance and changing climate conditions Crangon stocks show no signs of overexploitation so far with increasing LPUE values in the north-eastern part of the German Bight and decreasing ones in the south-east and Channel. There is the need of further investigations of these changes in the life history and distribution of shrimp as well as in the fishing behaviour and effort of the shrimp fleets .

Fishery dynamics and present status of the yellowfin tuna population of the Eastern Pacific Ocean

ENGLISH: From morphometric data, tagging results and reaction of the stock to fishing, it is inferred that the yellowfin tuna of the Eastern Pacific form a distinct population which intermingles little, if at all, with populations to the westward. Excellent statistics of catch and effort, and records of total catch, available since 1934, during rapid growth of the fishery, have made possible application of a generalized mathematical predator-prey model to estimate the effect of fishing on the population, and the average abundance and yield corresponding to different amounts of fishing effort, and also to estimate the rate of fishing mortality per unit of effort. From serial samples of size composition of catches, and from tagging experiments, it has been possible to determine rates of growth and of total mortality. These kinds of information permit application of the catch-per-recruit model of Beverton and Holt. Combination of the results of application of the Beverton and Holt model and of the generalized predator-prey model, leads to inference of the relationship between stock size and recruitment. The form of the relationship is remarkably similar to the theoretical model developed by W. E. Ricker. These studies, based on the data of the near-surface fishery by baitboats and purse seiners, indicate clearly that the increased intensity of fishing has caused diminution of the stocks to the point where they are somewhat "overfished"-that is, incapable of supporting the maximum sustainable average harvest. SPANISH: De los datos morfométricos, de los resultados de las marcaciones y de la reacción del stock a la pesca, se infiere que el atún aleta amarilla del Pacífico oriental forma una población diferente que se mezcla poco, si es que llega a mezclarse, con las poblaciones del oeste. Las excelentes estadísticas de la captura y el esfuerzo y los registros de la pesca global disponibles desde 1934, durante el rápido crecimiento de la pesquería, han hecho posible la aplicación de un modelo matemático generalizado depredador-presa para estimar el efecto de la pesca en la población y el promedio de la abundancia y del rendimiento correspondientes a los diferentes valores del esfuerzo de pesca, y también para estimar la tasa de la mortalidad de pesca por unidad de esfuerzo. Gracias a las muestras en serie de la composición de tamaños de las capturas y a los experimentos de marcación, ha sido posible determinar las tasas del crecimiento y de la mortalidad total. Estos tipos de información permiten la aplicación del modelo de la captura-porrecluta de Beverton y Holt. La combinación de los resultados de la aplicación del modelo de Beverton y Holt y del modelo generalizado depredador-presa, conduce a la inferencia de la relación entre el tamaño del stock y el reclutamiento. La forma de la relación es notoriamente similar al modelo teórico desarrollado por W. E. Ricker. Estos estudios, basados en los datos de la pesquería cerca de la superficie efectuada por barcos de carnada y rederos, indican claramente que el aumento de la intensidad de la pesca ha causado la disminución de los stocks hasta el punto de dejarlos algo "superexplotados", o sea, incapacitados para mantener una producción máxima promedio. (PDF contains 50 pages.)

Welche Faktoren beeinflussen die Stärke der Dorsch-Jahresklassen?

In the previous years extensive investigations were carried out concerning the reproduction biology of cod in the Baltic Sea. The analyses showed that the year class strength of the eastern Baltic cod stock is decisively determined by the bad oxygen conditions during the spawning season in the summer and by sprat as predator of the cod eggs. In the western Baltic Sea these factors have no importance. The year classes are mainly determined by the strong variations of the portions of female cods, which participated in the spawning activities in the region. The individuals within the length range from 35 cm to 45 cm have a special importance at this time, caused by the actual age structure of the cod stock.

