Pre-Radiotherapy Dental Assessment of Head and Neck Oncology Patients: An Audit.

Objectives: Approximately 300 people are diagnosed with Head and Neck cancer annually in Northern Ireland. The management may include treatment by surgery or by chemotherapy and radiotherapy,
or a combination of modalities. Patients whose oral cavity, teeth, salivary glands and jaws that
will be affected by treatment, particularly radiotherapy should have a pre-treatment assessment. This should be done as early as possible to maximise the time available for dental management. However, this can be challenging owing to the complexities of cancer diagnosis, treatment planning and multidisciplinary management. At the Belfast Dental Hospital, a number of patients were referred post- radiotherapy with complications after not having received a pre-treatment assessment. The referrals for pre- treatment dental assessment were also late in patients’ multidisciplinary journey, limiting the time period
for dental input. The purpose of this audit was to examine the time period between dental assessment and commencement of radiotherapy and whether this was an adequate time frame for dental management. This audit will also examine the dental diseases present and the treatments required pre-radiotherapy. Methods: Data for this audit was collected over 4 months in 2012
by analysing the dental charts and referrals of new patients who were referred to and attended the dental head and neck oncology clinic. A standardised referral pro-forma was introduced from September 2013 to improve the referral process.
A re-audit was conducted over 4 months in 2014. Data was collected similarly as previous. The time period between dental assessment and commencement of radiotherapy was examined. The presence of dental disease and subsequent treatments required were also noted.
Results: 63 new patients were examined in the dental head and neck oncology clinic over 4 months in 2012. 48 (76.2%) were examined pre-radiotherapy. The average length of time between dental assessment and radiotherapy commencement was 11 days. A new standardised referral pro-forma was introduced in 2013. In the re-audit, 65 new patients were seen over 4 months in 2014.
60 (92.3%) patients were examined pre-radiotherapy. The average length of time between dental assessment and radiotherapy commencement was 18 days.
Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of pre-existing dental disease amongst head and neck cancer patients, prompt dental assessment and treatment is vital. Efforts aimed at improving the care pathway are on-going through the implementation of a mandatory referral pro-forma and a dedicated assessment clinic.

Comparison of Composite Placement Techniques by Recently Qualified Dental Practitioners.

Objectives: To evaluate the placement of composite materials by new graduates using three alternative placement techniques.Methods: A cohort of 34 recently qualified graduates were asked to restore class II interproximal cavities in plastic teeth using three different techniques.

(i) A conventional incremental filling technique (Herculite XRV) using increments no larger than 2-mm with an initial layer on the cervical floor of the box of 1-mm.
(ii) Flowable bulk fill technique (Dentsply SDR) bulk fill placement in a 3-mm layer followed by an incremental fill of a microhybrid resin
(iii) Bulk fill (Kerr Sonicfill) which involved restorations placed in a 5-mm layer.

The operators were instructed in each technique, didactically and with a hands-on demonstration, prior to restoration placement.
All restorations were cured according to manufacturer’s recommendations. Each participant restored 3 teeth, 1 tooth per treatment technique.
The restorations were evaluated using modified USPHS criteria to assess both the marginal adaptation and the surface texture of the restorations. Blind evaluations were carried out independently by two examiners with the aid of magnification (loupes X2.5). Examiners were standardized prior to evaluation.
Results: Gaps between the tooth margins and the restoration or between the layers of the restoration were found in 13 of Group (i), 3 of Group (ii), and 4 of Group (iii)
Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the incrementally filled group (i) and the flowable bulk-fill group (ii) (p=0.0043) and between the incrementally filled (i) and the bulk fill groups (iii) (p=0.012) and no statistical difference (p=0.69) between the bulk filled groups Conclusions: Bulk fill techniques may result in a more satisfactory seal of the cavity margins when restoring with composite.

Identification of novel Factor XI mutations in a patient requiring dental extractions

Factor XI is a serine protease that participates in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Patients deficient in factor XI exhibit varying degrees of post operative bleeding following invasive surgical procedures such as dental extractions. Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify the specific mutations in a patient from a family with known factor XI deficiency. Methods: Samples were obtained from the patient, his mother and his father and subjected to DNA sequencing. Each protein coding exon 2-15 of the factor XI gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by bidirectional sequencing utilizing di-deoxy chain termination chemistry. Results: The patient had a factor XI level of 20% of normal. Initial sequencing of factor XI from the patient identified a point mutation (646G>A) and a putative splice site mutation (1567+4A>T) in intron 13. These are novel previously unreported mutations. DNA sequence analysis of the mother revealed the 1567+4A>T mutation and the father exhibited the 646G>A mutation. As a consequence the treatment proceeded without serious bleeding complication and required administration only of transexamic acid though factor XI was available as haemostatic cover. Conclusion: The two mutations identified in this family are novel; further laboratory investigation of the functional consequences of those mutations is currently underway. Although factor XI deficiency is rare in the Northern Irish population this study highlights the techniques available to sequence and analyse this and similar haematological disorders.

