Site n°5. The Pertuis Breton (Bay of Biscay) France

1.This report presents the results of a field study conducted in the ECASA test site nOS in the Pertuis Breton, France. The site is located on the Atlantic West coasts. It is open to the bay of Biscay, but is slightly protected against westerly winds. The bay has been exploited by intertidal mussels culture for centuries. 2. Within the bay, mussels (Mytilus edulis) are cultivated either by the traditional pole technique, around the bay or on longlines in the centre of the bay. The area occupied by these longline s represents 250 ha, and the resulting annual production is 1 000 tonnes of mussels. The average depth at mid tide is of 13.8 m. The sediment is sandy, with a small fraction of mud. 3. The site is subject to several regular monitoring through the local implementation of national networks aiming at protecting the environment and marine resources, on pollutants (RNO), microbiological quality of the waters (REMI), phytoplanktonic toxic species (REPHY) and growth and mortality of molluscs (REMORA). Benthic macrofauna was studied in 1976. 4. Five sampling sations were chosen along a line, starting under the longlines, and at distances of 50, 100, 200, and 400 metres from the area cultivated. A reference station was chosen in a different direction at 2300 metres of the cultivated area. Sampling methods are described in the text. _Sediments were sampled for different analyses: grain size, content in organic matter, total organic carbon and nitrogen, and phytic pigments (chlorophyll a and phaeopigments). Redox were measured in cores. The macrofauna living into the sediment was also sampled. The water column was sampled for physical (temperature, transparency) and chemical parametres, including oxygen content, salinity, organic matter, dissolved nitrogen forms, phosphates and silicates. Results from benthic macrofauna surveys indicate that there were no significant differences between the different stations and the reference station, all being classified as slightly disturbed. The bay is submitted to freshwater runoffs from two adjacent rivers. 7. The sediment is slightly modified by the culture of bivalves. Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, Eh values and pheopigments were significantly higher under the trestles than in any other stations. Other stations often did not differ from the reference station. 8. The effects of shellfish culture on the water column were. However, it was observed a small decrease of the food available to the molluscs near the rearing 9. The DEB model was able to describe and predict adequately the growth of oysters, both in the Baie des Veys and in the Loch Creran. The parametres for its use in other environment are given, but a tuning of one parametre should be performed with the help of authors. 10. Among the indicators and models for use in are as of intertidal bivalve culture, it is recommended to use the sediment quality index, TOC (Total Organic Carbon), redox and pheopigments, in surficial sediment, AMBI for the macrofauna, chlorophyll a contents and nitrogen forms in the water column, and models describing the carrying capacity, filtration rate of molluscs, and a DEB model to predict the growth of molluscs.

L'amélioration de la qualité des huîtres à échelle professionnelle: intégration de l'eau salée souterraine traitée comme milieu d'élevage

