Aspects of the washout of salmonid eggs. 1. Observations on the physical characteristics of real and artificial eggs, their rate of fall in a water column and their pattern of settlement in an experimental channel

When salmonid redds are disrupted by spates, the displaced eggs will drift downstream. The mean distance of travel, the types of locations in which the eggs resettle and the depth of reburial of displaced eggs are not known. Investigation of these topics under field conditions presents considerable practical problems, though the use of artificial eggs might help to overcome some of them. Attempts to assess the similarities and/or differences in performance between real and artificial eggs are essential before artificial eggs can validly be used to simulate real eggs. The present report first compares the two types of egg in terms of their measurable physical characteristics (e.g. dimensions and density). The rate at which eggs fall in still water will relate to the rate at which they are likely to resettle in flowing water in the field. As the rate of fall will be influenced by a number of additional factors (e.g. shape and surface texture) which are not easily measured directly, the rates of fall of the two types of egg have been compared directly under controlled conditions. Finally, comparisons of the pattern of settlement of the two types of egg in flowing water in an experimental channel have been made. Although the work was primarily aimed at testing the value of artificial eggs as a simulation of real eggs, several side issues more directly concerned with the properties of real eggs and the likely distance of drift in natural streams have also been explored. This is the first of three reports made on this topic by the author in 1984.

Experimental investigation of optical beam deflection based on PLZT electro-optic ceramic

Based on the optical characteristics of PLZT electro-optic ceramic, two kinds of electro-optic deflectors, triangular electrode structure and optical phased array technology, are studied in detail by using transverse electro-optic effect. Theoretically, the electro-optic deflection characteristics and mechanisms of the deflectors are analyzed. Experimentally, the optical characteristics of ceramic wafer, such as the phase modulation, the hysteresis and the electro-induced loss characteristics, are measured firstly, and then the beam deflection experiments are designed to verify the theoretical results. Moreover, the effect of temperature on the performance of triangular electrode deflector is investigated. The characteristics of both deflectors are also compared and illuminated. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.

Medição experimental e previsão de velocidade do som de componentes de biocombustíveis

A velocidade do som é uma propriedade que vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada em diferentes áreas tecnológicas. Além disso, a velocidade do som é uma propriedade termodinâmica que está associada a outras propriedades do meio como a compressibilidade isentrópica e isotérmica, entre outras. Neste contexto, muitos estudos foram realizados a fim de obter modelos precisos que possam representar fielmente a velocidade do som, sendo observados desvios absolutos médios entre 0,13 e 24,8%. Neste trabalho, um banco de dados de velocidade do som e massa específica à pressão atmosférica de n-alcanos, alcanos ramificados, n-alcenos, aromáticos, alcoóis, éteres e ésteres, foram compilados da literatura aberta. Utilizando estes dados e baseando-se no modelo de Wada por contribuição de grupo recentemente proposto, foi desenvolvido um novo modelo por contribuição atômica para predizer a velocidade do som de todas as famílias dos compostos investigados neste trabalho. É mostrado que o modelo proposto é capaz de prever a velocidade do som para os compostos destas famílias com desvios próximos da incerteza experimental calculada a partir de diferentes dados da literatura. Este trabalho também discute o efeito da ramificação das cadeias na constante Wada, ressaltando a importância de novas medições para este tipo de compostos. Além disso, observou-se que a literatura necessita de mais dados experimentais de velocidade do som, à pressão atmosférica e diferentes temperaturas para substâncias puras presentes em biodiesel e bio-óleo de pirólise rápida. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho fornece novos dados experimentais de velocidade do som e massa específica de cinco ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos, também conhecidos como FAMEs, (caprilato de metila, caprato de metila, palmitato de metila, estearato de metila e linoleato de metila), e sete componentes puros presentes em bio-óleo de pirólise à pressão atmosférica, de vários fenóis (fenol, o-, m- e p-cresol), dois éteres fenólicos (2-metoxifenol e eugenol) e um éster fenólico (salicilato de metila), a temperaturas de (288,15-343,15) K. O modelo preditivo de Wada atômico foi utilizado para calcular a velocidade do som dos FAMEs estudados neste trabalho, e os desvios foram comparados com o modelo de Wada por contribuição de grupo. O modelo atômico de Wada foi utilizado para prever a velocidade do som dos componentes puros presentes no bio-óleo de pirólise rápida experimentalmente estudados nesta dissertação. Além disso, os dados de massa específica e velocidade de som foram correlacionados com o modelo de Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP). As propriedades foram bem representadas pelo modelo PFP, no entanto, para a velocidade do som o modelo apresenta desvios sistemáticos na dependência com a temperatura. O desempenho do modelo preditivo de Wada atômico foi considerado satisfatório, devido os desvios observados serem compatíveis ou até menores do que os desvios típicos obtidos na literatura com outros modelos correlativos para o cálculo da velocidade do som de outras substâncias