Impact of Referral Protocols on the Dental Management of Patients Undergoing Treatment for Head and Neck Oncology in Northern Ireland

Objective: To evaluate the handling, by a group of practice-based researchers, of a recently introduced bulk fill resin-based composite restorative material, Filtek Bulk Fill Restorative (3M ESPE).

Methods: The twelve selected evaluators were sent explanatory letters, a pack of the material under investigation to use for 8 weeks, and a questionnaire.

Results: The evaluators rated the ease of use of the bulk fill restorative the same as the previously used posterior composite material. The provision of one shade only for evaluation may have compromised the score for aesthetic quality. No post-operative sensitivity was reported.

Conclusions: The bulk fill material was well received as indicated by the high number of evaluators who would both purchase the material and recommend it to colleagues.

Clinical relevance: A recently introduced bulk fill restorative material achieved a rating for handling which was similar to the evaluators’ previously used resin composite, although there were some concerns regarding the translucency of the material.

NPY Y1 and VPAC1 receptor expression in human dental pulps

Neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have been shown by our research group to be present in human dental pulp tissue. Neuropeptides cannot cross cell membranes and therefore to exert their biological effects they must bind to selected receptors on the surface of target cell membranes. However, the expression of receptor proteins for NPY and/or VIP have yet to be reported in human pulp tissue. The presence of neuropeptide receptors can be conveniently determined by Western blotting using specific anti-receptor antibodies. Objectives: The aim of this work was to identify the presence of the NPY Y1 receptor and the VIP receptor VPAC1 in human dental pulp tissue from both intact and carious teeth using Western blotting. Methods: Pulp tissue was collected from both intact and carious teeth and membrane preparations from these tissues were then subject to sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), transferred to nitrocellulose and probed with specific antibodies to either the NPY Y1 receptor or the VPAC1 receptor. Results: Individual Western blotting experiments revealed the presence of immunoreactive bands corresponding to the known molecular weights of the NPY Y1 and VPAC1 receptor proteins in both intact and carious pulp samples. Conclusions: Demonstration of the presence of NPY Y1 and VPAC1 receptor protein expression in pulpal tissue from intact and carious teeth provides further support for the roles of these neuropeptides in pulpal health and disease.

TRP Channels and calcium signalling in dental pulp stem cells

Introduction: Ca2+ ion is an important intracellular messenger essential for the regulation of various cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels are calcium permeable cationic channels that play important role in regulation of free intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in response to thermal, physical and chemical stimuli. Ca2+ signalling in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and the ion channels regulating Ca2+ are largely not known. Objectives: Investigate changes in [Ca2+]i and determine the ion channels that regulate calcium signalling in hDPSCs. Methods: DPSCs were derived from immature third molars and cells less than passage 6 were used in all the experiments. Changes in [Ca2+]i were studied with Fura2 calcium imaging. RNA was extracted from DPSCs and a panel of TRP channel gene expression was determined by qPCR employing custom designed FAM TRP specific primers and probes (Roche, UK) and the Light Cycler 480 Probes Master (Roche). Results: hDPSCs express gene transcripts for all TRP families including TRPV1, V2, V4, TRPA1, TRPC3, TRPC5, TRPC6, TRPM3, TRPM7 and TRPP2. Stimulation of cells with appropriate TRP channel agonist induced increase in [Ca2+]i and similar responses were obtained when cell were mechanically stimulated by membrane stretch with application of hypotonic solution. Conclusion: TRP channels mediate calcium signalling in hDPSCs that merit further investigation.