Les travaux menés au LCPL depuis plusieurs année sur l'engraissement contrôlé de l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas ont permis, à l'échelle expérimentale de définir les différents paramètres d'élevage: Température: 14°C ration alimentaire: 2.109 cell/ind/j de la diatomée Skeletonema costatum indice AFNOR initial sans incidence débit d'eau: 3 lIind/h eau de mer ou eau salée souterraine Dans ces conditions et après 30 jours d'engraissement, le poids total des huîtres a progressé de 10%, le poids sec de 230%, l'indice AFNOR de 80% et la concentration en glycogène de 450%. Le travail réalisé ici a pour but de transposer de l'échelle expérimentale à une échelle significative pour les professionnels, la technique d'engraissement contrôlé en utilisant l'eau salée souterraine pour la production de phytoplancton d'une part et comme vecteur de régulation thermique d'autre part. En effet, un des intérêts de l'utilisation de l'eau salée souterraine réside dans sa température constante de 14°C permettant un engraissement des huîtres en toute saison sans risque de déclenchement de la gamétogenèse. Afin de vérifier cette possibilité, l'étude a été réalisée au cours de deux saisons: printemps et automne. Pour l'eassai automnal, trois bassins de 8 m2 ont été utilisés, alimentés respectivement en eau de mer naturelle, eau de mer régulé en température par échange thermique avec de l'eau salée souterraine et eau salée souterraine traitée. Dans chaque bassin, 330 kg d'huîtres ont été disposées en 7 ruches de 4 clayettes. Pour l'essai printanier, seuls deux bassins ont été utilisés, alimentés en eau de mer thermorégulée à deux débits différents: 0.61/h et 3 lIh. L'étude a été conduite pour chaque saison sur une période de 35 jours. En automne 2000, l'indice de qualité de chair de 8.2 initialement, a atteint 12.5 en eau salée souterraine, 13.8 en eau de mer thermorégulée et 14.2 en eau de mer naturelle. Le poids de chair sèche passe de 0.9 g initialement à respectivement 2.32g, 2.39g et 2.37g. Les dosages de Pb, Cd, Hg, Mn et As ne montent pas d'évolution entre le début et la fin de l'élevage, par contre le Fe augmente sensiblement dans les huîtres sur eau salée souterraine traitée. En fin d'élevage, une période de stockage de 4 semaines des huîtres sans nourriture, n'a pas montré de perte de qualité. Au printemps 2001, un deuxième essai sera conduit pour vérifier les résultats obtenus à l'automne 2000, confirmer le choix du milieu d'élevage et proposer les éléments permettant d'approcher les coûts de production.

Transfusion Requirements After Cardiac Surgery The TRACS Randomized Controlled Trial

Context Perioperative red blood cell transfusion is commonly used to address anemia, an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality after cardiac operations; however, evidence regarding optimal blood transfusion practice in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is lacking. Objective To define whether a restrictive perioperative red blood cell transfusion strategy is as safe as a liberal strategy in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Design, Setting, and Patients The Transfusion Requirements After Cardiac Surgery (TRACS) study, a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical noninferiority trial conducted between February 2009 and February 2010 in an intensive care unit at a university hospital cardiac surgery referral center in Brazil. Consecutive adult patients (n=502) who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were eligible; analysis was by intention-to-treat. Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to a liberal strategy of blood transfusion (to maintain a hematocrit >= 30%) or to a restrictive strategy (hematocrit >= 24%). Main Outcome Measure Composite end point of 30-day all-cause mortality and severe morbidity (cardiogenic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or acute renal injury requiring dialysis or hemofiltration) occurring during the hospital stay. The noninferiority margin was predefined at -8% (ie, 8% minimal clinically important increase in occurrence of the composite end point). Results Hemoglobin concentrations were maintained at a mean of 10.5 g/dL(95% confidence interval [CI], 10.4-10.6) in the liberal-strategy group and 9.1 g/dL (95% CI, 9.09.2) in the restrictive-strategy group (P<.001). A total of 198 of 253 patients (78%) in the liberal-strategy group and 118 of 249 (47%) in the restrictive-strategy group received a blood transfusion (P<.001). Occurrence of the primary end point was similar between groups (10% liberal vs 11% restrictive; between-group difference, 1% [95% CI, -6% to 4%]; P=.85). Independent of transfusion strategy, the number of transfused red blood cell units was an independent risk factor for clinical complications or death at 30 days (hazard ratio for each additional unit transfused, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.1-1.4]; P=.002). Conclusion Among patients undergoing cardiac surgery, the use of a restrictive perioperative transfusion strategy compared with a more liberal strategy resulted in noninferior rates of the combined outcome of 30-day all-cause mortality and severe morbidity. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01021631 JAMA. 2010; 304(14):1559-1567 www.jama.com

Effects of dobutamine on gut mucosal nitric oxide production during endotoxic shock in rabbits

