Nutrients and Nonessential Elements in Soil after 11 Years of Wastewater Irrigation

Irrigation of citrus (Citrus aurantium L. x Citrus paradise Macf.) with urban reclaimed wastewater (RWW) can be economical and conserve fresh water. However, concerns remain regarding its deleterious effects on soil quality. We investigated the ionic speciation (ISP) of RWW and potential impacts of 11 yr of irrigation with RWW on soil quality, compared with well-water (WW) irrigation. Most of nutrients (similar to 53-99%) in RWW are free ionic species and readily available for plant uptake, such as: NH4+, NO3-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, H3BO3, Cl-, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+, whereas more than about 80% of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Al are complexed with CO3-, OH-, and/or organic matter. The RWW irrigation increased the availability and total concentrations of nutrients and nonessential elements, and soil salinity and sodicity by two to three times compared with WW-irrigated soils. Although RWW irrigation changed many soil parameters, no difference in citrus yield was observed. The risk of negative impacts from RWW irrigation on soil quality appears to be minimal because of: (i) adequate quality of RWW, according to USEPA limits; (ii) low concentrations of metals in soil after 11 yr of irrigation with RWW; and (iii) rapid leaching of salts in RWW-irrigated soil during the rainy season.

Formación y difusión científica en la enseñanza de la farmacología

Dado que la docencia y la investigación son dos funciones primordiales de las universidades, decidimos relacionar ambas aplicando nuestros hallazgos científicos a la enseñanza de la farmacología. Los propósitos generales fueron propiciar la apertura temprana a la investigación científica, sus métodos, criterios y aplicaciones. La propuesta consiste en trabajos prácticos a desarrollar tras los teóricos sobre fármacos antimicrobianos en el grado. El tema central es la búsqueda de medicamentos para tratar micosis superficiales. Como recurso didáctico complementario, elaboramos un video digital que incluye la información necesaria para la comprensión y desarrollo del tema. La primera parte muestra los materiales y procedimientos técnicos que condujeron al descubrimiento de principios activos en Citrus aurantium L. (naranja amarga). La segunda ilustra aspectos cl��nicos de las micosis superficiales, sus manifestaciones, diagnóstico, tratamiento, etc. Después de analizar el video, los alumnos reproducirán en el laboratorio de la Cátedra las técnicas mostradas y analizarán los resultados en un contexto farmacol��gico global. La propuesta propicia la formación temprana de criterios científicos en ciencias de la salud, en beneficio del futuro desempeño ya sea en ámbitos científicos, académicos o profesionales. La combinación de métodos multimediales, experimentación en laboratorios y análisis de información diversa mejoraría la enseñanza de la farmacología.

Formación y difusión científica en la enseñanza de la farmacología

Dado que la docencia y la investigación son dos funciones primordiales de las universidades, decidimos relacionar ambas aplicando nuestros hallazgos científicos a la enseñanza de la farmacología. Los propósitos generales fueron propiciar la apertura temprana a la investigación científica, sus métodos, criterios y aplicaciones. La propuesta consiste en trabajos prácticos a desarrollar tras los teóricos sobre fármacos antimicrobianos en el grado. El tema central es la búsqueda de medicamentos para tratar micosis superficiales. Como recurso didáctico complementario, elaboramos un video digital que incluye la información necesaria para la comprensión y desarrollo del tema. La primera parte muestra los materiales y procedimientos técnicos que condujeron al descubrimiento de principios activos en Citrus aurantium L. (naranja amarga). La segunda ilustra aspectos cl��nicos de las micosis superficiales, sus manifestaciones, diagnóstico, tratamiento, etc. Después de analizar el video, los alumnos reproducirán en el laboratorio de la Cátedra las técnicas mostradas y analizarán los resultados en un contexto farmacol��gico global. La propuesta propicia la formación temprana de criterios científicos en ciencias de la salud, en beneficio del futuro desempeño ya sea en ámbitos científicos, académicos o profesionales. La combinación de métodos multimediales, experimentación en laboratorios y análisis de información diversa mejoraría la enseñanza de la farmacología.

Phytoplankton composition and biomass and its fluorescence parameters in waters of the Nha Trang Bay, South China Sea

Species composition and abundance of phytoplankton and chlorophyll concentration were measured at three horizons of 9 stations in the Nha Trang Bay of the South China Sea in March 1998. Vertical distribution of fluorescence parameters, temperature and irradiance were measured in the 0-18 m layer of the water column at 21 stations. It was shown that according to biomass (B) and chlorophyll concentration (Chl) the Bay is mezotrophic. B and Chl in the water column increased seaward. Mean values of Chl in the southern part of the Bay exceeded those in northern part. Mean values of B were similar. B and Chl in the bottom layer exceeded ones in the upper layer. Diatoms dominated in species diversity and abundance. Diatom Guinardia striata made the main contribution to phytoplankton biomass. Similarity of phytoplankton was high. In the upper layer phytoplankton was photoinhibited during the most part of the light period, but at the bottom photosynthetic activity was high. Water column B varied in an order of magnitude during the daily cycle mainly because of B variations in the bottom layer due to tide flow.

