O efeito da autocorrelação no desempenho dos gráficos de X e R e dos gráficos de X e S²

Control charts are very important tools in statistical quality control of industrial processes and its use started last century. Since its development, the charts have always been attributed to independent processes, i.e. without any correlation between samples. But nowadays, with the high level of automation in the industrial environment, it is noticeable the autocorrelation factor between samples. The main Xcharts used in monitoring quality characteristics represented by continuous variables are the mean (X ), amplitude (R) and variance (S²). Therefore, this work aims to analyze the performance of X and R charts and in of X and S² charts with different sample sizes (4 and 5) for monitoring autocorrelated processes. Through computer simulations using the Fortran software and the use of mathematical expressions was possible to obtain data and performance analysis of the detection power charts for independent observations and for autocorrelated observations according to the model AR (1). The results show that the effect of autocorrelation reduces the ability of monitoring the control charts and that, the greater this effect, the slower the chart becomes in misfits signaling

Gestão de recursos humanos em projetos de software: proposta integrada ao processo pessoal

The software quality represents a more and more important attribute for the survival and growth of software industries. In order to ensure the quality of products manufactured, various practices have been incorporated into the development process. In this context, some successful software organizations have invested in an approach to human resource management, which consists in integrating the management activities with a personal process called Personal Software Process - PSP, which has led to the maintenance of greater discipline and control over all development phases. Given this, this work presents a proposal for integration of techniques set out in the PSP with a web system previously developed, which is called System to Aid Project Management - SAPM.

Assessment of physiological potential of cucumber seeds using the software Seedling Vigor Imaging System® (SVIS®)

The software Seed Vigor Imaging System (SVIS®), has been successfully used to evaluate seed physiological potential by automated analyses of scanned seedlings. In this research, the efficiency of this system was compared to other tests accepted for assessing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seed vigor of distinct seed lots of Supremo and Safira cultivars. Seeds were subjected to germination, traditional and saturated salt accelerated aging, seedling emergence, seedling length and SVIS analyses (determination of vigor indices and seedling growth uniformity, lengths of primary root, hypocotyl and whole seedlings). It was also determined whether the definition of seedling growth/uniformity ratios affects the sensitivity of the SVIS®. Results showed that analyses SVIS have provided consistent identification of seed lots performance, and have produced information comparable to those from recommended seed vigor tests, thus demonstrating a suitable sensitivity for a rapid and objective evaluation of physiological potential of cucumber seeds. Analyses of four-days-old cucumber seedlings using the SVIS® are more accurate and growth/uniformity does not affect the precision of results.

A quality assessment system for fresh fruits in hypermarkets and fruit trading centres.

When the fresh fruit reaches the final markets from the suppliers, its quality is not always as good as it should, either because it has been mishandled during transportation or because it lacks an adequate quality control at the producer level, before being shipped. This is why it is necessary for the final markets to establish their own quality assessment system if they want to ensure to their customers the quality they want to sell. In this work, a system to control fruit quality at the last level of the distribution channel has been designed. The system combines rapid control techniques with laboratory equipment and statistical sampling protocols, to obtain a dynamic, objective process, which can substitute advantageously the quality control inspections carried out visually by human experts at the reception platform of most hypermarkets. Portable measuring equipment have been chosen (firmness tester, temperature and humidity sensors...) as well as easy-to-use laboratory equipment (texturometer, colorimeter, refractometer..,) combining them to control the most important fruit quality parameters (firmness, colour, sugars, acids). A complete computer network has been designed to control all the processes and store the collected data in real time, and to perform the computations. The sampling methods have been also defined to guarantee the confidence of the results. Some of the advantages of a quality assessment system as the proposed one are: the minimisation of human subjectivity, the ability to use modern measuring techniques, and the possibility of using it also as a supplier's quality control system. It can be also a way to clarify the quality limits of fruits among members of the commercial channel, as well as the first step in the standardisation of quality control procedures.

Bankable procedures for the technical quality assurance of large scale PV plants

Strict technical quality assurance procedures are essential for PV plant bankability. When large-scale PV plants are concerned, this is typically accomplished in three consecutive phases: an energy yield forecast, that is performed at the beginning of the project and is typically accomplished by means of a simulation exercise performed with dedicated software; a reception test campaign, that is performed at the end of the commissioning and consists of a set of tests for determining the efficiency and the reliability of the PV plant devices; and a performance analysis of the first years of operation, that consists in comparing the real energy production with the one calculated from the recorded operating conditions and taking into account the maintenance records. In the last six years, IES-UPM has offered both indoor and on-site quality control campaigns for more than 60 PV plants, with an accumulated power of more than 300 MW, in close contact with Engineering, Procurement and Construction Contractors and financial entities. This paper presents the lessons learned from such experience.