Fischbestände der Ostsee, ihre Entwicklung seit 1970 und Schlussfolgerungen für ihre fischereiliche Nutzung - Teil 3: Sprotte

The sprat of the Baltic Sea is not as short-lived as inother Seas probably because fish predator species arerestricted mainly on cod and salmon. Sea bird popula-tions are much smaller and marine mammals are rare inthe Baltic Sea. The sprat stock biomass is fluctuatingstrongly. The fluctuation is mainly influenced by thestock recruitment and is also dependent on the strengthof the cod stock. After a strong decrease during the1980ies sprat catches increased again from 1992 onwardsand reached a peak with over half a million tonnes in 1997. At about the same time the character of the BalticSea sprat fishery changed from catches mainly for hu-man consumption to catches mainly for industrial pur-poses initiated by the fishery of Sweden. The recentrecord high catches of sprat have been possible only dueto the low level of the cod stock of the main Baltic SeaBasins over some years. A sprat fishery on such a highcatch level might cause conflicts with a recovering codstock in future.

Preliminary observations on the feeding, habits and reproduction biology of Gymnarchus niloticus from Lake Chad

The preliminary results obtained from the study of stomach contents of specimens of Gymnarchus niloticus of a size ranging from 56 cm (66 grams) to 152 cm (12.0 kg.) from August to December, 1982 indicate for these sizes an exclusively piscivorous diet. The predominant prey species in Lake Chad are Tilapia/Sarotherodon , and Clarias . The prey is often cut in two parts before it is swallowed. Small prey may be swallowed whole. The implication of this prey capture method on prey-predator relationship and therefore the impact of the predator is discussed. The breeding season of Gymnarchus niloticus in Lake Chad has been deduced from observation of changes in gonad maturity stages and the results indicate that breeding takes place between August and November. Data are also presented on the fecundity, size of ripe eggs and probable size at maturity

The cast net fishery, Kainji Lake, Nigeria 1970-1997

This study was carried out to establish trends in the cast net fishery of Kainji Lake, Nigeria. The cast net fishery was second in importance to the gillnet fishery in the early years after impoundment of the lake and still continues to be an important component of the fishery. Some of the economically important species such as Citharinus spp, Tilapia spp, Labeo spp, Alestes spp and Synodontis spp are exploited by cast nets. The study has not revealed any drastic perturbation in the species diversity, catch composition, and any real ecosystem overfishing. On the other hand, both the catfish, Auchenoglanis spp and the predator Hydrocynus spp appear to have increased in the catch in recent years. Never-the-less there is a decline in the mean weight of the major exploited fish species due to the capture of under sized fishes without allowing them to grow to 'legally' marketable sizes. The use of small meshed cast net and also fishing in the shallow waters of the lake can give rise to this situation. Thus, there are signs of growth overfishing in the fish stocks. It must also be acknowledged that the situation is complicated by the fact that in a multi-gear fishery as on Kainji Lake, the cast net fishery could not be managed in isolation without due regard to the other competing gears. The catch per unit of effort (CPUE) has declined in the cast net fishery possibly due to the increase in effort by the major fishing gears over the years. The ongoing extension campaigns by the KLFPP appears to be having the desired effect, as there was reduction in the number of the major fishing gears on the Lake in 1997. It can be anticipated that if this trend continues, the CPUE will recover in the long run. Yields observed from the mesh selectivity study revealed that for major species in the cast net fishery, both by number and weight, were maximal at 2.5 inch mesh, which contrasts with the fact that current minimum allowable mesh in the Fisheries Edict for the Lake is 2.0 inch. The adoption of 2.5 inch as the minimum allowable mesh in the cast net fishery is recommended to be included in future revision of existing regulations. It is also recommended that for this control to have a desired effect, the casting of the net from the shore should be prohibited so as to reduce the incidence of juvenile mortality in the nursery areas. (PDF contains 28 pages)

Predation and selection in copepod populations of Alpine waters [Translation from: Bollettino di Zoologia 21 541-545, 1954]

Zooplankton was studied in four alpine lakes in Switzerland, France and Italy. The presence the presence of the invertebrate predator Heterocope in three lakes was stated. It is then discussed why in three of these four lakes, the copepod Arctodiaptomus denticornis is present in the absence of Arctodiaptomus bacillifer, and vice versa respectively in the second and first parts of the lacustrine summer.

