Capital extranjero y agroindustria : Notas para una discusi��n sobre los cambios en la burgues��a vitivin��cola de Argentina a partir de la d��cada del '90

Se propone problematizar c��mo afectan a la burgues��a vitivin��cola de Argentina los cambios producidos en la actividad a partir de la d��cada de los '90, en el marco de los procesos de globalizaci��n. Una de las conclusiones principales es que, aunque el ingreso de capitales extranjeros a la actividad vitivin��cola ha sido importante, la burgues��a cuyos capitales son nacionales y/o locales logra conservar posiciones no desventajosas en la estructura econ��mica de esta agroindustria. Se trabaj�� principalmente con fuentes estad��sticas de organismos oficiales; y con datos obtenidos de p��ginas web de las empresas, de consultoras especializadas y de entrevistas a informantes calificados. Asimismo, se realiz�� una exhaustiva revisi��n bibliogr��fica sobre la tem��tica

Capital extranjero y agroindustria : Notas para una discusi��n sobre los cambios en la burgues��a vitivin��cola de Argentina a partir de la d��cada del '90

Se propone problematizar c��mo afectan a la burgues��a vitivin��cola de Argentina los cambios producidos en la actividad a partir de la d��cada de los '90, en el marco de los procesos de globalizaci��n. Una de las conclusiones principales es que, aunque el ingreso de capitales extranjeros a la actividad vitivin��cola ha sido importante, la burgues��a cuyos capitales son nacionales y/o locales logra conservar posiciones no desventajosas en la estructura econ��mica de esta agroindustria. Se trabaj�� principalmente con fuentes estad��sticas de organismos oficiales; y con datos obtenidos de p��ginas web de las empresas, de consultoras especializadas y de entrevistas a informantes calificados. Asimismo, se realiz�� una exhaustiva revisi��n bibliogr��fica sobre la tem��tica

Cenozoic oxygen isotopic values for benthic foraminifera from DSDP and ODP low and high latitude marine sediment cores

The climate during the Cenozoic era changed in several steps from ice-free poles and warm conditions to ice-covered poles and cold conditions. Since the 1950s, a body of information on ice volume and temperature changes has been built up predominantly on the basis of measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition of shells of benthic foraminifera collected from marine sediment cores. The statistical methodology of time series analysis has also evolved, allowing more information to be extracted from these records. Here we provide a comprehensive view of Cenozoic climate evolution by means of a coherent and systematic application of time series analytical tools to each record from a compilation spanning the interval from 4 to 61 Myr ago. We quantitatively describe several prominent features of the oxygen isotope record, taking into account the various sources of uncertainty (including measurement, proxy noise, and dating errors). The estimated transition times and amplitudes allow us to assess causal climatological-tectonic influences on the following known features of the Cenozoic oxygen isotopic record: Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Eocene-Oligocene Transition, Oligocene-Miocene Boundary, and the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum. We further describe and causally interpret the following features: Paleocene-Eocene warming trend, the two-step, long-term Eocene cooling, and the changes within the most recent interval (Miocene-Pliocene). We review the scope and methods of constructing Cenozoic stacks of benthic oxygen isotope records and present two new latitudinal stacks, which capture besides global ice volume also bottom water temperatures at low (less than 30��) and high latitudes. This review concludes with an identification of future directions for data collection, statistical method development, and climate modeling.

