The use of culturally related health practices and health care utilization among Hispanic women in farmworker communities

Breast and cervical cancer screening rates continue to be lower in Hispanic women than other ethnic subgroups. Several factors have been identified that influence health care utilization. The use of preventive services (cancer screenings and adherence) in addition to yearly doctor visits are often used to measure health care utilization. A secondary analysis of an existing dataset containing baseline survey data collected from participants of an intervention trial to test the Cultivando La Salud (CLS) program was used to analyze the association between cultural health practice use (use of curandero,s obador, and herbal remedies) and health care utilization. The sample consisted of women 50 years of age and older living in farmer communities in four sites: Eagle Pass, TX, Anthony, NM, Merced, CA, and Watsonville, CA (n=708). Participants reported using a curandero (5.67%), sobador (29.79%), and herbal remedies (46.65%) at some point in their lives. The use of cultural health practices was found to significantly influence utilization of certain health care services: use of herbal remedies influence doctor visits, adherence to mammography screening and adherence to Pap test screening; use of a curandero influenced ever having a mammogram; use of a sobador influenced ever having a mammogram, ever having a Pap test, and Pap test adherence. In addition, women reporting use of curandero or herbal remedies were found to be more avoidant of the health care system than those that reported not using them. Further research is needed to further analyze the influence of cultural health practices on health care utilization. ^

Heavy minerals, grain size distribution, and ice-rafted debris in the Greenland Sea during 44 to 30 Ma

The widely accepted age estimate for the onset of glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere ranges between 2 and 15 million years ago (Ma). However, recent studies indicate the date for glacial onset may be significantly older. We report the presence of ice-rafted debris (IRD) in ~44 to 30 Ma sediments from the Greenland Sea, evidence for glaciation in the North Atlantic during the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene. Detailed sedimentological evidence indicates that glaciers extended to sea level in the region, allowing icebergs to be produced. IRD may have been sourced from tidewater glaciers, small ice caps, and/or a continental ice sheet.

Percentage of cultured cell-populations that stained positively and/or negatively for apoptotic markers cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, following DNA damage treatments induced by doxorubicin and TNF-alpha co-treatments

The present dataset contains the source data for Figure 2B of Tentner et al. (2012). The data shows the percentage of cultured cell-populations that stained positively and/or negatively for apoptotic markers cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, following DNA damage treatments induced by various doses of doxorubicin (0, 2 and 10 µmole/L) in the presence (100 ng/mL) or absence (0 ng/mL) of TNF-alpha co-treatment. For the six treatment conditions investigated, cell counts were made by flow cytometry at times 6, 12, 24, and 48 h following treatment; CULTURE DETAILS: U2OS cells were obtained from ATCC were maintained at 21% oxygen and 5% CO2 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, 2mM L-glutamine, and used within 15-20 passages. The first thymidine block was released by washing the plates three times with PBS, and incubating them in fresh thymidine-free media for 12 h. A second thymidine block was then performed by re-addition of thymidine to 2.5 mM followed by incubation for an additional 18 h. Media was aspirated, plates were washed 3 with PBS, and replaced with fresh media in the presence or absence of 10 mM aphidicolin; ANALYSIS DETAILS: See supplementary journal publication; RESULT: The authors of the supplementary journal publication conclude that TNF enhances dose-dependent cell death following doxorubicin-induced DNA damage with minimal affect on dose-dependent cell-cycle arrest.

The influence of temperature and seawater carbonate saturation state on 13C-18O bond ordering in bivalve mollusks