Selective plankton feeding by the coregonid ”bondella” (Coregonus sp.) of Lake Maggiore [Translation from: Translation from: Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia Dott.Marco de Marchi 31 181-203, 1974]

In recent times, some specialists have begun to study the subject of food selection of fish in an organized way, thus highlighting its importance. In the present work, the author intends to evaluate the impact of predation on the eupelagic zooplanktonic biocenosis of Lake Maggiore, producing, in this way, as far as possible, a basis for a better understanding of the population dynamics of the species of zooplankton directly involved. Another aspect which has been studied is that related to the mechanism of selective capture set in action by the predator. To this end the study tries to bear in mind that the subject should be interpreted as a function of numerous factors acting contemporaneously, that is as the interaction of characters peculiar to the predator and to the prey. The species studied, locally called ”bondella”, belongs to the family Salmonidae, subfamily Coregoninae and was introduced into Lake Maggiore in 1950.

Diet and condition of American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)in three central Florida lakes

Understanding the diet of crocodilians is important because diet affects condition, behavior, growth, and reproduction. By examining the diet of crocodilians, valuable knowledge is gained about predator-prey interactions and prey utilization among habitats. In this study, I examined the diet and condition of adult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in three central Florida lakes, Griffin, Apopka, and Woodruff. Two hundred adult alligators were captured and lavaged from March through October 2001, from April through October 2002, and from April through August 2003. Alligators ate a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate prey, but vertebrates were more abundant and fish dominated alligator diets in the lakes. Species composition of fish varied among the lakes. The majority of the diet of alligators from Lakes Apopka and Woodruff was fish, 90% and 84% respectively. Lake Apopka alligators consumed a significantly (P = 0.006) higher proportion of fish in their diet. Fish were 54% of the diet of Lake Griffin alligators and the infrequent occurrence of reptiles, mammals, birds, and amphibians often resulted in a large biomass. Differences in alligator diets among lakes may be due to differences in sample size (higher numbers of samples from Lake Griffin), prey availability, habitat, prey vulnerability, or prey size. Alligator condition (Fulton’s Condition Factor, K) was significantly (P < 0.001) different among the lakes. Alligators from Lake Apopka had the highest condition, followed by those from Lake Griffin, and alligators from Lake Woodruff had the lowest condition. Composition of fish along with diversity and equitability of fish in alligator diets may have contributed to differences in condition among lakes. Condition was probably also due to factors other than diet such as alligator hunting behavior, alligator density, or year-round optimal temperature that prolongs feeding. The observed diet and condition differences probably reflect both habitat differences and prey availability in these three lakes.

The control of indirect effects of biomanipulation

Results from long-term investigations on biomanipulation show that indirect effects are at least as important as direct effects are for the stability of biomanipulation. Three types of indirect effects can be distinguished: (1) a change in quantity or quality of the resource base, (2) behavioural change of the prey, and (3) development of anti-predator traits. Although indirect effects of type (2), (e.g. a change in the pattern of vertical migration of zooplankton), and type (3), (e.g. development of helmets and neck teeth in Daphnia), are important mechanisms, the most essential indirect effects regarding biomanipulation belong to type (1). An example of the latter will be demonstrated: the complex of indirect effects of enhanced grazing by large herbivores on the phosphorus metabolism of the lake. It is concluded that control of the indirect effects is absolutely necessary to stabilize biomanipulation measures, but this is much more difficult than the control of direct effects and needs deeper insights into the structuring mechanisms of food webs. Proper management of fish stocks, in combination with the control of phosphorus load and/or the physical conditions, seems to be the most promising way of controlling the indirect effects of biomanipulation.

Behavior ecology of the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas: insights from an animal-borne video and data logging system