Whole-rock and mineral geochemistry of ODP Hole 176-735B gabbros

We report mineral chemistry, whole-rock major element compositions, and trace element analyses on Hole 735B samples drilled and selected during Leg 176. We discuss these data, together with Leg 176 shipboard data and Leg 118 sample data from the literature, in terms of primary igneous petrogenesis. Despite mineral compositional variation in a given sample, major constituent minerals in Hole 735B gabbroic rocks display good chemical equilibrium as shown by significant correlations among Mg# (= Mg/[Mg + Fe2+]) of olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene and An (=Ca/[Ca + Na]) of plagioclase. This indicates that the mineral assemblages olivine + plagioclase in troctolite, plagioclase + clinopyroxene in gabbro, plagioclases + clinopyroxene + olivine in olivine gabbro, and plagioclase + clinopyroxene + olivine + orthopyroxene in gabbronorite, and so on, have all coprecipitated from their respective parental melts. Fe-Ti oxides (ilmenite and titanomagnetite), which are ubiquitous in most of these rocks, are not in chemical equilibrium with olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase, but precipitated later at lower temperatures. Disseminated oxides in some samples may have precipitated from trapped Fe-Ti-rich melts. Oxides that concentrate along shear bands/zones may mark zones of melt coalescence/transport expelled from the cumulate sequence as a result of compaction or filter pressing. Bulk Hole 735B is of cumulate composition. The most primitive olivine, with Fo = 0.842, in Hole 735B suggests that the most primitive melt parental to Hole 735B lithologies must have Mg# 0.637, which is significantly less than Mg# = 0.714 of bulk Hole 735B. This suggests that a significant mass fraction of more evolved products is needed to balance the high Mg# of the bulk hole. Calculations show that 25%-45% of average Eastern Atlantis II Fracture Zone basalt is needed to combine with 55%-75% of bulk Hole 735B rocks to give a melt of Mg# 0.637, parental to the most primitive Hole 735B cumulate. On the other hand, the parental melt with Mg# 0.637 is far too evolved to be in equilibrium with residual mantle olivine of Fo > 0.89. Therefore, a significant mass fraction of more primitive cumulate (e.g., high Mg# dunite and troctolite) is yet to be sampled. This hidden cumulate could well be deep in the lower crust or simply in the mantle section. We favor the latter because of the thickened cold thermal boundary layer atop the mantle beneath slow-spreading ridges, where cooling and crystallization of ascending mantle melts is inevitable. These observations and data interpretation require reconsideration of the popular concept of primary mantle melts and relationships among the extent of mantle melting, melt production, and the composition and thickness of igneous crust.

Table 1: Technetium-99 in seawater in the West Spitsbergen Current and adjacent areas, sorted from east to west

99Tc levels were measured in seawater samples collected between 2000 and 2002 in the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) and along the western coast of Svalbard or Spitzbergen and compared with available oceanographic 3-D modelling results for the late 1990s. Additional data from related regions are also presented in order to support the data interpretation. The seawater in the Arctic fjord Kongsfjorden on the western coast of Svalbard is influenced by the WSC, as shown by the 99Tc levels in surface water. By means of the WSC, 99Tc reaches the Eastern Fram Strait, where one branch of the WSC turns west into the East Greenland Current (EGC), and another branch continues northwards into the Arctic Ocean. Surface seawater collected in the central part of the WSC during a cruise on board the R/V "Polarstern" in the summer of 2000, showed higher levels of 99Tc than samples measured in Kongsfjorden in the spring of 2000. However, all levels measured in surface water are of the same order of magnitude. Data from sampling of deeper water in the WSC and EGC provide information pertaining to the lateral distribution of 99Tc. In all vertical profiling surveys (conducted in spring and summer), the highest levels of 99Tc were found in surface water. Comparison with oceanographic 3-D modelling indicates both significant seasonal variations in the lateral stratification of the WSC and variations with depth over shorter vertical distances. This information can be applied in sampling strategies, environmental monitoring, long-range transport of pollutants and physical oceanography.

Offshore stereo measurements of gravity waves: classical epipolar and novel variational techniques

Stereo video techniques are effective for estimating the space-time wave dynamics over an area of the ocean. Indeed, a stereo camera view allows retrieval of both spatial and temporal data whose statistical content is richer than that of time series data retrieved from point wave probes. Classical epipolar techniques and modern variational methods are reviewed to reconstruct the sea surface from the stereo pairs sequentially in time. Current improvements of the variational methods are presented.

Space-time Measurements of Oceanic Sea States

Stereo video techniques are effective for estimating the space���time wave dynamics over an area of the ocean. Indeed, a stereo camera view allows retrieval of both spatial and temporal data whose statistical content is richer than that of time series data retrieved from point wave probes. We present an application of the Wave Acquisition Stereo System (WASS) for the analysis of offshore video measurements of gravity waves in the Northern Adriatic Sea and near the southern seashore of the Crimean peninsula, in the Black Sea. We use classical epipolar techniques to reconstruct the sea surface from the stereo pairs sequentially in time, viz. a sequence of spatial snapshots. We also present a variational approach that exploits the entire data image set providing a global space���time imaging of the sea surface, viz. simultaneous reconstruction of several spatial snapshots of the surface in order to guarantee continuity of the sea surface both in space and time. Analysis of the WASS measurements show that the sea surface can be accurately estimated in space and time together, yielding associated directional spectra and wave statistics at a point in time that agrees well with probabilistic models. In particular, WASS stereo imaging is able to capture typical features of the wave surface, especially the crest-to-trough asymmetry due to second order nonlinearities, and the observed shape of large waves are fairly described by theoretical models based on the theory of quasi-determinism (Boccotti, 2000). Further, we investigate space���time extremes of the observed stationary sea states, viz. the largest surface wave heights expected over a given area during the sea state duration. The WASS analysis provides the first experimental proof that a space���time extreme is generally larger than that observed in time via point measurements, in agreement with the predictions based on stochastic theories for global maxima of Gaussian fields.