Medicinal plants - prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets lead to significant economic losses in livestock husbandry. A high morbidity has been reported for diarrhea (calves ≤ 35 %; piglets ≤ 50 %) and for respiratory diseases (calves ≤ 80 %; piglets ≤ 40 %). Despite a highly diverse etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases, treatment with antimicrobials is often the first-line therapy. Multi-antimicrobial resistance in pathogens results in international accordance to strengthen the research in novel treatment options. Medicinal plants bear a potential as alternative or additional treatment. Based on the versatile effects of their plant specific multi-component-compositions, medicinal plants can potentially act as 'multi-target drugs'. Regarding the plurality of medicinal plants, the aim of this systematic review was to identify potential medicinal plant species for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and for modulation of the immune system and inflammation in calves and piglets. RESULTS Based on nine initial sources including standard textbooks and European ethnoveterinary studies, a total of 223 medicinal plant species related to the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases was identified. A defined search strategy was established using the PRISMA statement to evaluate 30 medicinal plant species starting from 20'000 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 20 years (1994-2014). This strategy led to 418 references (257 in vitro, 84 in vivo and 77 clinical trials, thereof 48 clinical trials in veterinary medicine) to evaluate effects of medicinal plants and their efficacy in detail. The findings indicate that the most promising candidates for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L., Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising, and Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best candidates for modulation of the immune system and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several medicinal plants bear a potential for novel treatment strategies for young livestock. There is a need for further research focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets, and the findings of this review provide a basis on plant selection for future studies.

Elsinoe australis; Myriangiaceae

Elsinoe australis Bitanc. & Jenkins

Noninvasive localization of petroleum-derived spray oil in plants with chemical shift selective magnetic resonance imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to detect petroleum-derived spray oils (PDSOs) in citrus seedlings and trees. The NMR spectrum of the phantom containing 10% (v/v) of a nC24 agricultural mineral oil (AMO) showed the resonance of the water protons at delta = 5 ppm, while the resonance of the oil protons at delta = 1.3 to 1.7 ppm. The peak resolution and the chemical shift difference of more than 3.3 ppm between water and oil protons effectively differentiated water and the oil. Chemical shift selective imaging (CSSI) was performed to localize the AMO within the stems of Citrus trifoliata L. seedlings after the application of a 4% (v/v) spray. The chemical shift selective images of the oil were acquired by excitation at delta = 1.5 ppm by averaging over 400 transients in each phase-encoding step. Oil was mainly detected in the outer cortex of stems within 10 d of spray application; some oil was also observed in the inner vascular bundle and pith of the stems at this point. CSSI was also applied to investigate the persistence of oil deposits in sprayed mature Washington navel orange (Citrus x aurantium L.) trees in an orchard. The trees were treated with either fourteen 0.25%, fourteen 0.5%, four 1.75%, or single 7% sprays of a nC23 horticultural mineral oil (HMO) 12 to 16 months before examination of plant tissues by CSSI, and were still showing symptoms of chronic phytotoxicity largely manifested as reduced yield. The oil deposits were detected in stems of sprayed flushes and unsprayed flushes produced 4 to 5 months after the last spray was applied, suggesting a potential movement of the oil via phloem and a correlation of the persistence of oil deposit in plants and the phytotoxicity. The results demonstrate that MRI is an effective method to probe the uptake and localization of PDSOs and other xenobiotics in vivo in plants noninvasively and nondestructively.

Comunicación

En el año de 1974,observando plantas de jardín, se encontró un ejemplar de “clavel nevado”(hibiscus rosa- sinensis L.), en el cual una de sus flores produjo frutos y semillas nunca antes se había visto algo igual, ni siquiera referencias bibliográficas al respecto. Posiblemente, el hecho de que no fructifique al igual que otras plantas, se debe que al propagarlas no se hace por semillas, sino por estacas o esquejes, con lo que se ha ido perdiendo la capacidad de fructificar. En este caso la flor, después de varios días de exponer su bella corola, se cae llevando consigo todo el sistema reproductor. La planta en referencia es originaria de china continental y actualmente esta difundida por todo el mundo, como planta ornamental, especialmente en los países tropicales.

EFEITOS DE GIBERELINAS, CITOCININAS E do NITRATO DE POTÁSSIO, NO PROCESSO GERMINATIVO DE SEMENTES DE LIMOEIRO `CRAVO' (Citrus limonia OSBECK)

Foram estudados os efeitos de reguladores vegetais do grupo das giberelinas e citocininas, bem como do nitrato de potássio na germinação de sementes do limoeiro `Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck). O experimento foi realizado, contendo papel de filtro como substrato para a germinação das sementes, regulado à temperatura de 25oC. As sementes foram retiradas de frutos maduros no final da safra do limoeiro `Cravo', lavadas, secas à sombra e armazenadas durante 11 dias em câmara fria. em seguida, receberam tratamento com os fitorreguladores e KNO3 por 24 horas, de acordo com os tratamentos: KNO3 0,1% e 0,2%; GA3 50, 100 e 250 mg.L-1; GA4 + GA7 + fenilmetilaminopurina 100 mg.L-1; fenilmetilaminopurina 20 mg.L-1 e água destilada (testemunha). As avaliações foram iniciadas 15 dias após a semeadura, em intervalos de 5 dias. Conclui-se que os reguladores vegetais utilizados não afetaram o processo germinativo das sementes e que os tratamentos com nitrato de potássio 0,1% e 0,2% exerceram efeito inibitório sobre a germinação.

Uso de reguladores vegetais e bioestimulantes para a abreviação de produção do porta-enxerto limoeiro ‘cravo’ (Citrus limonia Osbeck)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)