Dosidicus gigas is a large pelagic cephalopod of the eastern Pacific that has recently undergone an unexpected, significant range expansion up the coast of North America. The impact that such a range expansion is expected to have on local fisheries and marine ecosystems has motivated a thorough study of this top predator, a squid whose lifestyle has been quite mysterious until recently. Unfortunately, Dosidicus spends daylight hours at depths prohibitive to making observations without significant artificial interference. Observations of this squid‟s natural behaviors have thus far been considerably limited by the bright illumination and loud noises of remotely-operated-vehicles, or else the presence of humans from boats or with SCUBA. However, recent technological innovations have allowed for observations to take place in the absence of humans, or significant human intrusion, through the use of animal-borne devices such as National Geographic‟s CRITTERCAM. Utilizing the advanced video recording and data logging technology of this device, this study seeks to characterize unknown components of Dosidicus gigas behavior at depth. Data from two successful CRITTERCAM deployments reveal an assortment of new observations concerning Dosidicus lifestyle. Tri-axial accelerometers enable a confident description of Dosidicus orientation during ascents, descents, and depth maintenance behavior - previously not possible with simple depth tags. Video documentation of intraspecific interactions between Dosidicus permits the identification of ten chromatic components, a previously undescribed basal chromatic behavior, and multiple distinct body postures. And finally, based on visualizations of spermatophore release by D. gigas and repetitive behavior patterns between squid pairs, this thesis proposes the existence of a new mating behavior in Dosidicus. This study intends to provide the first glimpse into the natural behavior of Dosidicus, establishing the groundwork for a comprehensive ethogram to be supported with data from future CRITTERCAM deployments. Cataloguing these behaviors will be useful in accounting for Dosidicus‟ current range expansion in the northeast Pacific, as well as to inform public interest in the impacts this expansion will have on local fisheries and marine ecosystems.

Influência do exercício físico sobre a massa e o metabolismo ósseo de indivíduos com lesão medular cervical

Indivíduos que permanecem longo tempo em cadeira de rodas apresentam importante perda de massa óssea, principalmente nos membros inferiores, possivelmente agravada pela baixa ingestão de cálcio dietético e pelo inadequado estado nutricional de vitamina D. O exercício físico pode contribuir para a manutenção ou aumento da massa óssea em diferentes populações e nos indivíduos com lesão medular pode contribuir para atenuar a perda de massa óssea. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da prática regular de exercício físico sobre a adequação da massa óssea, indicadores bioquímicos do metabolismo ósseo e estado nutricional de vitamina D em indivíduos com lesão medular cervical há pelo menos um ano. Em vinte e cinco homens de 19 a 56 anos sendo 15 fisicamente ativos e 10 sedentários, foi realizada análise sérica de cálcio, PTH, 25(OH)D, IGF-1, osteocalcina e NTx. As medidas do conteúdo mineral ósseo, densidade mineral óssea (DMO), massa magra e massa gorda foram realizadas por DXA. A pigmentação da pele (constitutiva e por bronzeamento) foi determinada por colorimetria com o objetivo de investigar sua influência sobre o estado de vitamina D. A ingestão habitual de cálcio foi registrada em um questionário de frequência alimentar direcionado para alimentos fonte. As comparações entre os dois grupos foram realizadas pela aplicação do Teste t de Student exceto para as variáveis ósseas que foram realizadas após ajustes pela massa corporal total, tempo de lesão e ingestão de cálcio utilizando-se análise de co-variância. Associações entre as variáveis estudadas foram avaliadas através de análise de correlação de Pearson. Valores de p<0.05 foram considerados significativos. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos para nenhuma variável óssea com exceção do z-score da DMO da coluna lombar, que foi significativamente maior no grupo de indivíduos sedentários (0,9 1,7 vs -0,7 0,8; p<0,05). No entanto, entre os indivíduos ativos, aqueles que iniciaram a prática de exercício físico com menos tempo decorrido após a lesão apresentaram maior DMO do fêmur (r=-0,60; p<0,05). Nos indivíduos ativos, a freqüência do exercício apresentou associação negativa com a concentração sérica de i-PTH (r = -0,50; p =0,05) e positiva com a concentração de 25(OH)D (r= 0,58; p <0,05). Após ajustes pela massa corporal total e tempo de lesão foram observadas associações positivas entre a ingestão diária de cálcio e z-score da DMO da coluna lombar (r = 0,73 e p <0,01) e DMO do rádio (r = 0,56 e p <0,05). Os resultados do presente estudo apontam para um efeito benéfico do exercício físico sobre a massa óssea e o perfil hormonal relacionado ao metabolismo ósseo. O início da prática regular de exercício físico o quanto antes após a lesão parece contribuir para atenuar a perda de massa óssea nos membros inferiores. Além disso, os resultados deste estudo sugerem uma possível potencialização do efeito osteogênico do exercício físico quando combinado a uma adequada ingestão de cálcio.