The shells of marine mollusks are widely used archives of past climate and ocean chemistry. Whilst the measurement of mollusk delta 18O to develop records of past climate change is a commonly used approach, it has proven challenging to develop reliable independent paleothermometers that can be used to deconvolve the contributions of temperature and fluid composition on molluscan oxygen isotope compositions. Here we investigate the temperature dependence of 13C-18O bond abundance, denoted by the measured parameter Delta 47, in shell carbonates of bivalve mollusks and assess its potential to be a useful paleothermometer. We report measurements on cultured specimens spanning a range in water temperatures of 5 to 25 °C, and field collected specimens spanning a range of -1 to 29 °C. In addition we investigate the potential influence of carbonate saturation state on bivalve stable isotope compositions by making measurements on both calcitic and aragonitic specimens that have been cultured in seawater that is either supersaturated or undersaturated with respect to aragonite. We find a robust relationship between Delta 47 and growth temperature. We also find that the slope of a linear regression through all the Delta 47 data for bivalves plotted against seawater temperature is significantly shallower than previously published inorganic and biogenic carbonate calibration studies produced in our laboratory and go on to discuss the possible sources of this difference. We find that changing seawater saturation state does not have significant effect on the Delta 47 of bivalve shell carbonate in two taxa that we examined, and we do not observe significant differences between Delta 47-temperature relationships between calcitic and aragonitic taxa.

Ingeniería de la conservación: Investigación aplicada para la conservación de la fauna mediterránea amenazada

El ser humano nunca ha tenido una capacidad semejante a la actual para alterar el medio en el que vive. A través fundamentalmente de cambios en el uso del hábitat, alteración de los ciclos biogeoquímicos, cambio climático y presencia de especies invasoras, la tasa de extinción de especies se ha acelerado enormemente. Al crecer más rápido la población humana dentro de las áreas en las que se concentra una mayor biodiversidad (biodiversity hotspots), las tasas de transformación son mayores, por lo que dicha biodiversidad se encuentra más amenazada. Entre los principales 25 biodiversity hotspots globales se encuentra la cuenca mediterránea. Las afecciones a la biodiversidad hacen por tanto que en dicha cuenca mediterránea sea necesario poner en práctica iniciativas innovadoras para su conservación. Pero además de una cuidadosa selección, es necesario el seguimiento y la evaluación de la eficacia y la eficienca de dichas medidas, para comprobar su idoneidad y mejorarlas cuando sea posible. Esta es la tarea de la ingeniería de la conservación. Esta Memoria busca analizar y proponer mejoras en cuatro acciones experimentales de conservación de la biodiversidad que tienen un marco común, la conservación de especies subrogadas del monte mediterráneo. En concreto de cinco especies amenazadas: conejo de monte (Oryctolagus cuniculus, especie llave), águila imperial ibérica (Aquila adalberti), águila perdicera (Aquila fasciata), cigüeña negra (Ciconia nigra) y lince ibérico (Lynx pardinus), todas ellas especies paraguas y bandera. Casi todas estas especies se enfrentan a amenazas comunes, como son la pérdida de la calidad del hábitat, la mortalidad de origen humano, la escasez de alimento o la falta de eficiencia en las técnicas de seguimiento. Las acciones destinadas a revertir o minimizar estas amenazas han tenido un marco geográfico y ecológico común, 49 fincas privadas de monte mediterráneo situadas en 9 espacios de la Red Natura 2000 del centro-occidental peninsular, en las que se ha podido trabajar merced a acuerdos de custodia del territorio. Dichas actividades han sido financiadas casi por completo con cargo a fondos LIFE Naturaleza de la Comisión Europea. El presente documento contribuye a aportar el conocimiento científico imprescindible para mejorar la eficacia y eficiencia de las medidas técnicas de gestión y conservación: la ingeniería de la conservación. Como resultados más relevantes se pueden citar que la selección del conejo de las zonas sembradas aumenta con la presencia tanto de isletas de matorral como de refugios y resulta inferior en las zonas de matorral más cerrado; que la electrocución es una de las principales causas de mortalidad de las rapaces amenazadas, así como que se ha detectado que la mortalidad se concentra en determinadas zonas que deben ser prioritarias para su corrección y que éstas deben pasar por las modificaciones estructurales; que la selección de zonas de alimentación por parte de la cigüeña negra se ve afectada por numerosos factores y que una adecuada ubicación y gestión de las charcas para ganadería y caza mayor puede favorecer no sólo la alimentación de esta especie, sino suponer un lugar de cría para diversas especies de anfibios y peces autóctonos, en franco declive; finalmente, hay que destacar que la mejora en el seguimiento de las poblaciones de lince ibérico pasa por la incorporación de métodos de seguimiento novedosos, como las cámaras infrarrojas en letrinas, dada la capacidad de aprendizaje de la especie. Abstract Nowadays the human being has reached its top ability to exchange its environment. Mainly through habitat change, altering biogeochemical cycles, climatic change and alien species, global extinction rate has increased dramatically. Population increases faster in biodiversity hotspots, thus change rates are higher. Mediterranean basin is included within the 25 most valuable biodiversity hotspots. Affections on biodiversity turns necessary to develop innovative actions to maintain the most threatened species in this hotspot. But further than a careful selection and implementarion, survey and evaluation of those practices is necessary to check its suitability. Those are actions for the conservation engineering. This Memory looks for to analyze and to put forward improvements in four experimental biodiversity conservation actions with a common framework: conservation of surrogate Mediterranean species. Those actions were specifically directed to five threatened species: the European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus, key species), Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti) and Bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata, both of the umbrella and flagship species), black stork (Ciconia nigra, umbrella and flagship species) and the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus, umbrella and flagship species). Those species have common threats: habitat loss, maninduced mortality, food shortening and lack of surveying efficiency. Actions aimed to minimize those threats also had a common geographical frame: 49 privately owned states within 9 Natura 2000 areas in Southwestern Spain. Actions were developed through lands tewardship agreements, and were even wholly undertaken through European Commision LIFE’s fund. This document contributes to develop cientific knowledge necessary for increasing efficacy and efficiency for implementing technical measures devoted to conservation, the conservation engineering. One of the most outstanding result might be the necessity of including bushy islets or rabbit shelter within sowings when enhacing rabbit populations is the goal. Electrocution is one of the commonest man-induced death causes for raptors, especially for the threatened ones. Areas of concentration of this mortality have been detected, and when mitigation measures have been evaluated, only structural modifications had results. The black stork’s selection of feeding areas is influenced by several factors. An adequate location and management of livestock’s ponds can favour not only this species, but also creating new breeding places for amphibians and indigenous fish species, most of them in a sharp decline. Finally, improving the survey of the Iberian lynx might be achieved through implementing newly developed surveying systems, such as the infrared cameras in latrines.

