A low-cost method to test cytotoxic effects of Crotalus vegrandis (Serpentes: Viperidae) venom on kidney cell cultures

The pathogenesis of the renal lesion upon envenomation by snakebite has been related to myolysis, hemolysis, hypotension and/or direct venom nephrotoxicity caused by the venom. Both primary and continuous cell culture systems provide an in vitro alternative for quantitative evaluation of the toxicity of snake venoms. Crude Crotalus vegrandis venom was fractionated by molecular exclusion chromatography. The toxicity of C. vegrandis crude venom, hemorrhagic, and neurotoxic fractions were evaluated on mouse primary renal cells and a continuous cell line of Vero cells maintained in vitro. Cells were isolated from murine renal cortex and were grown in 96 well plates with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium (DMEM) and challenged with crude and venom fractions. The murine renal cortex cells exhibited epithelial morphology and the majority showed smooth muscle actin determined by immune-staining. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by the tetrazolium colorimetric method. Cell viability was less for crude venom, followed by the hemorrhagic and neurotoxic fractions with a CT50 of 4.93, 18.41 and 50.22 µg/mL, respectively. The Vero cell cultures seemed to be more sensitive with a CT50 of 2.9 and 1.4 µg/mL for crude venom and the hemorrhagic peak, respectively. The results of this study show the potential of using cell culture system to evaluate venom toxicity.

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY CAUSED BY Crotalus AND Bothrops SNAKE VENOM: A REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT

SUMMARY Ophidic accidents are an important public health problem due to their incidence, morbidity and mortality. An increasing number of cases have been registered in Brazil in the last few years. Several studies point to the importance of knowing the clinical complications and adequate approach in these accidents. However, knowledge about the risk factors is not enough and there are an increasing number of deaths due to these accidents in Brazil. In this context, acute kidney injury (AKI) appears as one of the main causes of death and consequences for these victims, which are mainly young males working in rural areas. Snakes of the Bothrops and Crotalus genera are the main responsible for renal involvement in ophidic accidents in South America. The present study is a literature review of AKI caused by Bothrops and Crotalus snake venom regarding diverse characteristics, emphasizing the most appropriate therapeutic approach for these cases. Recent studies have been carried out searching for complementary therapies for the treatment of ophidic accidents, including the use of lipoic acid, simvastatin and allopurinol. Some plants, such as Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae seem to have a beneficial role in the treatment of this type of envenomation. Future studies will certainly find new therapeutic measures for ophidic accidents.

A retrospective study of 40 victims of Crotalus snake bites: analysis of the hepatic necrosis observed in one patient

Forty patients with a diagnosis of snake bite were studied at the Infectious and Parasitic Disease Service of the Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu. Thirty were males and 10 females, ranging in age from 16 to 70 years. All were farm laborers and 35 of them were bitten in the lower limbs. Two of the 9 patients seen more than 6 hours after the bite died. The low mortality rate (5%) observed could be explained by the early care provided, by the use of appropriate doses of anti-crotalus serum, parenteral hydration, urine alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate and induction of osmotic diuresis with a mannitol solution. Anatomopathological examination of one of the patients who died revealed extensive hepatic necrosis. The authors discuss the possibility of the effect of a factor of snake venom in the genesis of hepatic necrosis and in the increased transaminase levels.

Acções phylacticas não especificas em relação aos venenos ophidicos: tratamento auxiliar dos accidentes ophidicos

Dans l'intoxication expérimentale du pigeon avec les venins de Crotalus terrificus, de Lachesis jararaca et de Naya tripudians, nous avons étudié l'action de 12 médicaments, possédant des affinités neurotropes plus ou moins accusées, arrivant aux conclusions suivantes: 1 - Quelques-uns des ces médicaments exercent une action protectrice spéciale contre ces venins, permettant, injectés une heure avant le vénin, d'eviter tout symptôme d'intoxication chez le pigeon. Certains n'agissent qu'injectés em même temps que le vénin. D'autres sont complètement inactifs. Aucun d'êntre eux ne possède de propriétés curatives. 2 - En plus de ce pouvoir protecteur, ou phylactique, un certain nombre d'entre eux possède sur les venins, une action neutralisante "in vitro", s'accentuant après une heure de contact. 3 - Les conditions dans lesquelles s'exercent ces deux actions, protectrice et neutralisante, sont très variables suivant les venins et les médicaments. Sur leur mécanisme très complexe, on ne peut actuellement formuler que des hypothèses. 4 - Au point de vue pratique, certains de ces médicaments, surtout la spartéine et l'adrénaline, peuvent être utilisés avec avantage comme complément du traitement sérotérapique spécifique dans les accidents déterminés par les animaux venimeux.