Osteoprotegerin Expression in the Dental Pulp

Objectives: The inflammatory response to pulpal injury or infection has major clinical significance. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble decoy receptor for Receptor Activator of NF kappa B Ligand (RANKL), preventing ligand binding to its receptor (RANK), thus inhibiting clastic cell formation. The aim of the study is to investigate the expression of OPG in human dental pulp and the effects of inflammatory mediators. This study will specifically investigate the effects of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-β1) and Interleukin 1-Beta (IL-1β) on the expression of OPG on pulp fibroblasts in vitro. Method: Five primary pulp fibroblast populations were obtained by explant culture of healthy pulp tissue. Triplicate cultures were grown to confluence in 12-well plates and stimulated for 48 hours with IL-1β (10ng/ml) or TGF-β1 (10ng/ml). The conditioned media was collected and OPG levels detected by ELISA (R+D Systems, UK). Results: All fibroblast populations produced quantifiable levels of OPG in a time-dependant fashion. IL-1β significantly increased the expression of OPG (p<0.05) in all cultures. In contrast, TGF-β1 had no significant effect on OPG expression levels. In addition, previous work in our laboratory demonstrated both TGF-β1 and IL-1β stimulated OPG expression by periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Conclusion: These data indicate that IL-1β-regulated expression of OPG by pulpal fibroblasts may mediate hard tissue turnover in the inflamed dental pulp.

Substance P production by human dental pulp fibroblasts

The inflammatory response to pulpal injury or infection has major clinical significance. Neurogenic inflammation describes the local release of neuropeptides, notably substance P (SP), from afferent neurones, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of pulpal disease. The fibroblast is the most numerous cell type in the dental pulp and recent work has suggested that it is involved in the inflammatory response. Objectives: The aims of the study were to determine whether pulp fibroblasts could produce SP, and to investigate the expression of the SP receptor, NK-1, by these cells. Methods: Primary pulp fibroblast cell populations were isolated by enzymatic digestion from non-carious teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. Whole pulp tissue was obtained from freshly extracted sound (n=35) and carious (n=39) teeth. Expression of SP and NK-1 mRNA was determined by RT-PCR. The effects of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on SP and NK-1 expression were also determined. The presence of NK-1 on fibroblast cell membranes was established by western blotting. The effects of the cytokines on each parameter were analysed by ANOVA. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was carried out to quantify SP expression by pulp fibroblasts and in whole pulp tissue. Results: SP was expressed by pulpal fibroblasts both at the mRNA level and the protein level. In addition, NK-1 was detected in fibroblast cultures at the mRNA level and appeared as a double band on western blots of membrane extracts. IL-1β and TGF-β1 significantly stimulated the expression of SP and NK-1. SP levels were significantly greater (p<0.05) in carious compared to sound teeth. Conclusion: Pulp fibroblasts are capable of synthesising and secreting SP, as well as expressing the SP receptor, NK-1. These findings suggest that pulp fibroblasts play a role in neurogenic inflammation in pulpal disease. (Supported by the European Society of Endodontology.)

Co-expression of NPY and VIP in human dental pulp

Introduction: The regulation of pulpal haemodynamics in health and disease involves sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms in which both neuropeptide Y (NPY; a sympathetic vasoconstrictor) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP; a parasympathetic vasodilator) may play potential pathophysiological roles. We have previously investigated the levels of NPY or VIP present in human dental pulp tissue and shown that their expression is up-regulated in caries induced pulpal inflammation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential correlation between NPY and VIP levels measured in the same dental pulp samples using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Methods: Pulp tissue was obtained from extracted teeth, classified as follows; healthy (n=22), moderately carious (n=20) and grossly carious (n=26). Samples were processed for RIA by boiling in acetic acid as previously described. The levels of NPY and VIP, measured by RIA, were expressed as ng/gram of pulp tissue. The nature of the relationship between NPY and VIP levels in human pulp tissue was tested by calculating Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient using the linear regression test. Results: Calculation of Pearson product moment correlation coefficient showed a significant negative correlation between NPY and VIP levels in pulp tissue samples from non-carious teeth (p = 0.02, r = -.48). This negative correlation in non-carious teeth changed to a significant positive correlation in carious teeth when the levels of NPY and VIP were compared (p = 0.03, r= 0.311). Conclusions: In non-carious teeth, the negative correlation between NPY and VIP levels is in keeping with the previously described modulatory influence of cholinergic nerves on sympathetic function which may be perturbed as caries develops.

