Composite hunting technologies from the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene, Niah Cave, Borneo

Renewed archaeological investigation of the West Mouth of Niah Cave, Borneo has demonstrated that even within lowland equatorial environments depositional conditions do exist where organic remains of late glacial and early post-glacial age can be preserved. Excavations by the Niah Cave Research Project (NCP) (2000-2003) towards the rear of the archaeological reserve produced several bone points and worked stingray spines, which exhibit evidence of hafting mastic and fibrous binding still adhering to their shafts. The position of both gives strong indication of how these cartilaginous points were hafted and gives insight into their potential function. These artefacts were recovered from secure and (14)C dated stratigraphic horizons. The results of this study have implications for our understanding the function of the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene bone tools recovered from other regions of Island Southeast Asia. They demonstrate that by the end the Pleistocene rainforest foragers in Borneo were producing composite technologies that probably included fishing leisters and potentially the bow and arrow. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Prehistoric foragers and farmers in south-east Asia:Renewed investigations at Niah Cave, Sarawak

The paper describes the initial results from renewed investigations at Niah Cave in Sarawak on the island of Borneo, famous for the discovery in 1958 of the c. 40,000-year old 'Deep Skull'. The archaeological sequences from the West Mouth and the other entrances of the cave complex investigated by Tom and Barbara Harrisson and other researchers have potential implications for three major debates regarding the prehistory of south-east Asia: the timing of initial settlement by anatomically modern humans; the means by which they subsisted in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene; and the timing, nature, and causation of the transition from foraging to farming. The new project is informing on all three debates. The critical importance of the Niah stratigraphies was commonly identified - including by Tom Harrisson himself - as because the site provided a continuous sequence of occupation over the past 40,000 years. The present project indicates that Niah was first used at least 45,000 years ago, and probably earlier; that the subsequent Pleistocene and Holocene occupations were highly variable in intensity and character; and that in some periods, perhaps of significant duration, the caves may have been more or less abandoned. The cultural sequence that is emerging from the new investigations may be more typical of cave use in tropical rainforests in south-east Asia than the Harrisson model.

Genetic structure at range edge: Low diversity and high inbreeding in Southeast Asian mangrove (Avicennia marina) populations

Understanding the genetic composition and mating systems of edge populations provides important insights into the environmental and demographic factors shaping species’ distribution ranges. We analysed samples of the mangrove Avicennia marina from Vietnam, northern Philippines and Australia, with microsatellite markers. We compared genetic diversity and structure in edge (Southeast Asia, and Southern Australia) and core (North and Eastern Australia) populations, and also compared our results with previously published data from core and southern edge populations. Comparisons highlighted significantly reduced gene diversity and higher genetic structure in both margins compared to core populations, which can be attributed to very low effective population size, pollinator scarcity and high environmental pressure at distribution margins. The estimated level of inbreeding was significantly higher in northeastern populations compared to core and southern populations. This suggests that despite the high genetic load usually associated with inbreeding, inbreeding or even selfing may be advantageous in margin habitats due to the possible advantages of reproductive assurance, or local adaptation. The very high level of genetic structure and inbreeding show that populations of A. marina are functioning as independent evolutionary units more than as components of a metapopulation system connected by gene flow. The combinations of those characteristics make these peripheral populations likely to develop local adaptations and therefore to be of particular interest for conservation strategies as well as for adaptation to possible future environmental changes.

NGOs, International Aid, and Mental Health in Cambodia

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-03

Gender and human security : the challenge facing Canada's human security policy /

During the 1980's and for much of the 1990's, many countries in the Asia Pacific were renowned for their economic development and prosperity. The Asian tigers were a source of great interest for many economists and international investors. The 1997 Asian financial crisis, however, dramatically altered the growth and the performance of these economies. The crisis sent several ofAsia's best performing economies on a downward spiral from which many have yet to fully recover. The crisis exposed the financial and the political weaknesses ofmany countries in the region. Moreover, the crisis severely affected the wellbeing and the security ofmany ofthe region's citizens. This text will examine the economic crisis in greater detail and explore current debates in the study of international relations theory. More specifically, this paper will examine recent challenges posed to traditional international relations theory and address alternative approaches to this field of study. This paper will examine Critical theory and its role in shifting the referent object of security from the state to the individual. In this context, this paper will also assess Critical theory's role in enabling such issues as gender and human security to find a place on the agendas of international relations scholars and foreign policy makers. The central focus ofthis study will be the financial crisis and its impact on human security in the Southeast Asia. Furthermore, this paper will assess the recovery efforts ofthe domestic governments, international organizations and various Canadian sponsored initiatives in the context ofhuman security.

