GM-CSF receptor targeted treatment of primary AML in SCID mice using Diphtheria toxin fused to huGM-CSF

The severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model may be used to evaluate new approaches for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We have previously demonstrated the killing of SCID mouse leukemia initiating cells by in vitro incubation with human GM-CSF fused to Diphtheria toxin (DT-huGM-CSF). In this report, we show that in vivo treatment with DT-huGM-CSF eliminates AML growth in SCID mice. Seven cases of AML were studied. SCID mice were treated intraperitoneally with the maximally tolerated dose of 75 microg/kg/day for 7 days. Antileukemic efficacy was determined at days 40 and 80 after transplantation, by enumerating the percentages of human cells in SCID bone marrow using flow cytometry and short tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction (STR-PCR) analysis. Four out of seven AML cases were sensitive to in vivo treatment with DT-huGM-CSF at both evaluation time points. In three of these cases, elimination of human cells was demonstrated by flow cytometry and STR-PCR. One AML case showed moderate sensitivity for DT-huGM-CSF, and growth of the two remaining AML cases was not influenced by DT-huGM-CSF. Sensitivity was correlated with GM-CSFR expression. Our data show that DT-huGM-CSF can be used in vivo to reduce growth of AML and warrant further development of DT-huGM-CSF for the treatment of human AML.

Leukaemogenesis, gene interplay, and the role of the haemopoietic environment

Malignant initiation, leukaemic transformation, and disease progression in haematological malignancies involves a series of mutational events in genes involved in normal housekeeping functions of the cell. These acquired genetic changes can lead to either increased proliferation or a decreased rate of apoptosis, thus allowing expansion of the malignant clone. Although leukaemia can arise as a de novo disease, it has become increasingly clear that therapies, including the use of irradiation and/or chemotherapy, can give rise to malignancy. Therapy-associated myelodysplasia (t-MDS) and therapy-associated acute myeloid leukaemia (t-AML) account for 10-20% of new cases of these diseases. Although these secondary malignancies have been recognised as a clinical entity for nearly 30 years, molecular studies are now pinpointing various regions of the genome that are susceptible to DNA damage by these chemotherapeutic/radiotherapeutic strategies. The detection of new malignancies (both solid tumours and haematological tumours) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is also providing us with some clues to the nature of leukaemogenesis, particularly with the observation that leukaemia can occur in donor cells postallogeneic BMT.

The mitochondrial and autosomal mutation landscapes of prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men. PCa is strongly age associated; low death rates in surveillance cohorts call into question the widespread use of surgery, which leads to overtreatment and a reduction in quality of life. There is a great need to increase the understanding of tumor characteristics in the context of disease progression.

OBJECTIVE: To perform the first multigenome investigation of PCa through analysis of both autosomal and mitochondrial DNA, and to integrate exome sequencing data, and RNA sequencing and copy-number alteration (CNA) data to investigate how various different tumor characteristics, commonly analyzed separately, are interconnected.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Exome sequencing was applied to 64 tumor samples from 55 PCa patients with varying stage and grade. Integrated analysis was performed on a core set of 50 tumors from which exome sequencing, CNA, and RNA sequencing data were available.

OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Genes, mutated at a significantly higher rate relative to a genomic background, were identified. In addition, mitochondrial and autosomal mutation rates were correlated to CNAs and proliferation, assessed as a cell cycle gene expression signature.

RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Genes not previously reported to be significantly mutated in PCa, such as cell division cycle 27 homolog (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (CDC27), myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 3 (MLL3), lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A), and kinesin family member 5A (KIF5A) were identified. The mutation rate in the mitochondrial genome was 55 times higher than that of the autosomes. Multilevel analysis demonstrated a tight correlation between high reactive-oxygen exposure, chromosomal damage, high proliferation, and in parallel, a transition from multiclonal indolent primary PCa to monoclonal aggressive disease. As we only performed targeted sequence analysis; copy-number neutral rearrangements recently described for PCa were not accounted for.

CONCLUSIONS: The mitochondrial genome displays an elevated mutation rate compared to the autosomal chromosomes. By integrated analysis, we demonstrated that different tumor characteristics are interconnected, providing an increased understanding of PCa etiology.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress thymidylate synthase gene expression and synergize with the fluoropyrimidines in colon cancer cells

Despite recent therapeutic advances, the response rates to chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colon cancer remain at approximately 50% with the fluoropyrimidine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), continuing to serve as the foundation chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of this disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that overexpression of thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key determinant of resistance to 5-FU-based chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a significant need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies to overcome TS-mediated resistance. In this study, we demonstrate that the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) vorinostat and LBH589 significantly downregulate TS gene expression in a panel of colon cancer cell lines. Downregulation of TS was independent of p53, p21 and HDAC2 expression and was achievable in vivo as demonstrated by mouse xenograft models. We provide evidence that HDACi treatment leads to a potent transcriptional repression of the TS gene. Combination of the fluoropyrimidines 5-FU or FUdR with both vorinostat and LBH589 enhanced cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition. Importantly, the downstream effects of TS inhibition were significantly enhanced by this combination including the inhibition of acute TS induction and the enhanced accumulation of the cytotoxic nucleotide intermediate dUTP. These data demonstrate that HDACi repress TS expression at the level of transcription and provides the first evidence suggesting a direct mechanistic link between TS downregulation and the synergistic interaction observed between HDACi and 5-FU. This study provides rationale for the continued clinical evaluation of HDACi in combination with 5-FU-based therapies as a strategy to overcome TS-mediated resistance.

