Influence of the season of year, stage of lactation and milking time on the chloride content in bovine milk

From January to October 1995, chloride content determinations were accomplished in 2,218 samples of milk collected from 67 quarters of 17 lactating cows, in initial, middle and final stages of lactation, in the morning and afternoon milking. The highest means of chloride contents were observed among the milk samples collected in the final stage of lactation (0,203 gC1/100ml), in the summer (0,212 gC1/100ml) and in the morning milking (0,189 g C1/100ml). The differences observed between the chloride contents in the samples obtained in the different stages of lactation and the seasons of the year were statistically significant (P<0.0001). The gratest occornce of chloride at rates superior to 0.22 gC1100ml was observed in the final stge of lactation (31.4%), summer (44.2%) and after the morning milking (27.8%). These results evidentiate the influence of physiological and external factors (stage of lactation and season of the year) on the concentration of chloride of milk.

Digestibility and metabolizable energy of some carbohydrate sources for dogs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito de sinigrina aplicada em folhas de brássicas sobre características biológicos de Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chilling Injury in Avocados and Its Prevention with Thermal Treatment

The combinations of temperature and time which can cause chilling injuries in avocados 'Geada', 'Quintal' and 'Fortuna' were determined. The binomial 4 degrees C/ 28 days was selected to determine the activity of peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), polygalacturonase (PG) and methylesterase pectin (PME). The respiratory activity was also evaluated. The fruits were stored at this condition until being transferred to ambient conditions (22 degrees C and 77% RH) until maturity, when they were compared to fruits stored permanently at this environment, after being cleaned (control). In the second part of this work, different hydrothermal treatments were tested to prevent or minimize chilling injuries. Avocados 'Geada', 'Quintal' and 'Fortuna' were treated at 38 degrees C for 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes before storage at 4 degrees C for 28 days. It was observed that the activity of enzymes associated to browning, POD and PPO, and to maturation, PG and PME, had become greater in fruits stored at 4 degrees C, or when they were transferred to environmental conditions. Fruits subjected to refrigeration, after transferred to environment, presented lower respiratory peak intensity and it occurred earlier than the others. Treatments using 38 degrees C for 60 and 90 min minimized the symptoms of chilling injury in avocados 'Geada' while for 'Quintal' the most efficient was 38 degrees C for 60 min. In 'Fortuna' these treatments did not minimize the damage by cold.

Bayesian inference in genetic parameter estimation of visual scores in Nellore beef-cattle

The aim of this study was to estimate the components of variance and genetic parameters for the visual scores which constitute the Morphological Evaluation System (MES), such as body structure (S), precocity (P) and musculature (M) in Nellore beef-cattle at the weaning and yearling stages, by using threshold Bayesian models. The information used for this was gleaned from visual scores of 5,407 animals evaluated at the weaning and 2,649 at the yearling stages. The genetic parameters for visual score traits were estimated through two-trait analysis, using the threshold animal model, with Bayesian statistics methodology and MTGSAM (Multiple Trait Gibbs Sampler for Animal Models) threshold software. Heritability estimates for S, P and M were 0.68, 0.65 and 0.62 (at weaning) and 0.44, 0.38 and 0.32 (at the yearling stage), respectively. Heritability estimates for S, P and M were found to be high, and so it is expected that these traits should respond favorably to direct selection. The visual scores evaluated at the weaning and yearling stages might be used in the composition of new selection indexes, as they presented sufficient genetic variability to promote genetic progress in such morphological traits.

Avaliação da época de estaquia e uso de bioregulador no enraizamento de estacas de figueira

