Luminosity determination for the measurement of the proton-proton total cross section at 8 TeV in the Atlas experiment

La sezione d’urto totale adronica gioca un ruolo fondamentale nel programma di fisica di LHC. Un calcolo di questo parametro, fondamentale nell’ambito della teoria delle interazioni forti, non é possibile a causa dell’inapplicabilità dell’approccio perturbativo. Nonostante ciò, la sezione d’urto può essere stimata, o quanto meno le può essere dato un limite, grazie ad un certo numero di relazioni, come ad esempio il Teorema Ottico. In questo contesto, il detector ALFA (An Absolute Luminosity For ATLAS) sfrutta il Teorema Ottico per determinare la sezione d’urto totale misurando il rate di eventi elastici nella direzione forward. Un tale approccio richiede un metodo accurato di misura della luminosità in condizioni sperimentali difficoltose, caratterizzate da valori di luminosità istantanea inferiore fino a 7 ordini di grandezza rispetto alle normali condizioni di LHC. Lo scopo di questa tesi è la determinazione della luminosità integrata di due run ad alto β*, utilizzando diversi algoritmi di tipo Event-Counting dei detector BCM e LUCID. Particolare attenzione è stata riservata alla sottrazione del fondo e allo studio delle in- certezze sistematiche. I valori di luminosità integrata ottenuti sono L = 498.55 ± 0.31 (stat) ± 16.23 (sys) μb^(-1) and L = 21.93 ± 0.07 (stat) ± 0.79 (sys) μb^(-1), rispettivamente per i due run. Tali saranno forniti alla comunità di fisica che si occupa della misura delle sezioni d’urto protone-protone, elastica e totale. Nel Run II di LHC, la sezione d’urto totale protone-protone sarà stimata con un’energia nel centro di massa di 13 TeV per capire meglio la sua dipendenza dall’energia in un simile regime. Gli strumenti utilizzati e l’esperienza acquisita in questa tesi saranno fondamentali per questo scopo.

Reduced trabecular bone mineral density and cortical thickness accompanied by increased outer bone circumference in metacarpal bone of rheumatoid arthritis patients: a cross-sectional study

Introduction The objective of this study was to assess three-dimensional bone geometry and density at the epiphysis and shaft of the third meta-carpal bone of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in comparison to healthy controls with the novel method of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Methods PQCT scans were performed in 50 female RA patients and 100 healthy female controls at the distal epiphyses and shafts of the third metacarpal bone, the radius and the tibia. Reproducibility was determined by coefficient of varia-tion. Bone densitometric and geometric parameters were compared between the two groups and correlated to disease characteristics. Results Reproducibility of different pQCT parameters was between 0.7% and 2.5%. RA patients had 12% to 19% lower trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) (P ≤ 0.001) at the distal epiphyses of radius, tibia and metacarpal bone. At the shafts of these bones RA patients had 7% to 16% thinner cortices (P ≤ 0.03). Total cross-sectional area (CSA) at the metacarpal bone shaft of pa-tients was larger (between 5% and 7%, P < 0.02), and relative cortical area was reduced by 13%. Erosiveness by Ratingen score correlated negatively with tra-becular and total BMD at the epiphyses and shaft cortical thickness of all measured bones (P < 0.04). Conclusions Reduced trabecular BMD and thinner cortices at peripheral bones, and a greater bone shaft diameter at the metacarpal bone suggest RA spe-cific bone alterations. The proposed pQCT protocol is reliable and allows measuring juxta-articular trabecular BMD and shaft geometry at the metacarpal bone.

The Semantics and Typology of Yes/No Particles (A Cross-Linguistic Study)

Taking the three basic systems of Yes/No particles the group looked at the relative deep and surface structures, and asked what types of systems are present in the Georgian, Polish and Armenian languages. The choice of languages was of particular interest as the Caucasian and Indo-European languages usually have different question-answering systems, but Georgian (Caucasian) and Polish (Indo-European) in fact share the same system. The Armenian language is Indo-European, but the country is situated in the southern Caucasus, on Georgia's southern border, making it worth analysing Armenian in comparison with Georgian (from the point of view of language interference) and with Polish (as two relative languages). The group identified two different deep structures, tracing the occurrence of these in different languages, and showed that one is more natural in the majority of languages. They found no correspondence between relative languages and their question-answer systems and demonstrated that languages in the same typological class may show different systems, as with Georgian and the North Caucasian languages. It became clear that Georgian, Armenian and Polish all have an agree/disagree question-answering system defined by the same deep structure. From this they conclude that the lingual mentalities of Georgians, Armenians and Poles are more oriented to the communicative act. At the same time the Yes/No system, in which a positive particle stands for a positive answer and a negative particle for a negative answer, also functions in these languages, indicating that the second deep structure identified also functions alongside the first.