Análise da resposta dinâmica experimental de uma passarela tubular mista, aço-concreto, submetida ao caminhar humano.

Este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de investigação experimental dinâmica sobre estrutura real de uma passarela tubular mista aço-concreto. O sistema estrutural objeto deste trabalho corresponde a uma passarela composta por três vãos (32,5m, 17,5m e 20,0m, respectivamente) e dois balanços (7,50m e 5,0m, respectivamente), com comprimento total de 82,5m. A passarela com estrutura contínua de aço com as ligações soldadas se apoia em quatro pórticos também de aço. Estruturalmente está constituída por duas treliças planas que se interligam através de contraventamentos horizontais fixados na corda superior e inferior da treliça e lajes de concreto, formando um sistema misto com interação completa. A estrutura está submetida correntemente à travessia de pedestres e ciclistas. Testes experimentais foram realizados sobre o sistema estrutural e confrontados com resultados numéricos. Para a modelagem numérica do sistema são empregadas técnicas usuais de discretização, via método dos elementos finitos (MEF), por meio do programa ANSYS. Os resultados experimentais são analisados de acordo com a metodologia desenvolvida, sendo realizada análise modal experimental para a determinação das propriedades dinâmicas: freqüências, modos e taxa de amortecimento, enquanto que os resultados da estrutura, em termos de aceleração de pico, são comparados com os valores limites propostos por diversos autores, normas e recomendações de projeto, para uma avaliação do desempenho da estrutura em relação a vibração quando solicitada pelo caminhar dos pedestres no que diz respeito a critério para conforto humano.

Estudo experimental de wetlands construídos como unidade de polimento no tratamento de lixiviados de aterros sanitários.

A grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados nas cidades é um desafio para o saneamento ambiental no Brasil. A fim de se reduzir os impactos gerados ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública, é necessário que haja um gerenciamento adequado, desde a coleta até a disposição final, desses resíduos sólidos urbanos. Os aterros sanitários permitem um maior controle ambiental, desde que sejam bem projetados e operados. A decomposição da matéria orgânica presente nesses resíduos, somada às águas das chuvas gera o lixiviado, líquido com alto potencial poluidor. Várias formas de tratamento são propostas com a finalidade de tornar o lixiviado menos poluente ao meio ambiente. Wetlands construídos tem se mostrado uma alternativa eficiente para a remoção de poluentes em lixiviados, além dos baixos custos operacionais e de implantação. O presente estudo investigou o uso de wetlands subsuperficiais em escala-piloto para o tratamento de um lixiviado prétratado. Os wetlands foram monitorados com a finalidade de se obter remoções de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio amoniacal. As maiores reduções percentuais de concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, DQO e COD foram, 91%, 42% e 35%, respectivamente. As maiores reduções percentuais em carga de nitrogênio amoniacal e DQO foram, 67% e 50%, respectivamente. Os resultados dos ensaios de toxicidade realizados com os organismos Vibrio fischeri e Danio rerio revelaram que, a toxicidade do lixiviado foi reduzida ao ser tratado pelo wetland.