Background: Dobutamine is the agent of choice for increasing cardiac output during myocardial depression in humans with septic shock. Studies have shown that beta-adrenoceptor agonists influence nitric oxide generation, probably by modulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate. We investigated the effects of dobutamine on the systemic and luminal gut release of nitric oxide during endotoxic shock in rabbits. Materials/Methods: Twenty anesthetized and ventilated New Zealand rabbits received placebo or intravenous lipopolysaccharide with or without dobutamine (5 mu g/kg/min). Ultrasonic flow probes placed around the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta continously estimated the flow. A segment from the ileum was isolated and perfused, and scrum nitrate/nitrite levels were measured in the perfusate solution and the serum every hour. Results: The mean arterial pressure decreased with statistical significance in the lipopolysaccharide group but not in the lipopolysaccharide/dobutamine group. The abdominal aortic flow decreased statistically significantly after lipopolysaccharide administration in both groups but recovered to base-line in the lipopolysaccharide/dobutamine group. The flow in the superior mesenteric artery was statistically significantly higher in the lipopolysaccharide/dobutamine group than in the lipopolysaccharide group at 2 hours. The serum nitrate/nitrite levels were higher in the lipopolysaccharide group and lower in the lipopolysaccharide/dobutamine group than those in the control group. The gut luminal perfusate serum nitrate/nitric level was higher in the lipopolysaccharide group than in the lipopolysaccharide/dobutamine group. Conclusions: Dobutamine can decrease total and intestinal nitric oxide production in vivo. Those effects seem to be inversely proportional to the changes in blood flow.

Imported and autochthonous cases in the dynamics of dengue epidemics in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the basic reproduction number (R0) of dengue fever including both imported and autochthonous cases. METHODS: The study was conducted based on epidemiological data of the 2003 dengue epidemic in Brasília, Brazil. The basic reproduction number is estimated from the epidemic curve, fitting linearly the increase of initial cases. Aiming at simulating an epidemic with both autochthonous and imported cases, a "susceptible-infectious-resistant" compartmental model was designed, in which the imported cases were considered as an external forcing. The ratio between R0 of imported versus autochthonous cases was used as an estimator of real R0. RESULTS: The comparison of both reproduction numbers (only autochthonous versus all cases) showed that considering all cases as autochthonous yielded a R0 above one, although the real R0 was below one. The same results were seen when the method was applied on simulated epidemics with fixed R0. This method was also compared to some previous proposed methods by other authors and showed that the latter underestimated R0 values. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that the inclusion of both imported and autochthonous cases is crucial for the modeling of the epidemic dynamics, and thus provides critical information for decision makers in charge of prevention and control of this disease.

Ocorrência e distribuição de pteridófitas na reserva florestal Walter Egler, Amazônia Central, Brasil

Na Reserva Florestal Walter Egler, localizada a 64 km de Manaus, no município de Rio Preto da Eva, foi investigada a ocorrência de Pteridófitas ao longo de uma toposseqüência. O grupo ocorre nos três ambientes observados na área (baixio, vertente e platô) com diferença tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa. Foram registrados 375 indivíduos, distribuídos em oito famílias, 10 gêneros e 17 espécies; entre epífitas, hemiepífitas, herbáceas e arbóreas. Das 8 famílias, 4 ocorrem em todos os ambientes: Dennstaedtiaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Dryopteridaceae e Lomariopsidaceae, enquanto, Cyatheaceae e Vittariaceae ocorrem apenas no baixio. Das 17 espécies encontradas, sete ocorrem apenas no baixio, três na vertente e cinco são comuns em todos os ambientes.

Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois règnes de la nature: Botanique.

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Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois règnes de la nature: Botanique.

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Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois règnes de la nature: Botanique.

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Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique / par m. le chevalier de Lamarck.

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Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique / par m. le chevalier de Lamarck.

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Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique / par m. le chevalier de Lamarck.

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Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique / par m. le chevalier de Lamarck.

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Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique / par m. le chevalier de Lamarck.

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Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique / par m. le chevalier de Lamarck.

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