Integración de la industria del gas natural en el Mercosur. Un modelo de redes

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la política óptima (considerando producción, transporte y regulación) para la integración de la industria de gas natural en el Mercosur. Se analizarán factores que promueven o limitan la integración en la región. Utilizando un modelo matemático de flujo de redes, se minimizará el costo total (producción y transporte) para la región en su conjunto, satisfaciendo las restricciones de producción, capacidad de transporte y equilibrio (oferta igual a demanda) en cada nodo. El costo total (CT) de la producción y transporte de gas natural (considerando nodos para cada país en la región) es la función objetivo. El proceso de optimización consiste en identificar el nivel de gas natural producido y transportado que minimiza el costo total del sistema para la región. El modelo es estático, no considerando una optimización dinámica con relación a las reservas remanentes. Restricciones Consideramos cuatro restricciones en operación, a saber: 1. Equilibrio en los nodos: esta ecuación establece el equilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda de gas natural en cada nodo. La oferta incluye la producción local y las importaciones. Por su parte, la demanda incluye el consumo doméstico más las exportaciones. 2. Capacidad de producción en cada cuenca: esta restricción establece que las cantidades producidas en cada cuenca debería ser menor o igual a su capacidad de producción. Ello también permite la existencia de una utilización no plena de la capacidad. La capacidad máxima de producción en cada cuenca está determinada sobre la base de una medida de política para cada país a través de la cual el horizonte de consumo de las reservas probadas está establecido. Dada esta relación, el límite sobre la producción de cada año está fijado. En otras palabras, el nivel de producción no está basado ni en la capacidad instalada de producción ni en los precios, sino en la política de agotamiento decidida sobre las reservas probadas en el año de calibración del modelo. Esto permite diferentes escenarios para el análisis. Para las simulaciones se tomó el ratio de reservas a producción en el año de calibración del modelo. 3. Capacidad de transporte: el gas transportado a través de un gasoducto (los operativos y aquellos que están en plan de construcción), en general, y el gas transportado desde cada cuenca a cada mercado, en particular, debería ser menor o igual a la capacidad del gasoducto. 4. Nivel no negativo de gas natural producido: esto evita la existencia de soluciones inconsistentes no sólo desde un punto de vista económico sino también técnico. Referencias Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo BID (2001). Integración Energética en el Mercosur Ampliado, Washington DC. Beato, Paulina and Juan Benavides (2004). Gas Market Integration in the Southern Cone. Inter-American Development Bank. Washington, D.C. Conrad, Jon M. (1999). Resource Economics. Cambridge University Press. United States of America. Dasgupta, P.S. and G. M. Heal (1979). Economic Theory and Exhaustible Resources. Cambridge University Press. United States of America. Dos Santos, Edmilson M, Victorio E. Oxilia Dávalos, and Murilo T. Werneck Fagá (2006). “Natural Gas Integration in Latin America: Forward or Backwards?”. Revue de l’Energie, Nº 571, mai-juin. Fagundes de Almeida, E.L. y Trebat, N. (2004). “Drivers and barriers to cross-border gas trade in the southern cone”. Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, Vol. 2, Nº 3, Julio. Givogri, Pablo (2007). “Condiciones de abastecimiento y precios de la industria del gas de Argentina en los próximos años”. Fundación Mediterránea. Julio. Córdoba, Argentina. Kozulj, Roberto (2004). “La industria del gas natural en América del Sur: situación y posibilidades de la integración de los mercados”. Serie Recursos Naturales e Infraestructura. Nº 77. CEPAL. Santiago de Chile, Chile. Diciembre.

The use of forensic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon signatures and Compound Ratio Analysis Techniques (CORAT) for the source characterisation of petrogenic/pyrogenic environmental releases.

This study utilised recent developments in forensic aromatic hydrocarbon fingerprint analysis to characterise and identify specific biogenic, pyrogenic and petrogenic contamination. The fingerprinting and data interpretation techniques discussed include the recognition of: The distribution patterns of hydrocarbons (alkylated naphthalene, phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene, fluorene, chrysene and phenol isomers), • Analysis of “source-specific marker” compounds (individual saturated hydrocarbons, including n-alkanes (n-C5 through 0-C40) • Selected benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX), • The recalcitrant isoprenoids; pristane and phytane and • The determination of diagnostic ratios of specific petroleum / non-petroleum constituents, and the application of various statistical and numerical analysis tools. An unknown sample from the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for origin characterisation was subjected to analysis by gas chromatography utilising both flame ionisation and mass spectral detection techniques in comparison to known reference materials. The percentage of the individual Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAIIs) and biomarker concentrations in the unknown sample were normalised to the sum of the analytes and the results were compared with the corresponding results with a range of reference materials. In addition, to the determination of conventional diagnostic PAH and biomarker ratios, a number of “source-specific markers” isomeric PAHs within the same alkylation levels were determined, and their relative abundance ratios were computed in order to definitively identify and differentiate the various sources. Statistical logarithmic star plots were generated from both sets of data to give a pictorial representation of the comparison between the unknown sample and reference products. The study successfully characterised the unknown sample as being contaminated with a “coal tar” and clearly demonstrates the future role of compound ratio analysis (CORAT) in the identification of possible source contaminants.