Die Entwicklung des Aufwandes in der deutschen Garnelenfischerei und der Versuch einer Standardisierung der jährlichen Einheitsanlandungen (LPUE) zwischen 1976 und 2010

Brown shrimp is a fastgrowing, shortlived species, and all attempts to use stock assessment methodologies typically applied to other fisheries are usually unsuccessful. Here landings per unit effort data (LPUE) for the German fleet based on a number of effort metrics are used as indices of stock size. Their utility in relation to describing stock development and fisheries management is discussed. LPUE estimates indicate that stock sizes between 1976 and 1989 were relatively stable. In 1990, the lowest reported landings of brown shrimps in Germany coincided with severe economic problems for the shrimp fisheries. From 1990 to 2010 standardised annual indices show that both landings and LPUE estimates have increased at variable rates suggesting large stocks of brown shrimps in recent years. This is discussed in relation to the positive effects of reduced predator abundance and favourable climatic factors.

Predação, eutrofização e respostas metabólicas em comunidades incrustantes de substratos artificiais na Baía da Ilha Grande, RJ

As comunidades marinhas são afetadas por diversos fatores, que dentro do contexto de estrutura trófica, podem ser divididos em forças bottom-up (forças ascendentes), como por exemplo, a disponibilidade de nutrientes, e forças top-down (forças descendentes), como por exemplo, a predação. Além de modificações na estrutura das comunidades e populações de organismos, essas forças podem influenciar a produção de metabólitos secundários pelos organismos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito das perturbações ambientais geradas pelas manipulações separadas e interativas de exclusão de macropredadores e enriquecimento com nutrientes sobre a estrutura e sobre as respostas metabólicas de comunidades marinhas incrustantes de substratos artificiais no costão rochoso de Biscaia, Baía da Ilha Grande, RJ. O desenho experimental utilizou blocos de concreto como substrato artificial, os quais foram espalhados aleatoriamente na região de infralitoral do costão rochoso. O experimento compreendeu o uso de blocos Controle (ausência de manipulação) e quatro tratamentos, todos com cinco réplicas cada. Os tratamentos foram: tratamento Exclusão de predação (gaiola contra a ação de macropredadores), tratamento Nutriente (sacos de fertilizante de liberação lenta), tratamento Nutriente + exclusão de predação (gaiola contra ação de macropredadores e sacos de fertilizante de liberação lenta) e o tratamento Controle de artefatos (gaiola semifechada para avaliar geração de artefatos). Uma área de 15 x 15 cm do bloco foi monitorada a cada 20 dias, totalizando dez medições. Foram utilizados métodos de monitoramento visual e digital de porcentagem de cobertura por espécie. O enriquecimento com nutrientes foi avaliado através de medições da concentração dos nutrientes Ortofosfato, Nitrato, Nitrito e Amônio na água do entorno do bloco. Para analisar os possíveis artefatos foi realizado experimento de fluxo de água (método Clod card) e a luminosidade dentro das gaiolas foi medida. Os dados demonstraram modificações na estrutura das comunidades bentônicas incrustantes dos substratos artificiais devido às manipulações realizadas, ou seja, pelo enriquecimento com nutrientes, pela exclusão de predação e pela interação entre os dois fatores (Nutriente + exclusão de predação). Além disso, diferenças metabólicas foram detectadas nas substâncias extraídas dos organismos dos diferentes tratamentos do experimento. Esses resultados indicam a existência de controle top-down e bottom-up sobre a comunidade bentônica do local.

Régime alimentaire de la phase lagunaire de Elops lacerta (C.V. 1846)

Elops lacerta is a juvenil's predator of all the fish species living in the same biotope. its preys follow three systematic orders: 1 - Fishes: they are the most important in the stomachal contents of Elops lacerta, and are dominated by clupeidae, mainly by Ethmalosa fimbriata; 2 - Shrimps: mainly the Peneidae, are not very important; 3 - Molluscs: they are the less important preys and are represented by only one Pelecypoda family: the Corbulidae. This earlier predator feeds rather at night than during the day. It has neither preferential prey nor apparent seasonal variations in its food habits.