Integrating Generic Competences into Engineering Curricula

The new degrees in Spanish universities generated as a result of the Bologna process, stress a new dimension: the generic competencies to be acquired by university students (leadership, problem solving, respect for the environment, etc.). At Universidad Polite¿cnica de Madrid a teaching model was defined for two degrees: Graduate in Computer Engineering and Graduate in Software Engineering. Such model incorporates the training, development and assessment of generic competencies planned in these curricula. The aim of this paper is to describe how this model was implemented in both degrees. The model has three components. The first refers to a set of seven activities for introducing mechanisms for training, development and assessment of generic competencies. The second component aims to coordinate actions that implement the competencies across courses (in space and time). The third component consists of a series of activities to perform quality control. The implementation of generic competencies was carried out in first year courses (first and second semesters), together with the planning for second year courses (third and fourth semesters). We managed to involve a high percentage of first-year courses (80%) and the contacts that have been initiated suggest a high percentage in the second year as well.

Técnicas de diseño de pruebas en sistemas embebidos

El software es, cada vez más, una parte muy importante de cualquier circuito electrónico moderno, por ejemplo, un circuito realizado con algún tipo de microprocesador debe incorporar un programa de control por pequeño que sea. Al utilizarse programas informáticos en los circuitos electrónicos modernos, es muy aconsejable, por no decir imprescindible, realizar una serie de pruebas de calidad del diseño realizado. Estas pruebas son cada vez más complicadas de realizar debido al gran tamaño del software empleado en los sistemas actuales, por este motivo, es necesario estructurar una serie de pruebas con el fin de realizar un sistema de calidad, y en algunos casos, un sistema que no presente ningún peligro para el ser humano o el medio ambiente. Esta propuesta consta de la explicación de las técnicas de diseño de pruebas que existen actualmente (por lo menos las más básicas ya que es un tema muy extenso) para realizar el control de calidad del software que puede contener un sistema embebido. Además, muchos circuitos electrónicos, debido a su control o exigencia hardware, es imprescindible que sean manipulados por algún programa que requiera más que un simple microprocesador, me refiero a que se deban controlar por medio de un pequeño programa manipulado por un sistema operativo, ya sea Linux, AIX, Unix, Windows, etc., en este caso el control de calidad se debería llevar a cabo con otras técnicas de diseño. También se puede dar el caso que el circuito electrónico a controlar se deba hacer por medio de una página web. El objetivo es realizar un estudio de las actuales técnicas de diseño de pruebas que están orientadas al desarrollo de sistemas embebidos. ABSTRACT. Software is increasingly a very important part of any modern electronic circuit, for example, a circuit made with some type of microprocessor must incorporate a control program no matter the small it is. When computer programs are used in modern electronic circuits, it is quite advisable if not indispensable to perform a series of quality tests of the design. These tests are becoming more and more difficult to be performed due to the large size of the software used in current systems, which is why it is necessary to structure a series of tests in order to perform a quality system, and in some cases, a system with no danger to humans or to the environment. This proposal consists of an explanation of the techniques used in the tests (at least the most basic ones since it is a very large topic) for quality control of software which may contain an embedded system. In addition, a lot of electronic circuits, due to its control or required hardware, it is essential to be manipulated by a program that requires more than a simple microprocessor, I mean that they must be controlled by means of a small program handled by an operating system, being Linux, AIX, Unix, Windows, etc., in this case the quality control should be carried out with other design techniques. The objective is to study the current test design techniques that are geared to the development of embedded systems. It can also occur that the electronic circuit should be controlled by means of a web page.

Puesta a punto de métodos de análisis de combustibles basados en la espectrometría atómica

El presente proyecto tiene como objeto la puesta a punto de métodos de análisis de combustibles basados en la espectrometría atómica, centrándose en un equipo de absorción atómica que, como su nombre indica, funciona bajo el principio de la absorción atómica y un equipo ICP que trabaja por plasma acoplado inductivamente y que se rige bajo el principio espectrométrico de la emisión atómica. La finalidad de la puesta a punto de ambos métodos es llevar un control de calidad periódico sobre los combustibles. Se pondrán a punto dos métodos normalizados de ensayos, uno bajo la norma UNE EN 16135 para la determinación del contenido de manganeso en gasolinas; otro bajo la norma EN 16576 para determinar el contenido de manganeso y de hierro en gasóleos de automoción. La puesta a punto de ambos métodos tiene un procedimiento asociado que se puede resumir en cuatro pasos: lectura de la norma, creación del método en el software informático con el que trabaja el equipo, calibración del mismo y realización del estudio de exactitud del método. Abstract The aim of this project is to tune up analytical methods based on the principle of the atomic spectrometry, focusing on testing equipment which works under the principle of atomic absorption and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) equipment governed under the principle of atomic emission. The purpose of tuning up both methods is to perform a quality control on fuels. Two different standard methods will be developed: One under the standard UNE EN 16135 for measuring the content of manganese in gasolines; the other one under the standard EN 16576 for the determination of manganese and iron content in middle distillate fuels. Tune up of both methods procedure can be summarized in four steps: Reading the standard, creation of the method on the computer software associated to the equipment, calibration of the equipment and completion of accuracy study.