Development of a bacteriophage-based biopesticide for fire blight

Fire blight is an economically important disease of apples and pears that is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. Control of the disease depends on limiting primaly blosson1 infection in the spring, and rapidly removing infected tissue. The possibility of using phages to control E.amylovora populations has been suggested, but previous studies have. failed to show high treatment efficacies. This work describes the development of a phage-based biopesticide that controls E. amylovora populations under field conditions, and significantly reduces the incidence of fire blight. This work reports the first use ofPantoea agglomerans, a non-pathogenic relative ofE. amylovora, as a carrier for E. amylovora.phages. Its role is to support a replicating population of these phages on blossom surfaces during the period when the flowers are most susceptible to infection. Seven phages and one carrier isolate were selected for field trials from existing collections of 56 E. amylovora phages and 249 epiphytic orchard bacteria. Selection of the . /' phages and carrier was based on characteristics relevant to the production and field perfonnance of a biopesticide: host range, genetic diversity, growth under the conditions of large-scale production, and the ability to prevent E. amylovora from infecting pear blossoms. In planta assays showed that both the phages and the carrier make significant contributions to reducirig the development of fire blight symptoms in pear blossoms. Field-scale phage production and purification methods were developed based on the growth characteristics of the phages and bacteria in liquid culture, and on the survival of phages in various liquid media. Six of twelve phage-carrier biopesticide treatments caused statistically signiflcant reductions in disease incidence during orchard trials. Multiplex real-time PCR was used to simultaneously monitor the phage, carrier, and pathogen populations over the course of selected treatments. In all cases. the observed population dynamics of the biocontrol agents and the pathogen were consistent with the success or failure of each treatment to control disease incidence. In treatments exhibiting a significantly reduced incidel1ce of fire blight, the average blossom population ofE.amylovora had been reduced to pre-experiment epiphytic levels. In successful treatments the phages grew on the P. agglomerans carrier for 2 to 3 d after treatment application. The phages then grew preferentially on the pathogen, once it was introduced into this blossom ecosystem. The efficacy of the successful phage-based treatnlents was statistically similar to that of streptomycin, which is the most effective bactericide currently available for fire blight prevention. The in planta behaviour ofE. amylovora was compared to that ofErwinia pyrifoliae, a closely related species that causes fire blight-like synlptoms on pears in southeast Asia. Duplex real-time PCR was used to monitor the population dynamics of both species on single blossonls. E. amylovora exhibited a greater competitive fitness on Bartlett pear blossoms than E. pyrifoliae. The genome ofErwinia phage Ea21-4 was sequenced and annotated. Most of the 8-4.7 kB genome is substantially different from previously described sequences, though some regions are notably similar to Salmonella phage Felix 01 . Putative functions were assigned to approximately 30% of the predicted open reading frames based on amino acid sequence comparisons and N-terminal sequencing of structural proteins.

The Discipline of Economics and Economic Cycles

In This Article, It Is Argued That the Long International, Financial and Economic Cycle (50-60 Years) Is More Than a Statistical Aberration, and Is the Result of Institutional Political, Financial and Economic Conditions Which Are Recurrent. It Is Proposed As an Hypothesis That the Breakdown of International Monetary Systems Is At the Origin of Hte Financial and Economic Long Cycle. Such a Breakdown Starts a Process of Unexpected Inflation, of Balance of Payments Imbalances and of International Indebtedness in a Key-Currency. the Last Stage of This Process Is Characterized by Disinflation, a Speculative Stock Market Boom and a Period of Debt-Liquidation Which Negatively Affect the Real Side of the Economy. Without an International and Automatic Mechanism to Correct the Financial and Economic International Imbalances, the World Economy Runs the Risk of Getting More and More Unstable Until the Turning Point. International Monetary Cooperation Could Contribute in Alleviating the Negative Spillovers Accompanying Hte Adjustment of These Imbalances.

Diplômés du collège et de l’université : une comparaison des immigrants et natifs au Québec en 2006.