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) in Human Dental Pulps

Pulpal innervation is not exclusively sensory and there are potential roles for other neuropeptides such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in pulpal health and disease. In the systemic circulation VIP relaxes vascular smooth muscles leading to vasodilatation. It has been shown that VIP fibres are associated with pulpal blood vessels and therefore VIP may mediate vasoactivity in the dental pulp. A growing body of evidence has now demonstrated that an additional major physiological role of VIP is to act as a survival factor. In order to gain a better understanding of the role of neuropeptides in the caries process it is of interest to specifically examine a role for VIP. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of VIP in carious (moderately carious and grossly carious) compared with non-carious teeth. Methods: A total of 68 teeth were included in the study (22 non-carious, 20 moderately carious and 26 grossly carious). VIP was measured in all samples using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Results: The mean concentration of VIP in the pulps of non-carious teeth was 7.69 ng/g (9.41 SD) compared to 14.93 ng/g (15.58 SD) in carious teeth. Pair-wise comparisons of VIP levels using Tukey’s test showed statistically significant differences in VIP expression between non-carious and moderately carious teeth (p=0.002) and between moderately and grossly carious teeth, (p=0.002). Conclusion: The significantly increased levels of VIP in moderately carious pulps compared with either non-carious or grossly carious pulps may suggest a role for VIP as a protective or survival factor.

Radioimmunoassay Quantitation of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in Human Dental Pulps

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide that is abundantly expressed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY has previously been shown to be present in human dental pulp although its exact role in pulpal health and disease remains to be fully elucidated. In addition to serving a neurotransmitter role, NPY may also have a role in modulating the pulpal response to injury and inflammation. Indeed NPY is known to be a potent vasoconstrictor in a range of tissues. Recent work by our research group has demonstrated changes in sensory neuropeptide levels measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in healthy and carious teeth. In addition to elevated levels of sensory neuropeptides, it is also possible that the carious process is associated with increased levels of autonomic neuropeptides such as NPY. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to undertake a comprehensive quantitative RIA analysis of NPY expression in human dental pulps from carious and non-carious teeth. Methods: A total of 22 non-carious and 46 carious teeth were included in the study. NPY was measured in all samples using RIA. Briefly, the RIA system consisted of a total volume of 400 ul, comprising 100 ul anti-NPY antibody (Peninsula Laboratories), 200 ul human NPY synthetic standard or pulp sample, and 100 ul of 125I-labelled NPY as radioactive tracer. Results: The mean concentration of NPY in non-carious teeth was found to be 4.28 ng/g (4.34 SD) compared to 9.57 ng/g (9.39 SD) in carious teeth. Using ANOVA the difference in NPY levels between the non-carious group and the carious group was found to be statistically significant (p= 0.003). Conclusion: The significant increase in the levels of NPY in carious dental pulps reported in this study provides evidence for a role for NPY in the pulpal response to caries.

Neuropeptide Receptors in the Dental Pulp

Objectives: The inflammatory response to pulpal injury or infection has major clinical significance. The aim of the study is to investigate the presence and regulation of expression of neuropeptide receptors on human pulp fibroblasts and whole pulp tissue. This study will investigate the expression of Substance P (NK-1) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY-Y1) receptors on pulp fibroblasts, determine the effects of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-b1) and Interleukin 1-Beta (IL-1b) on the expression of NK-1 and NPY-Y1 receptors on pulp fibroblasts and examine the levels of receptor expression in whole pulp samples. Methods: Primary pulp fibroblast cell lines were obtained from patients undergoing extractions for orthodontic reasons. The cells were grown to confluence and stimulated for 5 days with IL-1b or TGF-b1. Pulp tissue fragments were obtained from freshly extracted sound and carious teeth, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and cracked open using a vice. The monolayer was removed with cell scrapers and pelleted. The cell membranes of the cultured cells and the whole tissue were isolated using a Mem-PER® Eukaryotic Membrane Protein Extraction Reagent Kit (Pierce, UK). The membrane proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting was used to detect the presence of NK-1 and NPY-Y1. Results: Initial results demonstrated the presence of NK-1 and NPY-Y1 in cultured pulp fibroblasts. Following the 5 day incubation with TGF-b1, the cells appeared not to express NK-1. IL-1b had a slight stimulatory effect on NK-1 expression. The NPY-Y1 expression was not affected by either TGF-b1 or IL-1b. In whole pulp samples, levels of NK-1 were increased in carious teeth compared to caries-free teeth. The NPY-Y1 levels were similar in carious and non-carious teeth. Conclusion: These findings give an insight into how pulp cells react to inflammatory stimuli with regards to neuropeptide receptor expression and their roles in health and disease