Inspecci��n t��cnica de la presa Santa Marta, mediante medidas subacu��ticas de potencial espont��neo

Las filtraciones de agua, con la consecuente erosi��n interna en presas de materiales sueltos, es una de las causas principales de fallos y accidentes. Las consecuencias del fallo de estas estructuras, pueden ser, p��rdidas tanto econ��micas como de vidas humanas. Por lo cual en este proyecto se describe la aplicaci��n de un m��todo de prospecci��n geof��sica no invasiva, medidas de potencial espont��neo, para detectar posibles filtraciones de agua en el cuerpo de la presa. El flujo de agua a trav��s de un material poroso y permeable crea un campo de potencial el��ctrico de una magnitud de decenas o centenas de milivoltios, el cual puede ser medido y as�� detectar infiltraciones de agua en presas de materiales sueltos. Se ha aplicado esta t��cnica en la Presa Santa Marta, y mediante una interpretaci��n cualitativa de los datos medidos, tomados en la cara aguas arriba de la presa (medidas subacu��ticas), se logr�� identificar un flujo de agua vertical y otro subhorizontal, que estaban ingresando en el cuerpo de la presa, los cuales estaban causando erosi��n interna y la formaci��n de una tubificaci��n. ABSTRACT Water leakages and internal erosion in embankment dams is one of the main causes of failures and accidents. The consequences of the failure of these structures may cause losses both, economical and of human lives. Therefore, this project describes the application of a noninvasive geophysical prospecting method, self potential measurements, to detect water leakages in the body of the dam. Water flow through a porous and pervious medium creates an electric potential field with a magnitude of tens or hundreds of milivolts, which can be measured and thus detect water leakage in embankment dams. This technique has been applied to the Santa Marta dam, and through a qualitative self potential data interpretation, of the measurements obtained in an upstream direction (underwater measurements), a vertical and sub horizontal water flows entering in the body dam were identified, which were causing internal erosion and developing a piping

Looking for a more comprehensive approach

The necessity/convenience for improving accuracy in determining the flood frequency is widely accepted further than among hydrologists, and is increasingly deepened in relationship with the statement of different thresholds related to the respective management systems. And both Scientific and Management Communities fully accept the necessity of living with determined levels of flood risk. Most of the approaches for ���Advancing Methods��� improving concentrate on the statistical ways, even since Climate in fact is not a Stationary process. The question is here reflected since the SMARTeST research and final highlights, policy and recommendations. The paper looks at a better agreement between Hydrology and the whole Climate as the result of the Global Thermal Machine and takes mainly into account a historical approach, trying to show the necessity of a wider collection and analysis of climate data for statistical approaches.

Looking for a more comprehensive approach

The necessity/convenience for improving accuracy in determining the flood frequency is widely accepted further than among hydrologists, and is increasingly deepened in relationship with the statement of different thresholds related to the respective management systems. And both Scientific and Management Communities fully accept the necessity of living with determined levels of flood risk. Most of the approaches for ���Advancing Methods��� improving concentrate on the statistical ways, even since Climate in fact is not a Stationary process. The question is here reflected since the SMARTeST research and final highlights, policy and recommendations. The paper looks at a better agreement between Hydrology and the whole Climate as the result of the Global Thermal Machine and takes mainly into account a historical approach, trying to show the necessity of a wider collection and analysis of climate data for statistical approaches.

Offshore stereo measurements of gravity waves

Stereo video techniques are effective for estimating the space-time wave dynamics over an area of the ocean. Indeed, a stereo camera view allows retrieval of both spatial and temporal data whose statistical content is richer than that of time series data retrieved from point wave probes. To prove this, we consider an application of the Wave Acquisition Stereo System (WASS) for the analysis of offshore video measurements of gravity waves in the Northern Adriatic Sea. In particular, we deployed WASS at the oceanographic platform Acqua Alta, off the Venice coast, Italy. Three experimental studies were performed, and the overlapping field of view of the acquired stereo images covered an area of approximately 1100 m2. Analysis of the WASS measurements show that the sea surface can be accurately estimated in space and time together, yielding associated directional spectra and wave statistics that agree well with theoretical models. From the observed wavenumber-frequency spectrum one can also predict the vertical profile of the current flow underneath the wave surface. Finally, future improvements of WASS and applications are discussed.