Untersuchung des Flüssigkeitseintrages auf die Temperaturverteilung in Gas-/Feststoff-Wirbelschichten

Liquid separation efficiency, liquid penetration, modeling, arrays of temperature, distribution, fluidized bed, two-phase-nozzle

Analysis of energy efficiency of gas driven heat pumps

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2011

Electrochemical high temperature membrane reactor for the processing of hydrogen-carbon monoxide gas mixtures

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2013

Electrochemical oxidation of H 2, CO gas mixtures in polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2014

Visual recognition systems in a car passenger compartment with the focus on facial driver identification

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Informatik, Diss., 2014

Experimental and theoretical analysis of the cyclic water gas shift reactor

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2015

Composition of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Spain: an Input-Output Analysis

Extending the traditional input-output model to account for the environmental impacts of production processes reveals the channels by which environmental burdens are transmitted throughout the economy. In particular, the environmental input-output approach is a useful technique for quantifying the changes in the levels of greenhouse emissions caused by changes in the final demand for production activities. The inputoutput model can also be used to determine the changes in the relative composition of greenhouse gas emissions due to exogenous inflows. In this paper we describe a method for evaluating how the exogenous changes in sectorial demand, such as changes in private consumption, public consumption, investment and exports, affect the relative contribution of the six major greenhouse gases regulated by the Kyoto Protocol to total greenhouse emissions. The empirical application is for Spain, and the economic and environmental data are for the year 2000. Our results show that there are significant differences in the effects of different sectors on the composition of greenhouse emissions. Therefore, the final impact on the relative contribution of pollutants will basically depend on the activity that receives the exogenous shock in final demand, because there are considerable differences in the way, and the extent to which, individual activities affect the relative composition of greenhouse gas emissions. Keywords: Greenhouse emissions, composition of emissions, sectorial demand, exogenous shock.

Importation of Acinetobacter baumannii into a burn unit: a recurrent outbreak of infection associated with widespread environmental contamination.

A burn patient was infected with Acinetobacter baumannii on transfer to the hospital after a terrorist attack. Two patients experienced cross-infection. Environmental swab samples were negative for A. baumannii. Six months later, the bacteria reemerged in 6 patients. Environmental swab samples obtained at this time were inoculated into a minimal mineral broth, and culture results showed widespread contamination. No case of infection occurred after closure of the unit for disinfection.

Trade of permits for greenhouse gas emissions; bilateral trade need not be the answer

The Kyoto Protocol sets national quotas on CO2 emissions and allows international trade of these quotas. We argue that this trade is characterized by asymmetric, identity-dependent externalities, and show that bilateral trade may not be sufficient for an efficient allocation of emissions. We derive conditions under which bilateral trade does improve the allocation of permits. The conditions are strong. In this sense, we argue that, for emissions permits, market design matters.

Indirect hydrogen analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical tool very useful to investigate the composition of gaseous mixtures. The different gases are separated by specific columns but, if hydrogen (H2 ) is present in the sample, its detection can be performed by a thermal conductivity detector or a helium ionization detector. Indeed, coupled to GC, no other detector can perform this detection except the expensive atomic emission detector. Based on the detection and analysis of H2 isotopes by low-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS), a new method for H2 detection by GC coupled to MS with an electron ionization ion source and a quadrupole analyser is presented. The presence of H2 in a gaseous mixture could easily be put in evidence by the monitoring of the molecular ion of the protonated carrier gas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Validation of an analytical method for nitrous oxide (N2O) laughing gas by headspace gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS): Forensic application to a lethal intoxication.

Drug abuse is a widespread problem affecting both teenagers and adults. Nitrous oxide is becoming increasingly popular as an inhalation drug, causing harmful neurological and hematological effects. Some gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods for nitrous oxide measurement have been previously described. The main drawbacks of these methods include a lack of sensitivity for forensic applications; including an inability to quantitatively determine the concentration of gas present. The following study provides a validated method using HS-GC-MS which incorporates hydrogen sulfide as a suitable internal standard allowing the quantification of nitrous oxide. Upon analysis, sample and internal standard have similar retention times and are eluted quickly from the molecular sieve 5Å PLOT capillary column and the Porabond Q column therefore providing rapid data collection whilst preserving well defined peaks. After validation, the method has been applied to a real case of N2O intoxication indicating concentrations in a mono-intoxication.