Campanha Antiofídica em Minas Gerais

O A. descreve as fases da campnha antiofídica em Minas Gerais (1918 a 1940). Registra as seguintes espécies de ofídios venenosos encontrados: Bothrops cotiara, Bothrops alternata, Bothrops atrox, Bothrops neuwiedii, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops inaequalis, Bothrops jararacussú, Crotalus terrificus terrificus, Lachesis mutus, Micrurus lemniscatus, Micrurus frontalis, Micrurus corallinus corallinus e numerosas espécies não venenosas, fazendo um mapa para a distribuição geográfica dos ofídios venenosos em Minas Gerais. Apurou que dominam no Estado as espécies do gênero Bothrops e não do gênero Crotalus. Registrou diferenças morfológicas, principalmente de tamanho dos Crotalus terrificus terrificus do Norte do Estado e do Centro e Sul. Relata 2 casos de alergia, de certa gravidade, pelo veneno ofídico, líquido ou sêco, curando-se os pacientes pelo afastamento dos trabalhos da seção antiofídica do Instituto Ezequiel Dias. Registra, ainda, 22 anos de trabalhos, numerosas observações pelas picadas de ofídios venenosos e não venenosos, sendo que estas últimas, em gravidade. Das 980 primeiras observações, 921 foram de acidentes humanos e, destas, 531 tomaram sôro, com a mortalidade de 1,30%; 390 não tomaram sôro e tiveram mortalidade variável, conforme a dose, a época do emprêgo do sôro e a espécie do ofídio, entre 7,6 e 100% dos casos, sendo a média geral de 33%. nenhum acidentado pela Lachesis mutus se salvou.

Prairie Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis, 2011

Data sheet produced by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources is about different times of animals, insects, snakes, birds, fish, butterflies, etc. that can be found in Iowa.

Vascular effects and electrolyte homeostasis of the natriuretic peptide isolated from Crotalus oreganus abyssus (North American Grand Canyon rattlesnake) venom

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Proteomic analysis of the rare Uracoan rattlesnake Crotalus vegrandis venom: evidence of a broad arsenal of toxins

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

JUVENILE RECRUITMENT, EARLY GROWTH, AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE ENDANGERED SANTA CATALINA ISLAND RATTLESNAKE, CROTALUS CATALINENSIS

Life-history information constitutes the raw data for building population models used in species conservation. We provide life-history data for the endangered Santa Catalina Island Rattlesnake, Crotalus catalinensis. We use data from 277 observations of C. catalinensis made between 2002 and 2011 on the island. Mean snout-vent length (SVL) of adult C. catalinensis was 643 mm for males and 631 mm for females; the difference was not significant. The degree of sexual size dimorphism (SSD; using SVL) was -0.02. However, sexes were dimorphic in total length ( SVL + tail length), relative tail length, and stoutness. Juvenile recruitment occurs during late-summer. In their first year of life, juveniles seem to grow at a rate of about 1.7 cm/mo. Females seem to become mature around 570 mm SVL, probably in the year when they become 2 y old. Scattered literature data corroborates the time of juvenile recruitment described herein. Growth in C. catalinensis seems to be slower than that of C. ruber, its sister taxa, but similar to other rattlesnakes.

Glycerol-induced development of catalytically active conformation of Crotalus adamanteus L-amino acid oxidase in vitro.

The reconstitutable apoprotein of Crotalus adamanteus L-amino acid oxidase was prepared using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. After reconstitution with flavin adenine dinucleotide, the resulting protein was inactive, with a perturbed conformation of the flavin binding site. Subsequently, a series of cosolvent-dependent compact intermediates was identified. The nearly complete activation of the reconstituted apoprotein and the restoration of its native flavin binding site was achieved in the presence of 50% glycerol. We provide evidence that in addition to a merely stabilizing effect of glycerol on native proteins, glycerol can also have a restorative effect on their compact equilibrium intermediates, and we suggest the hydrophobic effect as a dominating force in this in vitro-assisted restorative process.