An��lisis fundamental aplicado a la industria minera : un estudio multivariante

Este trabajo tiene por objeto aplicar los principios del Value Investing a veinticuatro empresas del sector minero y definir las claves para extrapolar, en base a un an��lisis fundamental, una calificaci��n para cada una de las empresas. Con este fin, se ha realizado un estudio estad��stico multivariante para comparar las correlaciones existentes entre cada ratio fundamental y su evoluci��n en bolsa a uno, tres y cinco a��os vista. Para procesar los datos se han utilizado los programas MATLAB y EXCEL. Sobre ellos se ha planteado una Matriz de Correlaciones de Pearson y un estudio de dispersi��n por cruce de pares. El an��lisis demostr�� que es posible aplicar la metodolog��a del Value Investing a empresas del sector minero con resultados positivos aunque, el ajuste de las correlaciones, sugiere utilizar series temporales m��s largas y un mayor n��mero de empresas para ganar fiabilidad en el contraste de estas hip��tesis. De los estudios realizados, se deduce que unos buenos fundamentales influyen, de manera notable, a la revalorizaci��n burs��til a 3 y 5 a��os destacando, adem��s, que el ajuste es mejor cuanto mayor sea este tiempo. Abstract This study aims to apply the principles of Value Investing to twenty four mining companies and, based on this fundamental study, develop a rating to classify those companies. For this purpose, we have performed a multivariate statistical study to compare the correlations between each fundamental ratio and its stock revalorization for one, three and five years. MATLAB and EXCEL have been used to process data. The statistical methods used are Pearson Matrix of Correlations and a Cross Pairs Scattering Study. The analysis showed that it is possible to apply the methodology of Value Investing to mining companies, although, the adjustment of correlations suggests using longer time series and a larger amount of companies to test these hypothesis. From the studies performed, it follows that good fundamentals significantly influence the stock market value at 3 and 5 years, noting that, the larger the period under study, the better the fit.

Modelizaci��n del efecto de la pendiente de la v��a sobre el consumo de veh��culos turismo

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo generar una metodolog��a validada que permita predecir el consumo de veh��culos turismo circulando en cualquier tramo de v��a a partir del perfil orogr��fico y del diagrama velocidad-tiempo. Para la generaci��n de la metodolog��a, se ha realizado un modelo de simulaci��n con el programa ADVISOR que permite calcular el consumo de combustible para un determinado recorrido en el que se tiene en cuenta el perfil orogr��fico. Este modelo fue validado con datos reales medidos con equipos on-board y se us�� para calcular el consumo de combustible diferencial debido al efecto de la pendiente de la v��a, al poderse simular con y sin pendiente. Se realizaron m��ltiples simulaciones de recorridos con velocidad m��xima variable con el fin de obtener un n��mero significativo de datos. Con los resultados de las diferentes simulaciones, se realiz�� un estudio estad��stico, para determinar las variables influyentes y se gener�� una funci��n estad��stica (Ecuaci��n de Consumo Estimado ��� ECE) que permite calcular el consumo de combustible debido a la pendiente de la v��a, conociendo el consumo del veh��culo en carretera llana (sin pendiente). Esta funci��n estad��stica generada (ECE), se valid�� con datos reales medidos en tr��fico real. Con el fin de darle generalidad y aplicabilidad a la funci��n generada, y teniendo en cuenta que el consumo de combustible en carretera llana no est�� siempre disponible, se ha calculado el consumo de combustible sin pendiente utilizando la metodolog��a Copert 4, metodolog��a oficial desarrollada por la Agencia de Medio Ambiente de Europa (EEA) para la estimaci��n de emisiones y consumo de combustible que est�� basada en datos experimentales pero que no tiene en cuenta la pendiente de la v��a. La Ecuaci��n de Consumo Estimado (ECE) aplicada a los consumos calculados por la metodolog��a Copert 4, se valida tambi��n usando datos reales medidos en tr��fico real y se comprueba que esta funci��n se ajusta considerablemente bien a la realidad, con un error en el consumo acumulado frente al del ensayo real de un 1% y una correlaci��n con el consumo instant��neo del ensayo real de 0,93. Se concluye, que la Funci��n de Consumo Estimado (ECE), permite predecir el efecto de la pendiente sobre el consumo de combustible de un veh��culo turismo en tr��fico real con un error menor del 1%. Abstract This projects aims to develop a validated methodology that enables to predict cars consumption while circulating at any kind of road section based on its orographic outline and the speed-time diagram. In order to develop this methodology, a simulation model has been performed with the programme ADVISOR, that allows fuel consumption calculation for an specific route in which the orographic outline is considered. This model was validated by real data measured with an on-board equipment and it was used to calculate the differential fuel consumption caused by the effect of the slope on the road, as it was possible to simulate with or without slope. Many simulations were run with routes with variable maximum speed, aiming to obtain a significant amount of data. An statistical study was carried out with the results of those simulations with the purpose to determine the influential variables and an statistical function ( Estimated Consumption Equation ��� ECE) that enables fuel consumption calculation due to the road���s slope when the consumption of a vehicle on horizontal road (without any slope) is known. This statistical function (ECE) was validated by real data measured in real traffic conditions. With the purpose to generalise the function and increase its applicability, considering that the consumption of a vehicle on horizontal road is not always available, the nonslope fuel consumption has been calculated through Copert 4 methodology, which is the official methodology developed by the European Environmental Agency (EEA) for emissions and fuel consumption calculation based on experimental data, but without taking into consideration the road���s slope. The Estimated Consumption Equation (ECE) applied to the consumption calculated through Copert 4 methodology is also validated using real data measured in real traffic conditions. It was verified that this function considerably adjusts to reality, with an error on the accumulated consumption compared to the real test of 1% and a correlation with the real test immediate fuel consumption of 0,93. It is concluded that the Estimated Consumption Equation (ECE) enables to predict the effect of the slope on the fuel consumption of a car in real traffic conditions with an error less than 1%.