Matérias-primas da plataforma do Mondego para cerâmica

O presente trabalho divulga os resultados dos estudos levados a efeito nas matérias-primas argilosas que se integram tipologicamente na argila comum, ocorrentes na designada Plataforma do Mondego, Centro de Portugal, na região entre Miranda do Corvo, a SW, e Tábua, a NE. Para tal realizou-se a cartografia superficial dos sedimentos continentais do Cretácico e do Terciário, aí preservados, estabeleceram-se as colunas sedimentares, a nível regional e a nível local, nas áreas de maior potencial reconhecido e, caracterizaram-se as matérias-primas argilosas amostradas, em termos de composição, textura e aptidão cerâmica, objectivando a definição das zonas das jazidas com maior interesse industrial. A informação obtida e compilada, relativa ao caulino e ao feldspato é também apresentada, com vista a uma percepção da potencialidade destas matériasprimas cerâmicas ocorrentes na área. O estudo de caracterização dos materiais argilosos investigados teve como base 53 amostras obtidas em seis regiões da Plataforma do Mondego aqui definidas por motivo de organização do trabalho, segundo os critérios geográfico e geotectónico. As formações de Côja e de Campelo, do Terciário, constituem as unidades onde ocorrem litótipos produtivos, em termos de matéria-prima para a Cerâmica de Barro Vermelho ou Cerâmica de Construção. Relativamente às características texturais e composicionais, em síntese, apresentam-se os factos relevantes seguintes: A matéria-prima argilosa existente na área estudada materializa, granulometricamente, na maioria das amostras, silte, caindo os níveis amostrados com maior percentagem de argila, no domínio do silte argiloso. O défice em fracção argila implica limitações quanto à possibilidade de diversificação de produtos cerâmicos fabricados com estas matérias-primas tal-qual. Os diferentes métodos analíticos utilizados na caracterização mineralógica dos materiais amostrados confirmaram uma composição em termos dos minerais argilosos, consistindo de ilite/mica (em geral, o mais abundante), caulinite e esmectite, interestratificados e clorite. Os minerais não argilosos são quartzo (predominante), feldspato (sobretudo potássico) e hematite, com uma representação baixa. A mineralogia da fracção inferior a 2μm das amostras, não difere das amostras totais, salvo no teor mais elevado dos minerais argilosos e acentuada redução dos minerais não argilosos. Os resultados da análise química por fluorescência de raios X das amostras integrais correlacionam-se com as características mineralógicas observadas através das técnicas analíticas utilizadas. No respeitante às propriedades e comportamento cerâmico verifica-se: Os parâmetros relacionados com a plasticidade indicam que parte das pastas elaboradas com estes materiais argilosos têm uma trabalhabilidade aceitável, mas existem problemas de conformação e acentuada retracção num número significativo de amostras, devido à elevada plasticidade da maioria das amostras. A extrusão é satisfatória a óptima. A RMF e a retracção em seco assumem valores, respectivamente, moderados a baixos e moderados, embora seja necessário ter em conta o procedimento de extrusão dos provetes, sem dispositivo de vácuo. Todas as amostras foram sujeitas a cozedura a 900ºC, e um conjunto seleccionado foi cozido a 1000ºC e a 1100ºC. As fases mineralógicas ocorrentes após cozeduras a 900ºC e 1100ºC foram identificadas num conjunto de amostras, tendo-se evidenciado a coerência dessas fases, com a mineralogia das amostras em seco. Após cozedura a 900ºC, os valores de RMF das amostras satisfazem geralmente os valores mínimos, exigidos para o fabrico de tijolo, abobadilha e, com alguma frequência, de telha, como já se verificava com os valores daquela propriedade em seco. Os valores de retracção seco-cozido são em geral, modestos. A capacidade de absorção de água é maioritariamente elevada. A formação de vidro, sobretudo, condiciona o comportamento destas propriedades por cozedura dos provetes a 1000ºC e a 1100ºC. A coloração predominante em cru das matérias-primas argilosas amostradas é amarelo acastanhado