Les données du recensement de 2006 de Statistique Canada ont été utilisées afin d’étudier les immigrants diplômés ou certifiés au collégial ou à l’universitaire, tout en essayant de les comparer aux natifs du Québec et du reste du Canada. En fait, nous avons expliqué le fait de détenir un titre postsecondaire du système éducatif québécois chez l’ensemble de la population et chez les différentes générations d’immigrants selon les régions de naissance ou d’origine des individus. De plus, nous avons examiné l’effet de l’âge à l’immigration, de la langue d’usage à la maison et de la période d’arrivée sur le fait de détenir un diplôme ou un certificat postsecondaire du système éducatif québécois. Pour réaliser cette étude, nous avons donc utilisé une analyse bivariée et multivariée axée sur des variables socio-économiques, démographiques, ethnoculturelles et contextuelles. Nous avons trouvé que les natifs du Québec ont des chances supérieures aux autres groupes étudiés (immigrants des diverses régions et natifs du reste du Canada) d’avoir un titre collégial. Cependant, les immigrants, surtout ceux de l’Afrique et de l’Asie de l’Est ou du Sud-est, et les natifs du reste du Canada ont des chances nettement supérieures de détenir un titre universitaire que les natifs du Québec. Les immigrants nés aux États-Unis et en Afrique sont plus souvent diplômés de l’université que ceux nés en Asie de l’Est et du Sud-est. Les Latino-américains de première génération sont plus susceptibles d’avoir un diplôme ou un certificat collégial que les Asiatiques de l’Est ou du Sud-est. Les immigrants de deuxième génération dont la mère est née dans les Caraïbes ou au Québec ont plus de chance de détenir un diplôme ou certificat du collège que les immigrants de deuxième génération dont la mère est née en Asie de l’Est ou du Sud-est. Les enfants qui migrent au Québec ou au Canada avant 10 ans ont des chances nettement plus élevées d’avoir un titre collégial que de ne pas en avoir, en comparaison à ceux arrivés après cet âge. Un immigrant dont la langue d’usage à la maison n’est ni le français ni l’anglais réussit bien au collégial, mais détient moins souvent un titre universitaire. Enfin, la cohorte d’immigrants arrivée durant la période 2000-2006 a significativement plus de chances de détenir un titre universitaire que les autres cohortes étudiées.

Integrated Management for Sustainable Development of Coastal Zones – A Gis Based Study on the Central Kerala Coast

The present study focuses on the stability of the coast, exploitation of the coastal resources, human activities within the study are that extends from Fort Cochin at north to Thottappally at south, central Kerala State and hinterlands, socio-economic problems of the coastal community and the environmental issues arising in the recent past due to human activities. The objective of the study is critically analyse the coastal zone region and prevailing situation and to propose a comprehensive management plan for the sustainable development of the region under study. The thesis covers varied aspects of coastal uses like fisheries, tourism, land use, water resources etc. To critically examine the above scenarios, the ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information Systems) – GIS software has been used. A satellite image of the area has been used for the coastline change detection and land use patterns. The outcome of the present study will be beneficial to the various stakeholders within the coastal region and its hinterlands. To further add, this study should find better applications to similar or near-similar situations of Southeast Asia where identical scenarios are noticeable.

Dynamics of Deforestation and Socio-Economic profile of Tribal Women Folk in Kerala- A study of Attappady is

This thesis Entitled Dynamics of deforestation and Socio-Economic profile of tribal women flok in kerala -A study of Attappady. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a sample survey conducted in three panchayaths .The thesis is organized in eight chapters. The first chapter provides the background to the study. Second chapter reviews the literature. Third chapter provides the profile of the study area and general conditions. Fourth chapter consists of the life cycle structure of the tribal woman. Fifth chapter covers the socio-economic conditions of the tribal women in the study area. Sixth chapter consists of relationship between tribal women and forest and the degradation of the forest. Seventh chapter provides the documentation of the development programmes implemented in Attappady and their importance to the tribals. Last chapter consists of summary and conclusions of the study, suggestions and recommendations of the study.