Aplicaci��n de herramientas gis para la cartograf��a y correlaci��n de datos de ensayos no destructivos en el diagn��stico de edificios hist��ricos

La presente tesis propone un nuevo m��todo de cartograf��a de ensayos no destructivos en edificios hist��ricos mediante el uso de t��cnicas basadas en SIG. Primeramente, se define el m��todo por el cual es posible elaborar y convertir una cartograf��a 3D basada en nubes de puntos de un elemento arquitect��nico obtenida mediante fotogrametr��a, en cartograf��a raster y vectorial, legible por los sistemas SIG mediante un sistema de coordenadas particular que referencian cada punto de la nube obtenida por fotogrametr��a. A esta cartograf��a inicial la denominaremos cartograf��a base. Despu��s, se define el m��todo por el cual los puntos donde se realiza un ensayo NDT se referencian al sistema de coordenadas del plano base, lo que permite la generaci��n de cartograf��as de los ensayos referenciadas y la posibilidad de obtener sobre un mismo plano base diferentes datos de m��ltiples ensayos. Estas nuevas cartograf��as las denominaremos cartograf��as de datos, y se demostrar�� la utilidad de las mismas en el estudio del deterioro y la humedad. Se incluir�� el factor tiempo en las cartograf��as, y se mostrar�� c��mo este nuevo hecho posibilita el trabajo interdisciplinar en la elaboraci��n del diagn��stico. Finalmente, se generar��n nuevas cartograf��as in��ditas hasta entonces consistentes en la combinaci��n de diferentes cartograf��as de datos con la misma planimetr��a base. Estas nuevas cartograf��as, dar��n pie a la obtenci��n de lo que se ha definido como mapas de isograma de humedad, mapa de isograma de salinidad, factor de humedad, factor de evaporaci��n, factor de salinidad y factor de degradaci��n del material. Mediante este sistema se facilitar�� una mejor visi��n del conjunto de los datos obtenidos en el estudio del edificio hist��rico, lo que favorecer�� la correcta y rigurosa interpretaci��n de los datos para su posterior restauraci��n. ABSTRACT This research work proposes a new mapping method of non-destructive testing in historical buildings, by using techniques based on GIS. First of all, the method that makes it possible to produce and convert a 3D map based on cloud points from an architectural element obtained by photogrammetry, are defined, as raster and vector, legible by GIS mapping systems using a particular coordinate system that will refer each cloud point obtained by photogrammetry. This initial mapping will be named base planimetry. Afterwards, the method by which the points where the NDT test is performed are referenced to the coordinate system of the base plane , which allows the generation of maps of the referenced tests and the possibility of obtaining different data from multiple tests on the same base plane. These new maps will be named mapping data and their usefulness will be demonstrated in the deterioration and moisture study. The time factor in maps will be included, and how this new fact will enable the interdisciplinary work in the elaboration of the diagnosis will be proved. Finally, new maps (unpublished until now) will be generated by combining different mapping from the same planimetry data base. These new maps will enable us to obtain what have been called isograma moisture maps, isograma salinity- maps, humidity factor, evaporation factor, salinity factor and the material degradation factor. This system will provide a better vision of all data obtained in the study of historical buildings , and will ease the proper and rigorous data interpretation for its subsequent restoration.

A review of clinical trial designs used to detect a disease-modifying effect of drug therapy in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease

Acknowledgements This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research Programme (Grant Reference Number RP-PG-0707-10124). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the report or for the decision to submit for publication.