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a propagação da figueira com estacas semilenhosas, empregando-se concentrações de ácido indolbutírico, em diferentes épocas de coleta. O material propagativo utilizado foi proveniente de figueiras da cv. Roxo de Valinhos, com 5 anos de idade. As estacas foram retiradas por ocasião da poda hibernal, no final dos meses de agosto, setembro e outubro, as quais foram tratadas com AIB preparado em pó, nas seguintes concentrações: 0 (testemunha); 2.500; 5.000; 7.500 e 10.000 mg kg-1. Posteriormente, foram colocadas para enraizar em bandejas de polipropileno, tendo como substrato vermiculita e mantidas sob nebulização intermitente por 70 dias. Decorrido esse período, avaliaram-se a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas (%), o comprimento da maior raiz (cm) e a massa seca das raízes (g). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 5. Observou-se que estacas provenientes do tratamento-testemunha e da poda de agosto apresentaram baixa porcentagem de enraizamento (20%), menor comprimento e massa seca de raiz, necessitando de tratamento com AIB na concentração de 2.500 mg kg-1, que aumentou significativamente esta porcentagem (90%). Estacas oriundas da poda de setembro e outubro não necessitaram de tratamento com AIB para conseguirem um elevado enraizamento. O mês de setembro foi o mais viável para a coleta de estacas de figueira, pois houve maior porcentagem de enraizamento das estacas (95-100%). As estacas tratadas com 7.500 e 10.000 mg kg-1 de AIB apresentaram as mais baixas porcentagens de enraizamento nos meses de agosto e outubro.

Respostas fisiológicas durante teste de caminhada dos 6 minutos em mulheres com diferentes níveis de adiposidade

Backgroud: Obesity is a major public health problem and is related to the low physical capacity when obese are compared to no-obese people, however the cause of this limitation is not completely understood. The measurement associated of physiological response to the telemetric 6MWT adds information of metabolic and respiratory system for diagnose of the functional limitation. Objective: Analyze physiological, metabolic and ventilatory responses in women with different body fat during the 6MWT. Methods: 32 women (8 non-obese, 8 Overweight, 8 Obese and 8 morbidly obese) were evaluated for anthropometry, lung function and exercise capacity. Results: Morbidly obese walked the shortest distance (400.2±38.7m), had lower VO2/Kg (12.75±3.20l/Kg/min) and lower R (0.74± 0.11) in the 6MWT compared to other groups. Analyses of metabolic (VO2 and VCO2) and respiratory (VE, VT and BF) during the test did not identify differences between groups. The evaluation of cardiac function (O2 pulse) found higher values in the OM (12.3 ± 4.9ml/bat). Conclusion: The OM had worse performance in the 6MWT compared to other groups. The physical performance may be reduced in this population related to a protocol-dependent response because the speed of 6MWT is self-adjusted allows the individual himself select the intensity of the test, making it set at a speed where there is energy saving

Percepção do mercado romântico e influência do contexto nas preferências românticas entre universitários

Men and women express different preferences for ideal romantic partners. These preferences seem to vary with the level of involvement and commitment expected for the relationship and the perceptions people have about themselves. The current work was developed to expand the findings related to this subject, investigating the market perception of romantic relationships and the effect of context on self-assessment and preferences for romantic partners. For this purpose, 753 undergraduate, Brazilian and American, were enrolled between March 2010 and November 2012 and took part in at least one of the four studies that compose this research, performing the assessment of specific stimulus-subject descriptions. Studies one and two addressed Brazilian and American samples to respectively describe female and male expectations on human mating market. It was observed that individuals from both the genders expect positive assortative mating within couples, that each trait is not evaluated independently, and, in addition to biological predispositions, factors as environmental local constrains and cultural values may also affect mating expectations. The contrasts between the samples showed that Americans valued physical-attractiveness and social-status in describing the same-gender subjects and their expected partners, while Brazilians valued social-skills. Another expectation was also identified for both genders: physically attractive women and men of high-status were expected to be paired to each other. Study three addressed males and females expectations regarding which characteristics are most relevant in ensuring desirable partnerships for same-gender individuals. The results showed that men and women can be grouped together by having similar expectations. However, the group mainly composed of men considered status characteristics as the most important attributes, while the groups mostly composed of women indicated that social skills or physical characteristics as the most important in appealing to a desirable partner. Finally, study four investigated the effect of social comparison on self-perception and mate preferences, revealing that individuals were aware of the attributes valued by the opposite-gender and that self-perception was affected by the attributes of other people. In sum, this work evidenced that romantic relationships can be interpreted as a biological market and that the value of the attributes in the romantic mating marketplace are associated with reproductive relevance of the characteristics.