Determinación de los parámetros de diseño a aplicar al proyecto de grandes yates a motor, en base a nuevos requerimientos de eficiencia energética y protección del medioambiente marino

Durante los últimos años, la construcción de grandes yates ha evolucionado hacia conceptos y diseños más complejos dónde se ha priorizado en muchas ocasiones la estética arquitectónica y exigencias de confort de los armadores y operadores dejando en segundo plano aspectos clave de seguridad. Diferentes Organismos Internacionales y las Sociedades de Clasificación han venido adaptando sus requisitos a la problemática específica de este tipo de buques, tratando de compatibilizar tendencias de diseño con exigencias de resistencia, integridad estructural, estanqueidad y seguridad entre otras. En la actualidad, la construcción de grandes yates con esloras incluso por encima de los 100 metros, el aumento del número de pasajeros por encima del límite tradicional de 12, las nuevas tendencias de ahorro energético y protección medioambiental que se están implantando en la industria en general y marítima en particular, plantean una serie de desafíos tanto a los diseñadores como a las Sociedades de Clasificación que deben avanzar en sus reglamentaciones para cubrir estos y otros aspectos. Son precisamente estos aspectos medioambientales, tradicionalmente relegados en la industria de grandes yates los que están ocupando en la actualidad un primer plano en los desarrollos de normativa de diferentes Organismos Internacionales y Nacionales. El impacto que estas nuevas normativas van a tener sobre el diseño de grandes yates a motor centra el desarrollo de esta Tesis. Hasta donde ha podido conocer el doctorando, esta es la primera vez que en una Tesis Doctoral se abordan los principales mecanismos que regulan el diseño y la construcción de grandes yates a motor, se estudian y analizan las regulaciones internacionales en materia de protección medioambiental y de eficiencia energética aplicables a los yates, se seleccionan y describen un conjunto de tecnologías maduras de carácter medioambiental, susceptibles de ser empleadas en yates y se determina los parámetros y aspectos del diseño a aplicar al proyecto de grandes yates a motor como resultado de la aplicación de estas tecnologías, analizados bajo la perspectiva de la Sociedad de Clasificación y de los Organismos Internacionales. La Tesis comienza con un análisis de la industria de construcción de grandes yates, la flota existente de grandes yates, la cartera actual de pedidos y la evolución esperada del mercado. Aquí se pone de manifiesto que a pesar de la crisis económica global de los últimos años, este mercado goza relativamente de buena salud y las previsiones son favorables, particularmente para el sector en Europa. A continuación se aborda el estado del arte del diseño de yate grande, sus peculiaridades, particularmente estructurales y de armamento, que le diferencian de otros tipos de buques y las tendencias en su diseño. Se pone de manifiesto cómo el proyecto de estos yates ha evolucionado hacia yates de gran tamaño y complejidad técnica, debido a la demanda y necesidades actuales y cómo ha influido en aspectos como la disposición estructural. Seguidamente se describen los principales mecanismos que regulan el diseño y construcción de grandes yates, particularmente el Código de Grandes Yates Comerciales de la Maritime & Coastguard Agency del Reino Unido, y las Reglas y Reglamentos de la Sociedad de Clasificación Lloyd’s Register para la Clasificación de yates; por ser ambas organizaciones las que lideran el Registro y la Clasificación respectivamente de este tipo de buques, objeto del estudio. El doctorando ejerce su actividad profesional como inspector de Lloyd’s Register en una oficina técnica de apoyo y evaluación de diseño, siendo especialista en grandes yates, lo que ha permitido exponer de primera mano el punto de vista de la Sociedad de Clasificación. En el siguiente Capítulo se describen las principales reglamentaciones internacionales de carácter medioambiental que afectan al diseño, construcción y operación de los yates, algunas de las cuales, como es el caso del Convenio Internacional para el Control y la Gestión del Agua de Lastre y Sedimentos de los buques (BWM 2004) aún no ha entrado en vigor a la fecha de terminación de esta Tesis. Seguidamente se realiza una selección de tecnologías desde el punto de vista de protección medioambiental y ahorro energético y su aplicación al diseño y construcción de grandes yates. Algunas de estas tecnologías son maduras y ya habían sido utilizadas con éxito en otros tipos de buques, pero su aplicación a los yates entraña ciertos desafíos que se describen en este Capítulo. A continuación se determinan y analizan los