Predicting the need for insulin therapy in late onset (40-69 years) diabetes mellitus

A six-year prospective study of 144 newly diagnosed, symptomatic diabetic patients aged 40-69 years showed that 21 (15%) required insulin therapy, commencing 1-61 months after diagnosis. The plasma insulin response to oral glucose was assessed at the time of diagnosis. All 12 patients with very low peak insulin response (less than or equal to 6 mU/l) required insulin therapy. Thirty-six patients had an intermediate insulin response (greater than 6 less than or equal to 18 mU/l); of these, 7 with a mean weight 88% (range 73-96%) of average body weight required insulin, while 29 with a mean weight 117% (range 98-158%) of average body weight, did not. Ninety-six patients had a peak insulin response (greater than 18 mU/l); 2 patients whose weights were 96% and 100% of average body weight, required insulin, while the remainder did not. Consideration of initial body weight and peak insulin response provides a useful prediction of the eventual need for insulin.

Exclusion of linkage between schizophrenia and the D2 dopamine receptor gene region of chromosome 11q in 112 Irish multiplex families

A leading theory hypothesizes that schizophrenia arises from dysregulation of the dopamine system in certain brain regions. As this dysregulation could arise from abnormal expression of D2 dopamine receptors, the D2 receptor gene (DRD2) on chromosome 11q is a candidate locus for schizophrenia. We tested whether allelic variation at DRD2 and five surrounding loci cosegregated with schizophrenia in 112 small- to moderate-size Irish families containing two or more members affected with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, defined by DSM-III-R. Evidence of linkage was assessed using varying definitions of illness and modes of transmission. Assuming genetic homogeneity, linkage between schizophrenia and large regions of 11q around DRD2 could be strongly excluded. Assuming genetic heterogeneity, variation at the DRD2 locus could be rejected as a major risk factor for schizophrenia in more than 50% of these families for all models tested and in as few as 25% of the families for certain models. The DRD2 linkage in fewer than 25% of these families could not be excluded under any of the models tested. Our results suggest that the major component of genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia is not due to allelic variation at the DRD2 locus or other genes in the surrounding chromosomal region.

Regulation of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 oligomerization and apoptosis by the WD-40 repeat region

Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) has been identified as a proximal activator of caspase-9 in cell death pathways that trigger mitochondrial damage and cytochrome c release. The mechanism of Apaf-1 action is unclear but has been proposed to involve the clustering of caspase-9 molecules, thereby facilitating autoprocessing of adjacent zymogens. Here we show that Apaf-1 can dimerize via the CED-4 homologous and linker domains of the molecule providing a means by which Apaf-1 can promote the clustering of caspase-9 and facilitate its activation. Apaf-1 dimerization was repressed by the C-terminal half of the molecule, which contains multiple WD-40 repeats, but this repression was overcome in the presence of cytochrome c and dATP. Removal of the WD-40 repeat region resulted in a constitutively active Apaf-1 that exhibited greater cytotoxicity in transient transfection assays when compared with full-length Apaf-1. These data suggest a mechanism for Apaf-1 function and reveal an important regulatory role for the WD-40 repeat region.

Circulating YKL-40 in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera treated with the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat

YKL-40 regulates vascular endothelial growth factors and induces tumor proliferation. We investigated YKL-40 before and after treatment with vorinostat in 31 polycythemia vera (PV) and 16 essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients. Baseline PV patient levels were 2 times higher than in healthy controls (P < 0.0001) and 1.7 times higher than in ET (P = 0.02). A significant correlation between YKL-40 at baseline and neutrophils, CRP, LDH, JAK2V617F and platelets in PV patients was observed, as well as a significantly greater reduction of YKL-40 levels in PV patients responding to therapy. YKL-40 might be a novel marker of disease burden and progression in myeloproliferative neoplasms.

North Atlantic surface ocean 14C variability between 30 – 40 kyr. BP

The Faroe-Shetland channel is situated in the main path of the inflow of warm North Atlantic surface water to the Nordic seas and further provides an escape route for the cold Norwegian Sea Deep Water. AMS 14C dates of planktonic foraminifera covering Marine Isotope Stage 3 from two cores in the Faroe-Shetland channel will be used to trace past variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The reservoir age R shows considerable variability ranging between 50 to 2750 14C years. In particular high R values are observed during Heinrich event 4 (H4) with values around 1550 14C years and during the Laschamp magnetic excursion with R values as high as 2700 14C years. The period between Greenland interstadial 8 (GI8) and GI5 show highly variable R values with interstadial R values around 500 – 650 14C years, i.e. slightly higher than ‘normal’, whereas stadials show either significantly higher or lower R values. From GI5 towards the Last Glacial Maximum R values are generally around 1000 14C years or higher. Using magnetic susceptibility, IRD and δ13C and δ18O values measured on the planktic foraminifera species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, we compare the observed R variability with reconstructed changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Furthermore a climate model of intermediate complexity (GENIE) including 14C is used as conceptual tool for identifying oceanographic configuration explaining the observed R variability.