El interés estratégico de Estados Unidos en India, en el período comprendido entre 2000-2010

A partir de la aprobación del Acuerdo Nuclear con fines civiles entre Estados Unidos e India en 2008, se evidencia un viraje contundente de la política exterior norteamericana hacia ésta nación asiática. Este hecho sin precedentes, que implicó para Estados Unidos dejar atrás más de 3 décadas de políticas de no proliferación nuclear y un cambio en su legislación, hace cuestionar cuál es el interés estratégico de Estados Unidos en India. En ese orden de ideas, el objetivo de la presente investigación, ha sido demostrar que dicho interés estratégico busca una alianza con India como un actor de peso en el tablero asiático, para contener el avance del poderío de la República Popular de China en la región, mediante la aplicación de tres dinámicas a través de India: 1) El fortalecimiento de los vínculos en seguridad con India dada su proyección y relevancia geopolítica, 2) El estrechamiento de los lazos comerciales impulsados por Estados Unidos para mejorar las condiciones económicas de India, para así contrarrestar el poder económico de China y su influencia política en la región, y 3), encontrando en India un ancla de la democracia en Asia, en contraste del modelo político socialista de China.

Análisis del liderazgo de Indonesia en la evolución y consolidación de la integración del Sudeste Asiático (ASEAN) durante el periodo 2005-2010

La presente es una investigación de los distintos factores que han llevado a Indonesia a consolidarse como líder tanto en la integración de la ASEAN así como en la región del Sudeste Asiático, analizando características políticas identificadas en la historia del país y el crecimiento económico que ha presentado Indonesia en las últimas décadas.

Oportunidades de negocios bilaterales entre Colombia e Indonesia

El trabajo que se presenta a continuación muestra a grandes rasgos cómo se han desarrollado las relaciones comerciales entre Colombia e Indonesia desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad y qué nuevas oportunidades se pueden presentar para potencializar en mayor medida el comercio bilateral entre las dos naciones. De acuerdo a lo anterior, el desarrollo del trabajo parte en primer lugar de un análisis económico, social y del comercio tanto de Colombia como de Indonesia, en donde se estudian diferentes indicadores que muestran en qué nivel se encuentra cada país en estos aspectos y como es su comercio desde y hacia el mundo. En segundo lugar, se presenta un enfoque en el desarrollo del comercio bilateral, en donde se comienza a evidenciar las posibles nuevas oportunidades de intercambio entre los dos países, posteriormente se realiza un estudio del macro ambiente de cada país, el cual permite hacer un análisis de riesgo país, que arroja temas a tener en cuenta al momento de establecer una relación comercial y económica que permita evidenciar el riesgo que representa una nación para la otra. Por último, se realiza un DOFA con su matriz, de la cual surgen una serie de estrategias para aprovechar las nuevas oportunidades de intercambio comercial que se pudieron evidenciar durante todo el trabajo.

Analisis de la politica exterior china para Africa Subsahariana en materia politica y energetica. Una aproximacion a la relacion sino sudanesa. Periodo 1996 - 2005

Este trabajo explica las razones por las cuales China se estrecha sus vinculos con Afirca. El tema principal es el inicio de la relacion sino-sudanesa y la evolucion de esta hasta el fin de la guerra civil en Sudan.

Estrategias políticas y costo beneficio económico en el proceso de la firma de un tratado comercial. Estudio de Caso TLC Colombia - Corea del Sur (2009-2013).

Este estudio de caso analiza en qué medida la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Colombia y Corea del Sur obedece a estrategias políticas y/o costo beneficio económico por parte de este último. La hipótesis en el presente trabajo es que la firma del TLC entre ambos países se debe a la existencia de intereses compartidos. Por un lado, existen intereses económicos, debido a que Corea del Sur es un actor racional que busca siempre maximizar sus beneficios a través del aumento del tamaño de sus mercados. En este sentido, Colombia le sirve como plataforma para exportación de productos coreanos utilizando los acuerdos comerciales ya establecidos. Así mismo, existen intereses políticos que son permeados por medio de la cooperación internacional y que le pueden servir al Estado surcoreano en un proceso de búsqueda de legitimar de su imagen dentro del Sistema Internacional vis-a-vis de su relación con Corea del Norte. Este trabajo será de tipo descriptivo y explicativo. Para el desarrollo se utilizará la metodología cualitativa, ya que se ahonda en las especificidades del caso para entender cómo se dio éste fenómeno en particular. Como fuentes de recolección de información se utilizan entrevistas y análisis de documentos oficiales de la Embajada de Corea y discursos del Embajador Choo Jong Youn.