principales parámetros de diseño de los yates grandes a motor como consecuencia de las tecnologías estudiadas y se indican una serie de aspectos de diseño bajo la perspectiva de la Sociedad de Clasificación y de los Organismos Marítimos Internacionales. Finalmente se llega a una serie de conclusiones y se identifican futuras líneas de investigación en relación a las tecnologías descritas en este trabajo. ABSTRACT In recent years, the building of large yachts has evolved into more complex concepts and designs where often prioritized architectural aesthetics and comfort requirements of owners and operators leaving in the background key security aspects. Several international organizations and classification societies have been adapting their requirements to the specific problems of this type of vessel, trying to reconcile demands design trends with resistance, structural integrity, watertightness and safety among others. At present, the building of large yachts with lengths even above 100 meters, the increase in passenger numbers over the traditional limit of 12, new trends of energy saving and environmental protection are being implemented in the marine industry in particular, they pose a number of challenges to both designers and classification societies that should update and improve their regulations to cover these and other aspects. It is precisely these environmental issues, traditionally relegated to the large yacht industry, which are currently occupying center stage in the development of rules of different international and national bodies. The impact that these new standards will have on the design of large motor yachts focuses the development of this thesis. As far as it is known, this is the first time in a doctoral thesis the main mechanisms regulating the design and construction of large motor yachts are addressed, the international regulations on environmental protection and energy efficiency requirements for yachts are studied and analyzed, a set of mature environmental technologies, capable of being applied to yachts are selected and described, the parameters and design aspects to be applied to large yacht projects as a result of the application of these technologies are determined and analyzed from the perspective of the Classification Society and international organizations. The thesis begins with an analysis of the shipbuilding industry of large yachts, the existing fleet of large yachts, the current backlog and the expected market developments. Here it becomes clear that despite the global economic crisis of recent years, this market enjoys relatively good health and prospects are favorable, particularly for the sector in Europe. Then the state of the art of large yacht design, its peculiarities, particularly structural and outfitting, that differentiate it from other types of ships and trends in design is discussed. It shows how the project of these yachts has evolved to large yachts and technical complexity, due to the demand and needs and how it has influenced the structural arrangement aspects. Then the main mechanisms regulating the design and construction of large yachts, particularly the Large Commercial Yacht Code developed by the Maritime & Coastguard Agency (UK) and the Lloyd’s Register Rules & Regulations for the Classification of Special Service Craft including yachts are described; the two organizations to be leading the registration and classification respectively of such vessels under study. The doctoral student practices his profession as a senior specialist to Lloyd’s Register in a technical support office, dealing with the design assessment of large yachts, which allowed exposing firsthand view of the Classification Society. In the next chapter describes the main international environmental regulations, affecting the design, construction and operation of yachts, some of which, such as the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM 2004) has not yet entered into force at the date of completion of this thesis. Following is a selection of technologies from the point of view of environmental protection and energy saving and its application to design and construction of large yachts. Some of these technologies are mature and have already been used successfully in other ship types, but their application to yachts entails certain challenges that are described in this chapter. Then identifies and analyzes the main design parameters of large motor yachts as a result of the technologies studied and a number of design aspects are given from the perspective of Classification Society and international maritime organizations. Finally, a number of conclusions are exposed, and future research is identified in relation to the technologies described in this Thesis.