Effects of Gear Modifications on the Trawl Performance and Catching Efficiency of the West Coast Upper Continental Slope Groundfish Survey Trawl

Since 1984, annual bottom trawl surveys of the west coast (California–Washington) upper continental slope (WCUCS) have provided information on the abundance, distribution, and biological characteristics of groundfish resources. Slope species of the deep-water complex (DWC) are of particular importance and include Dover sole, Microstomus pacificus; sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria; shortspine thornyhead, Sebastolobus alascanus; and longspine thornyhead, S. altivelis. In the fall of 1994, we conducted an experimental gear research cruise in lieu of our normal survey because of concerns about the performance of the survey trawl. The experiment was conducted on a soft mud bottom at depths of 460–490 m off the central Oregon coast. Treatments included different combinations of door-bridle rigging, groundgear weight, and scope length. The experimental design was a 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 factorial within a randomized complete-block. Analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of gear modifications on the engineering performance of the trawl (i.e. trawl dimensions, variation in trawl dimensions, and door attitude) and to determine if catch rates in terms of weight and number of DWC species and invertebrates were affected by the gear modifications. Trawl performance was highly variable for the historically used standard trawl configuration. Improvements were observed with the addition of either a 2-bridle door or lighter ground gear. Changes in scope length had relatively little effect on trawl performance. The interaction of door bridle and ground gear weight had the most effect on trawl performance. In spite of the standard trawl’s erratic performance, catch rates of all four DWC species and invertebrates were not significantly different than the 2-bridle/heavy combination, which did the best in terms of engineering performance. The most important factor affecting DWC catch rates was ground gear. Scope length and the type of door bridle had little effect on DWC catch rates. Subsequent revisions to survey gear and towing protocol and their impact on the continuity of the slope survey time series are discussed.

Estudo Experimental da Camada de Cobertura do Aterro Morro do Céu, Niterói - RJ.

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os conceitos de solos não saturados e descreve os diversos tipos de camada de cobertura usadas em aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Apresenta trabalhos científicos que contemplam curvas características de solos tropicais brasileiros. Caracteriza o solo usado antigamente como camada de cobertura do Aterro Morro do Céu e este solo com adição de 5% de bentonita. Determina a curva característica desses dois solos pelo Método do Papel Filtro e pela Placa de Sucção e, em seguida, Placa de Pressão. As curvas obtidas por esses métodos apresentaram diferenças. A adição da bentonita no solo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do mesmo. O solo com adição de bentonita apresentou maior plasticidade, menor permeabilidade e maior capacidade de retenção de água no solo. Apresenta a modelagem de camadas monolíticas, camadas monolíticas evapotranspirativas, barreiras capilares, barreiras capilares evapotranspirativas através do uso do Programa VADOSE/W como ferramenta para aferição.

BISTABLE PERFORMANCE OF CLOSELY COUPLED TWIN STRIPE LASERS.

Results are given for bistable effects in closely coupled twin stripe lasers. These devices use controlled adjustment of asymmetric transverse optical gain to obtain bistability. Various bistable effects have been observed. Initially the authors reported a large light/current hysteresis loop obtained as the drive current to the laser was raised and lowered. Information concerning the bistable mechanisms was then obtained by applying small current pulses into each stripe. It was thus found that bistability was involved with the switching from one stable laser waveguiding mechanism to another. More recently the experimental measurement system has been much improved. Through the use of computer control of motorised micromovements and computer controlled data management, time resolved near and far field, and charge carrier concentration distribution measurements have been more accurately carried out. The paper will outline briefly this system, and report on how it has helped to reveal new mechanisms of bistability in twin stripe lasers.

Experimental analysis of SCM-based transmission over 500 m of FDDI-grade multimode fiber with enhancement from electronic equalization

Experimental analysis is applied for the first time to identify optimal launch conditions and carrier frequencies for SCM transmission over worst-case MMF. Potential for performance enhancement using electronic equalization is demonstrated for the first time. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

An experimental investigation of RoF-enabled MIMO das in a non-light-of-sight environment

The performance of a 3 × 3 MIMO system using RoF-enabled DAS technology is experimentally investigated in a Non-Line-Of-Sight environment. Reduced spatial correlation and improved SNR are achieved due to the larger antenna separation. © 2011 OSA.

Studies on the performance of Ovatide on breeding of Indian major carps

The paper deals with the experimental studies on breeding of Indian Major Carps - Catla catla (Valenciennes), Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), & Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) with the help of 'Ovatide' which is being used as an alternative inducing agent for commercial seed production. This study has been conducted for six consecutive months (April - September, 2000) in a stone-pitched breeding channels of a farm located at Midnapore District, West Bengal. The doses of 'Ovatide' (0.5 ml/kg of fish weight) remained same for each female species during the entire study period and males were released without any dose. The physicochemical parameters of water during different months were estimated. The latency period and fertilization percentage varied in different months and species. The results confirmed that 'Ovatide' can be used successfully in a much more cost-effective way for induced breeding of carps, even in rural fish farms with morrum-pitched breeding channels.