SemQuaRE - An extension of the SQuaRE quality model for the evaluation of semantic technologies

To correctly evaluate semantic technologies and to obtain results that can be easily integrated, we need to put evaluations under the scope of a unique software quality model. This paper presents SemQuaRE, a quality model for semantic technologies. SemQuaRE is based on the SQuaRE standard and describes a set of quality characteristics specific to semantic technologies and the quality measures that can be used for their measurement. It also provides detailed formulas for the calculation of such measures. The paper shows that SemQuaRE is complete with respect to current evaluation trends and that it has been successfully applied in practice.

Configuración de un entorno de trabajo para el desarrollo de software ágil con integración continua

Hoy en día, existen numerosos sistemas (financieros, fabricación industrial, infraestructura de servicios básicos, etc.) que son dependientes del software. Según la definición de Ingeniería del Software realizada por I. Sommerville, “la Ingeniería del Software es una disciplina de la ingeniería que comprende todos los aspectos de la producción de software desde las etapas iniciales de la especificación del sistema, hasta el mantenimiento de éste después de que se utiliza.” “La ingeniería del software no sólo comprende los procesos técnicos del desarrollo de software, sino también actividades tales como la gestión de proyectos de software y el desarrollo de herramientas, métodos y teorías de apoyo a la producción de software.” Los modelos de proceso de desarrollo software determinan una serie de pautas para poder desarrollar con éxito un proyecto de desarrollo software. Desde que surgieran estos modelos de proceso, se investigado en nuevas maneras de poder gestionar un proyecto y producir software de calidad. En primer lugar surgieron las metodologías pesadas o tradicionales, pero con el avance del tiempo y la tecnología, surgieron unas nuevas llamadas metodologías ágiles. En el marco de las metodologías ágiles cabe destacar una determinada práctica, la integración continua. Esta práctica surgió de la mano de Martin Fowler, con el objetivo de facilitar el trabajo en grupo y automatizar las tareas de integración. La integración continua se basa en la construcción automática de proyectos con una frecuencia alta, promoviendo la detección de errores en un momento temprano para poder dar prioridad a corregir dichos errores. Sin embargo, una de las claves del éxito en el desarrollo de cualquier proyecto software consiste en utilizar un entorno de trabajo que facilite, sistematice y ayude a aplicar un proceso de desarrollo de una forma eficiente. Este Proyecto Fin de Grado (PFG) tiene por objetivo el análisis de distintas herramientas para configurar un entorno de trabajo que permita desarrollar proyectos aplicando metodologías ágiles e integración continua de una forma fácil y eficiente. Una vez analizadas dichas herramientas, se ha propuesto y configurado un entorno de trabajo para su puesta en marcha y uso. Una característica a destacar de este PFG es que las herramientas analizadas comparten una cualidad común y de alto valor, son herramientas open-source. El entorno de trabajo propuesto en este PFG presenta una arquitectura cliente-servidor, dado que la mayoría de proyectos software se desarrollan en equipo, de tal forma que el servidor proporciona a los distintos clientes/desarrolladores acceso al conjunto de herramientas que constituyen el entorno de trabajo. La parte servidora del entorno propuesto proporciona soporte a la integración continua mediante herramientas de control de versiones, de gestión de historias de usuario, de análisis de métricas de software, y de automatización de la construcción de software. La configuración del cliente únicamente requiere de un entorno de desarrollo integrado (IDE) que soporte el lenguaje de programación Java y conexión con el servidor. ABSTRACT Nowadays, numerous systems (financial, industrial production, basic services infrastructure, etc.) depend on software. According to the Software Engineering definition made by I.Sommerville, “Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production from the early stages of system specification through to maintaining the system after it has gone into use.” “Software engineering is not just concerned with the technical processes of software development. It also includes activities such as software project management and the development of tools, methods, and theories to support software production.” Software development process models determine a set of guidelines to successfully develop a software development project. Since these process models emerged, new ways of managing a project and producing software with quality have been investigated. First, the so-called heavy or traditional methodologies appeared, but with the time and the technological improvements, new methodologies emerged: the so-called agile methodologies. Agile methodologies promote, among other practices, continuous integration. This practice was coined by Martin Fowler and aims to make teamwork easier as well as automate integration tasks. Nevertheless, one of the keys to success in software projects is to use a framework that facilitates, systematize, and help to deploy a development process in an efficient way. This Final Degree Project (FDP) aims to analyze different tools to configure a framework that enables to develop projects by applying agile methodologies and continuous integration in an easy and efficient way. Once tools are analyzed, a framework has been proposed and configured. One of the main features of this FDP is that the tools under analysis share a common and high-valued characteristic: they are open-source. The proposed framework presents a client-server architecture, as most of the projects are developed by a team. In this way, the server provides access the clients/developers to the tools that comprise the framework. The server provides continuous integration through a set of tools for control management, user stories management, software quality management, and software construction automatization. The client configuration only requires a Java integrated development environment and network connection to the server.

Control charts as a tool in data quality improvement.

Mode of access: Internet.

UTCS - functional description - enhanced first generation software.

Federal Highway Administration, Implementation Division, Washington, D.C.

Software development for the array computer ILLIAC IV,

"Supported in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency as administered by the Rome Air Development Center under contract no. US AF 30(602) 4144."

U.S. government environmental datafiles & software : microcomputers & mainframes.

"3/94"--P [4] of cover.