AS INOVAÇÕES TECNOLÓGICAS E OS INTERMEDIÁRIOS DA PRODUÇÃO E DO ACESSO À INFORMAÇÃO JORNALÍSTICA

O jornalismo é um dos principais meios de oferta de temas para a discussão e formação da opinião pública, porém depende de um sistema técnico para ser transmitido. Durante mais de cem anos as informações produzidas pela imprensa foram emitidas, armazenadas, transmitidas e recebidas pelos chamados veículos de comunicação de massa que utilizam a rede centralizada cujas características estão na escassez material, produção em série e massificação. Esse sistema separa no tempo e no espaço emissores e receptores criando uma relação desigual de força em que as grandes empresas controlaram o fluxo informativo, definindo quais fatos seriam veiculados como notícia. Em 1995, a internet cuja informação circula sob a tecnologia da rede distribuída, foi apropriada pela sociedade, alterando a forma de produção, armazenamento e transmissão de informação. A tecnologia despertou a esperança de que esta ferramenta poderia proporcionar uma comunicação mais dialógica e democrática. Mas aos poucos pode-se perceber novas empresas se apropriando da tecnologia da rede distribuída sob a qual circula a internet, gerando um novo controle do fluxo informativo. Realizou-se nessa pesquisa um levantamento bibliográfico para estabelecer uma reflexão crítica dos diferentes intermediários entre fato e a notícia tanto da rede centralizada como na rede distribuída, objetivando despertar uma discussão que possa oferecer novas ideias para políticas, bem como alternativas para uma comunicação mais democrática e mais libertária.

P element insertion-dependent gene activation in the Drosophila eye

Insights into the function of a gene can be gained in multiple ways, including loss-of-function phenotype, sequence similarity, expression pattern, and by the consequences of its misexpression. Analysis of the phenotypes produced by expression of a gene at an abnormal time, place, or level may provide clues to a gene’s function when other approaches are not illuminating. Here we report that an eye-specific, enhancer–promoter present in the P element expression vector pGMR is able to drive high level expression in the eye of genes near the site of P element insertion. Cell fate determination, differentiation, proliferation, and death are essential for normal eye development. Thus the ability to carry out eye-specific misexpression of a significant fraction of genes in the genome, given the dispensability of the eye for viability and fertility of the adult, should provide a powerful approach for identifying regulators of these processes. To test this idea we carried out two overexpression screens for genes that function to regulate cell death. We screened for insertion-dependent dominant phenotypes in a wild-type background, and for dominant modifiers of a reaper overexpression-induced small eye phenotype. Multiple chromosomal loci were identified, including an insertion 5′ to hid, a potent inducer of apoptosis, and insertions 5′ to DIAP1, a cell death suppressor. To facilitate the cloning of genes near the P element insertion new misexpression vectors were created. A screen with one of these vectors identified eagle as a suppressor of a rough eye phenotype associated with overexpression of an activated Ras1 gene.