Analysis of the mechanisms for impaired high-temperature, high-speed performance of 1.3 μm InGaAsP lasers

In this paper, the static and dynamic performance of multi quantum-well (MQW) 1.3 μm InGaAsP Fabry Perot lasers is assessed experimentally and theoretically to identify the mechanisms responsible for impaired high speed performance at elevated temperature. Initially, threshold currents and spontaneous emission spectra are characterized for a range of temperatures from room temperature to 85 °C to indicate a significant increase in non-radiative current contributions. Preliminary estimates are made for the contributions of leakage and Auger recombination rates, found from the dependence of integrated spontaneous emission with carrier density. Drift-diffusion modelling is found to accurately predict the trend of threshold currents over temperature. Using gain modelling good agreement is found between the measured and predicted integrated spontaneous emission intensity. Gain measurements at 85 °C indicate a reduction in RIN frequency to 63% of the 25 °C value which matches well with experimental small signal performance.

An experimental semi-active anti-roll system

The use of anti-roll bars to provide additional roll stiffness and therefore to reduce the trade-off between ride and rollover performance has previously been studied. However, little work has been carried out to investigate the benefits of a switchable roll stiffness. Such a semi-active anti-roll system has the ability to have a low roll stiffness during straight-ahead driving for improved ride performance and high roll stiffness during cornering for improved roll performance. Modelling of such a system is conducted and the model is validated against a semi-active anti-roll system fitted to an experimental vehicle. Experimental and theoretical investigations are used to investigate the performance of such a system with several different strategies employed to switch to the high-stiffness state. The use of an air suspension on the vehicle to roll into corners is also investigated, as is the possibility of exploiting the road layout by allowing the vehicle to be in a low-roll-stiffness configuration during a corner, and then to switch to the high-roll-stiffness configuration midcorner, hence 'locking in' a roll angle. The best rollover performance improvement that was achieved was 12.5 per cent. © IMechE 2008.

Effects of different dietary levels of vitamin E on the breeding performance of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Experiments on the study of different dietary levels of vitamin E on the growth and breeding performance of Heteropneustes fossilis brood fish were carried out in two phases. The first phase consisted of studying its ovarian development and the second phase on breeding performance. Sixty female fishes were stocked in twelve experimental chambers of a raceway. The effects of four dietary vitamin E levels viz. 0 (served as control), 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg feed, on the somatic growth, ovarian development of brood fish and on their breeding performance were studied. Each treatment had three replications. It was observed that body growth in terms of length and weight was best with 0 mg vitamin E/kg feed and 200 mg vitamin E/kg of feed gave poorest result. The gonado-somatic index and fecundity, however, was highest in the fish fed with 100 mg vitamin E/kg of feed. In case of breeding performance such as ovulation rate, fertilization rate, hatching rate and survival rate, the best result was obtained with 200 mg vitamin E/kg of feed. The overall result of this experiment indicates that 200 mg vitamin E/kg of feed is the best vitamin E dose for H fossilis brood and vitamin E content has a positive impact on ovarian development.

Growth performance, recovery rate and fish yield of GIFT strain at various water depths under rice-fish culture systems

Effect of water depth on recovery rate, growth performance and fish yield of GIFT in the rice-fish production systems was studies in experimental plots of 123 m2 with a pond refuge of I meter deep which covered 10% of the total land area. Mortality rate of fish was very low ranging from 0.81-1.63%. However, at harvest, recovery rate ranged from 76.69-82.93% with the highest recovery at 11-15 em of water depth. Significantly the highest absolute growth (99.97) and specific growth rate (2.42%) were found at 21-25 cm water depth. The same treatment also produced significantly higher fish yield (909.76 kg/ha) although statistically similar to the fish yield (862.60 kg/ha) obtained at ll-15 em of water depth. Results also suggested that higher water depth can produce bigger fish but no significant effects of water depth was found on fish yield in the treatments 11-15 cm and 21-25 cm water depths of this experiment.