Solid-state NMR and powder XRD studies of the structure of SAPO-40 upon hydration-dehydration cycles

It is well known that after the removal of the template many porous aluminophosphates and related materials are very sensitive to water.' Depending on the type of structure, reversible or irreversible phase transitions, loss of crystallinity and changes in the coordination of some framework A1 upon rehydration are observed. For example, solid-state NMR shows that the rehydration of SAPO-5 leads to the formation of octahedral Al. Subsequent dehydration restores the initial tetrahedral coordination of Al. Template-free SAPO-37 becomes totally amorphous to X-rays after exposure to water and stays so after subsequent thermal treatment^.,,^ In contrast, Barthomeuf and co-workers have shown recently, that, on hydration, template-free SAPO-34, an analogue of chabasite, shows the opening of some Si-0-A1 bonds, the effect being reversible upon dehydrati~n.T~h e hydrated distorted structure was found to be stable for months with no further modifications and the ordered material could be regenerated by removal of water. Here we wish to report that the structure of template-free SAPO-40 undergoes a similar reversible modification.

Implication de la prostaglandine D2 dans le contrôle du métabolisme osseux chez l'homme

Les prostaglandines sont des médiateurs lipidiques impliqués dans de nombreux processus physiologiques et pathologiques. De récentes évidences dans la littérature ainsi que de notre laboratoire ont fait ressortir le fait que la PGD2 pourrait être impliquée dans le contrôle du métabolisme osseux. Mes travaux de doctorat ont été effectués selon cette hypothèse et ont déterminé l’effet de la PGD2 sur la différenciation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses et des précurseurs ostéoclastiques, en plus d’étudier le rôle de cette prostaglandine dans la réparation des fractures chez l’homme. De plus, j’ai étudié l’internalisation et la désensibilisation des récepteurs de la PGD2, DP et CRTH2. D’un point de vue moléculaire, mes résultats démontrent un patron d’internalisation et désensibilisation différent pour les 2 récepteurs de la PGD2. Bien que la cinétique d’internalisation de ces récepteurs soit la même, l’internalisation de DP est régulée par les arrestines 2 et 3, la GRK2 et la PKC, alors que l’arrestine 3, les GRK2, 5 et 6, PKC et PKA régulent celle de CRTH2. L’internalisation de DP et CRTH2 est réduite par la co-expression de Rab4 et Rab11 respectivement, ce qui suggère des systèmes de recyclage différents. En analysant la signalisation de ces récepteurs, nous avons découvert que la GRK2 régule la signalisation de DP, alors que les 3 GRKs étudiées, soient les GRK2, 5 et 6 régulent la signalisation de CRTH2. Nous avons également démontré que les récepteurs de la PGD2 ont des effets différents sur la différenciation des CSMs humaines. En effet, la différenciation adipocytaire est augmentée de façon significative par la PGD2 et cet effet est dû à l’activation du récepteur PPAR-γ par un métabolite de la PGD2. L’activation du récepteur DP diminue l’adipogenèse alors que CRTH2 n’y joue pas de rôle significatif. Cependant, CRTH2 augmente significativement la différenciation des CSM en ostéoblastes, alors que l’activation de DP l’inhibe. Mes travaux ont montré que la PGD2 module l’ostéoclastogenèse et la résorption osseuse en abaissant l’expression de gènes impliqués dans celles-ci. En effet, les gènes NFATC1, RANK et CathK sont fortement régulés à la baisse par l’activation des récepteurs de la PGD2. Pour terminer, nous avons identifié l’axe de la PGD2 comme étant important lors du remodelage osseux chez l’homme. En comparant une cohorte de patients ayant une fracture osseuse à des contrôles, nous avons découvert que la production de PGD2 et l’expression d’une de ses synthétases sont significativement plus élevées que chez les contrôles. Parallèlement, la production de PGE2 ne diffère pas entre les groupes indiquant que l’augmentation de PGD2 n’est pas due à l’inflammation non spécifique causée par la fracture. De plus, l’augmentation de synthèse de PGD2 corrèle avec l’augmentation de la BAP, un marqueur clinique de formation osseuse. J’ai donc démontré que la PGD2, par l’entremise de l’activation de CRTH2, est un médiateur lipidique important pour la physiologie osseuse et que son activation pourrait favoriser l’anabolisme osseux.