O nado de atletas de águas abertas: características do desempenho e da organização temporal das braçadas

A natação de águas abertas tem registrado aumento no número de competições e participantes em todo mundo. Acompanhando esta tendência têm sido desenvolvidos estudos para identificar as características físicas e as respostas fisiológicas dos atletas neste tipo de prova. Entretanto, são escassos estudos ao nível de análise comportamental, principalmente, em condições reais de distância e meio ambiente (mar). Foi objetivo deste estudo investigar as características de desempenho e da organização temporal das braçadas de nadadores de águas abertas. Mais especificamente, conhecer quais recursos os atletas de águas abertas lançam mão para atingir sua meta de vencer um percurso no mar no menor tempo possível. A amostra foi constituída por 23 atletas, com média de idade de 26,4(±3,2) anos. A tarefa foi nadar um trajeto de 1500 metros em forma de um circuito em mar aberto. Para a captação das variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho utilizou-se um GPS (Garmin modelo Fênix 3) e um cronômetro (FINIS modelo Accusplit Eagle AX602). O registro das imagens para captação dos dados relacionados à descrição da organização temporal das braçadas ocorreu em três pontos do trajeto: início (I) - 20 a 40 metros, meio (M) - 800 a 820 metros e final (F) - 1450 a 1470 metros. Foi utilizada uma filmadora (Nikon Coolpix S5300) afixada à embarcação. O software Kinovea 8.20 permitiu a análise quadro a quadro das braçadas. Foram consideradas variáveis dependentes relacionadas ao desempenho (tempo, velocidade e distância total percorrida, bem como, a frequência de braçadas em cada um dos três pontos do trajeto); aos aspectos variantes das braçadas (tempo total do ciclo, das braçadas, das fases aérea e aquática) e aos aspectos invariantes das braçadas (timing relativo das fases aérea e aquática e sua variabilidade). A análise de variância de medidas repetidas foi usada para comparar os três momentos da tarefa (I, M e F) para todas as variáveis, e a correlação de Pearson para analisar a magnitude das relações entre as variáveis de desempenho, enquanto o teste t de Student para medidas pareadas foi utilizado para comparar as possíveis diferenças entre os braços direito e esquerdo para cada um dos momentos e determinou-se como significância estatística α≤=0,05. Em relação ao desempenho, os resultados indicaram que os nadadores fizeram uso de frequência de braçada (Fb) diferente para os três momentos, sendo maior no I quando comparada ao M e F, e no M, menor que em F; estas mudanças foram acompanhadas por ajustes nos aspectos variantes como o tempo total do ciclo, das braçadas e das fases aérea e aquática. Ainda, nos três momentos os nadadores apresentaram simetria temporal entre as braçadas dos dois braços, apesar de as diferenças serem evidenciadas entre as fases das braçadas quando comparados os braços. Com relação aos aspectos invariantes detectou-se mudança do padrão de I para M e F da tarefa, sendo que em M e F os atletas utilizaram a mesma estrutura temporal. Quanto à variabilidade dos aspectos variantes e invariantes para as braçadas e as fases das braçadas, observou-se diminuição da magnitude ao longo da tarefa sendo que o braço esquerdo apresentou nos três momentos maior variabilidade que o direito. Assim, diante dos resultados, concluiu-se que os recursos utilizados por nadadores habilidosos para nadar em ambiente pouco estável, em condições reais de distância e meio ambiente (mar) compreendem a alteração do desempenho (Fb) associado a ajustes nos aspectos variantes, concomitantemente à alteração dos aspectos invariantes das braçadas, em função do momento da tarefa

Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, 1882 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Chart of Boston Harbor : from the best authorities. It was published by N.S. Dearborn in 1882. Scale [ca. 1:85,000]. Covers Boston Harbor and adjacent lands. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as beacons, buoys, rocks, channels, points, coves, islands, life boat stations, and more. It also shows four regatta courses of the Hull Yacht Club. Depths are shown by soundings and shading. It shows land features such as roads, railroads, settlements, drainage, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.