Características do apoio social oferecido a idosos de área rural assistida pelo PSF

Trata-se de um trabalho epidemiológico do tipo transversal, com o objetivo de descrever as características do apoio social e identificar associações entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e categorias de suporte social, em população rural do Bairro dos Aleixos, no município de Taquarituba ­ SP. Para medir o apoio social, utilizou-se da escala Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), traduzida para o português e validada em nosso meio. A população caracterizou-se por mulheres, predominantemente da raça branca, entre 60 a 69 anos, casadas e/ou vivendo em concubinatos, de baixa renda e residindo em domicílios multigeracionais. Escores de apoio médios elevados foram identificados, indicando situação favorável entre os idosos estudados. em termos médios, a categoria de apoio com pior escore foi interação social positiva. A análise bivariada demonstrou uma diferença significativa entre escore de apoio afetivo e de apoio emocional com número de pessoas no domicílio e maior freqüência de escores altos de interação social (3º tercil) em idosos do sexo masculino e naqueles com maior grau de escolaridade. O estudo apontou ainda que escores de apoio social menores foram mais freqüentes em mulheres, analfabetos, viúvos ou solteiros, idosos com renda entre um e dois salários mínimos.

Plasma glutathione of HIV+ patients responded positively and differently to dietary supplementation with cysteine or glutamine

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliações clínica e morfométrica da capacidade angiogênica da membrana de quitosana em córneas de coelhos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Art in the inclusion of children with special needs in dentistry

A proposta deste estudo é relatar a utilização da arte e seus segmentos, como recurso para inclusão da criança portadora de necessidades especiais ao ambiente odontológico. Foi utilizado como método a aplicação da arte em atividades de socioterapia e oficinas, divididas em módulos: sessão de socialização, oficinas de arte e atividades complementares, visando à elaboração de uma anamnese cultural por meio de questionários e a obtenção das preferências artísticas dos 313 participantes, previamente às suas assistências odontológicas no CAOE (Centro de Assistência Odontológica a Portadores de Necessidades Especiais) FOA/Unesp. de acordo com os questionários respondidos, a música e a pintura, segundo a preferência dos participantes, são os segmentos artísticos que mais auxiliam nas atividades de inclusão e adaptação. Concluímos que a utilização da arte na adaptação e inclusão ambiental do paciente, previamente à assistência odontológica, é favorável e eficaz.

Tunnel technique with a surgical maneuver to increase the graft extension: Case report with a 3-year follow-up

Background: This article reports a clinical case with a 3-year follow-up in which a subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) was used with the tunnel technique to treat multiple gingival recessions, and describes a technique used to enlarge the extension of the graft.Methods: A 41 -year-old female patient was referred for evaluation and treatment of maxillary multiple recessions. Following basic therapy, the plaque index was 23%, and the gingival index was 12%. Thus, SCTG with the tunnel technique was proposed to provide root coverage of Miller Class I recession on teeth #8 through #11 and a Miller Class III recession on tooth #12. After the donor area had been prepared, SCTG was removed and split cross-sectionally to lengthen it. The graft was placed through the tunnel and sutured.Results: Two weeks after the surgical procedure, the tissue color was nearly homogeneous with some reddish regions where the connective tissue was left uncovered, and there were no signs of incisions or suture marks. After 3 years of follow-up, the mean coverage of the recessions was 2.2 +/- 0.7 mm (74.2%), which corresponded to the gain of keratinized tissue. In addition, a gain in tissue thickness was observed.Conclusion: In a long-term evaluation, the tunnel technique with the elongated SCTG was used successfully for treatment of multiple gingival recessions with an increase of the soft tissue volume and gain of keratinized tissue.

Seasonal population dynamics in Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Silk formation mechanisms in the larval salivary glands of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera : Apidae)

The mechanism of silk formation in Apis mellifera salivary glands, during the 5th instar, was studied. Larval salivary glands were dissected and prepared for light and polarized light microscopy, as well as for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that silk formation starts at the middle of the 5th instar and finishes at the end of the same instar. This process begins in the distal secretory portion of the gland, going towards the proximal secretory portion; and from the periphery to the center of the gland lumen. The silk proteins are released from the secretory cells as a homogeneous substance that polymerizes in the lumen to form compact birefringent tactoids. Secondly, the water absorption from the lumen secretion, carried out by secretory and duct cells, promotes aggregation of the tactoids that form a spiral-shape filament with a zigzag pattern. This pattern is also the results of the silk compression in the gland lumen and represents a high concentration of macromolecularly well-oriented silk proteins.