a castanho avermelhado. Após cozedura a 900ºC, há um acentuado escurecimento e incremento no grau de vermelho. As cozeduras a 1000ºC e 1100ºC promovem escurecimento gradual, com ligeira influência na cor. O comportamento dos provetes após as cozeduras cerâmicas revelou-se homogéneo a cada uma das respectivas temperaturas, não se registando também defeitos significativos, nem eflorescências. A análise das amostras em termos composicionais e tecnológicos permitiu destacar as principais características e aspectos distintivos das matériasprimas, nas diferentes regiões definidas objectivando as diferentes potencialidades cerâmicas. Nesta abordagem comparativa foram consideradas só as amostras dos campos silte e silte arenoso, por serem aquelas com maior interesse para a Cerâmica de Construção. Nas colunas sedimentares das regiões de Tábua e Santa Quitéria constata-se a ocorrência de dois ritmos de sedimentação, que embora assumam características específicas em cada região, têm aspectos composicionais e tecnológicos em comum, traduzindo melhor aptidão cerâmica os ritmos inferiores. A conjugação da cartografia realizada com os estudos laboratoriais permite concluir que as regiões de Tábua e de Santa Quitéria serão as que têm maior potencial por explorar, em matéria-prima para Cerâmica de Construção, apesar da primeira já ser intensamente explorada. Na região de Tábua, as amostras têm como fases mineralógicas principais ilite e quartzo na mesma proporção média (35%) e caulinite (média=19%) que regista enriquecimento significativo na fracção argila (média=38%). As argilas desta região registam a cor em cru mais vermelha e pH mais ácido observados. O ritmo de sedimentação inferior, com esmectite e interestratificados e ligeiramente menos quartzoso, apresenta melhores propriedades cerâmicas. A composição mineralógica média das amostras da região de Santa Quitéria é próxima daquela da região de Tábua, mas menos caulinítica, em especial na sequência inferior, na qual o teor médio de caulinite na fracção argila (7%) é o mais baixo observado. Na região de Côja – Arganil, a actividade extractiva é significativa na bacia de Côja. Aqui, a exploração de novas áreas potenciais é condicionada pela cobertura conglomerática e por estruturas tectónicas e não tectónicas relacionadas com comportamento plástico. Na restante área desta região, os recursos argilosos são penalizados por material areno-conglomerático. As amostras desta região distinguem-se das restantes a nível textural pela maior fracção areia e mineralogicamente pela presença de clorite, teor reduzido de caulinite e elevado de feldspato. As potencialidades em barro vermelho na região de Sanguinheda não serão significativas, pois a Formação de Côja é predominantemente arcósica e a Formação de Campelo pouco espessa e conglomerática. As argilas com melhor aptidão cerâmica foram amostradas na região de Miranda do Corvo – Lousã. Na composição, estas amostras são as que contêm maior fracção de argila, maior teor de ilite e caulinite e menor de argilas expansivas. Registam os melhores valores nas características tecnológicas, nomeadamente a RMF e absorção de água. A consistência dos grupos amostrais e ritmos definidos em termos composicionais e tecnológicos é corroborada pelas técnicas de análise estatística multivariada aplicadas, que os identificam. As condições de amostragem na região de Tábua, permitiram a elaboração de uma coluna tipológica, na qual, a partir de uma caracterização expedita de amostras é possível identificar a sua afinidade com os ritmos argilosos definidos e, consequentemente, a sua situação na coluna sedimentar regional e aptidão cerâmica. A cartografia dos recursos argilosos potenciais, elaborada à escala 1:25.000, constitui um dos objectivos principais deste trabalho e nela constam unidades litológicas, nas quais são diferenciadas unidades argilosas tendo também em consideração a tipologia e guias mineralógicos resultantes da caracterização das amostras. As características composicionais destas unidades denotam diferente aptidão cerâmica e, portanto, permitem salientar as zonas com maior interesse económico.

A cultura cerâmica no design da joalharia portuguesa

Este trabalho de investigação tem como objectivo contribuir para o aprofundamento de estudos vocacionados para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, suportado pelo encontro entre duas Culturas do Fazer, a cerâmica e a joalharia, e orientado pela Cultura do Projecto, o design. A análise e a ponderação acerca dos pontos em comum entre estas duas culturas materiais, em particular no contexto português, são a base para a definição e a aplicação de um novo concept de produto, mediado por uma metodologia projectual e sustentado nas noções de Modularidade, de Arquétipo, de Tipologia, de Valor Semântico, de Valor Simbólico, de Sistema de Produto e de Design Estratégico. Esta dissertação desenvolve-se ao longo de duas partes, após uma introdução em que se define o objecto de estudo e a metodologia da investigação. A primeira parte tem quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo trata do enquadramento teórico da Cultura Cerâmica a partir de uma análise históricotipologica (desde a cultura mesopotâmica até ao século XXI) orientando-se para o contexto português: os lugares de produção cerâmica e o azulejo como portador de cultura. O segundo capítulo, centrando-se em Portugal como lugar de investigação, estuda a Joalharia num âmbito experimental, analisando o valor simbólico da jóia. No terceiro capítulo interpreta-se o design entre tradição e inovação, nomeadamente a sua importância como veiculador cultural, o seu relacionamento com o artesanato e a relevância do laboratório como lugar de experimentação. O quarto capítulo analisa a acção do cruzamento entre os dois sectores – cerâmica e joalharia – na definição da cultura material, na Europa e em Portugal. Clarifica-se também o conceito de Sistema de Produto quando aplicado, como projecto piloto, à Joalharia, servindo-se de estudos de caso como mediadores experimentais. A segunda parte tem três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo analisam-se e averiguam-se tipologias de jóias existentes, assim como algumas provas laboratoriais que permitem o entendimento da tecnologia cerâmica no desenvolvimento de um projecto de Joalharia. Possibilita-se, deste modo, o surgimento dos primeiros estudos tipológico-formais determinantes para a definição da tipologia de projecto jóia-azulejo. No segundo capítulo define-se uma estratégia metodológica para aplicar a um produto de jóia cerâmica, analisando a particular importância do factor emocional na tomada de decisão do cliente. O terceiro capítulo defende um projecto experimental, como momento de verificação, aplicação e materialização do estudo desenvolvido nesta dissertação, proporcionando uma ocasião projectual para avaliar as potencialidades de um produto futuro, orientado pelo design, fruto do cruzamento entre a Cultura Cerâmica e a Joalharia em Portugal.

Práticas de gestão do design para o subsetor nacional de cerâmica utilitária e decorativa

O campo de análise do estudo compreende o subsetor de cerâmica utilitária e decorativa (CUD) nacional. Nesse contexto, o estudo analisa o papel atual do designer e propõe novas estratégias de gestão do design, como ferramentas estratégicas potenciadoras de inovação e de valor acrescentado, para o produto e para o desenvolvimento da empresa. A pertinência da investigação justifica-se pela necessidade premente da reestruturação estratégica das empresas do setor face ao cenário da crise atual. Os dados mais recentes disponibilizados do subsetor indicam que, de 2002 para 2008, encerraram 36,6% das empresas, o número de trabalhadores reduziu-se em 36,8% e o volume de negócios decresceu 32%. Acrescenta-se ainda que, do ano de 2008 para 2012, encerraram 15% das empresas da amostra. Pretende-se com este estudo não só definir o estado atual da arte e do subsetor mas, ir mais além, procurando respostas aos problemas detetados, através de ferramentas estratégicas para a gestão do design integrado nas estratégias de imagem, comercialização e produção. O estudo compreendeu as seguintes etapas: pesquisa, análise de dados e desenvolvimento dos resultados. A etapa da pesquisa correspondeu à recolha da documentação disponível para o contexto do subsetor e da gestão do design apresentado no estado da arte; a pesquisa de campo a seleção de empresas da amostra onde se realizaram questionários (em 2008 e 2012) e entrevistas (em 2008) no universo amostra. Na análise de dados, estes foram apresentados e analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa (com recurso a lugares estruturais e a palavras-chave) e relacionados com o estado de arte e desenvolvimento de resultados. A última etapa, desenvolvimento dos resultados, traduz-se pela idealização e construção de ferramentas sob a perspetiva da gestão do design nas empresas: em checklists da definição do trabalho do designer e da integração do designer nas estratégias de gestão do design, aplicadas ao subsetor; na definição das estratégias vigentes na amostra; na sugestão de uma estratégia de gestão de design direcionada para o subsetor e de planos de ação concordantes com a estratégia sugerida. A novidade do estudo está presente nas propostas de ferramentas estratégicas, onde se define o trabalho do designer, enuncia estratégias de gestão do design direcionadas ao subsetor, define campos de integração do designer nessas estratégias, caracteriza-se a aplicabilidade de práticas de gestão do design e sugere-se uma estratégia e planos de ação para aplicar ao subsetor de CUD. De modo a facilitar a aplicação da investigação e da análise aqui realizada, redigiu-se um manual de estratégias de gestão do design – Cerâmica design mais – para disponibilizar e apresentar futuramente ao subsetor e a todos os interessados no tema.