Effects of tobacco products on the attachment and growth of periodontal ligament fibroblasts

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is one of the most significant risk factors in the development and further advancement of inflammatory periodontal disease, however, the role of either nicotine or its primary metabolite cotinine in the progression of periodontitis is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nicotine and cotinine on the attachment and growth of fibroblasts derived from human periodontal ligament (PDL).

METHODS: Primary cultures were prepared from the roots of extracted premolar teeth. Cells were used at both low (P3 to P5) and high (P11 to P13) passage. Cell numbers were determined over 14 days using either the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay or with a Coulter counter. Cultures were exposed to culture medium supplemented with 1) 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) only; 2) 1% FCS only; 3) 1% FCS and nicotine (concentration range 5 ng/ml to 10 mg/ml); or 4) 1% FCS and cotinine (concentration range 0.5 ng/ml to 10 microg/ml).

RESULTS: Nicotine significantly (P <0.05, by ANOVA) inhibits attachment and growth of low passage cells at concentrations >1 mg/ml and high passage PDL fibroblasts at concentrations >0.5 mg/ml. Cotinine, at the highest concentration used (10 microg/ml), appeared to inhibit attachment and growth of both low and high passage fibroblasts but this was not statistically significant (P >0.05, by ANOVA).

CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco products inhibit attachment and growth of human PDL fibroblasts. This may partly explain the role of these substances in the progression of periodontitis.

Vitamin D3 suppresses morphological evolution of the cribriform cancerous phenotype

Development of cribriform morphology (CM) heralds malignant change in human colon but lack of mechanistic understanding hampers preventive therapy. This study investigated CM pathobiology in three-dimensional (3D) Caco-2 culture models of colorectal glandular architecture, assessed translational relevance and tested effects of 1,25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D. CM evolution was driven by oncogenic perturbation of the apical polarity (AP) complex comprising PTEN, CDC42 and PRKCZ (phosphatase and tensin homolog, cell division cycle 42 and protein kinase C zeta). Suppression of AP genes initiated a spatiotemporal cascade of mitotic spindle misorientation, apical membrane misalignment and aberrant epithelial configuration. Collectively, these events promoted “Swiss cheese-like” cribriform morphology (CM) comprising multiple abnormal “back to back” lumens surrounded by atypical stratified epithelium, in 3D colorectal gland models. Intestinal cancer driven purely by PTEN-deficiency in transgenic mice developed CM and in human CRC, CM associated with PTEN and PRKCZ readouts. Treatment of PTEN-deficient 3D cultures with 1,25(OH)2D3 upregulated PTEN, rapidly activated CDC42 and PRKCZ, corrected mitotic spindle alignment and suppressed CM development. Conversely, mutationally-activated KRAS blocked 1,25(OH)2D3 rescue of glandular architecture. We conclude that 1,25(OH)2D3 upregulates AP signalling to reverse CM in a KRAS wild type (wt), clinically predictive CRC model system. Vitamin D could be developed as therapy to suppress inception or progression of a subset of colorectal tumors.

Perturbation of Cytokinin and Ethylene-signalling Pathways Explain the Strong Rooting Phenotype Exhibited by Arabidopsis Expressing the Schizosaccharomyces Pombe mitotic inducer, cdc25.

Background Entry into mitosis is regulated by cyclin dependent kinases that in turn are phosphoregulated. In most eukaryotes, phosphoregulation is through WEE1 kinase and CDC25 phosphatase. In higher plants a homologous CDC25 gene is unconfirmed and hence the mitotic inducer Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sp) cdc25 has been used as a tool in transgenic plants to probe cell cycle function. Expression of Spcdc25 in tobacco BY-2 cells accelerates entry into mitosis and depletes cytokinins; in whole plants it stimulates lateral root production. Here we show, for the first time, that alterations to cytokinin and ethylene signaling explain the rooting phenotype elicited by Spcdc25 expression in Arabidopsis. Results Expressing Spcdc25 in Arabidopsis results in increased formation of lateral and adventitious roots, a reduction of primary root width and more isodiametric cells in the root apical meristem (RAM) compared with wild type. Furthermore it stimulates root morphogenesis from hypocotyls when cultured on two way grids of increasing auxin and cytokinin concentrations. Microarray analysis of seedling roots expressing Spcdc25 reveals that expression of 167 genes is changed by > 2-fold. As well as genes related to stress responses and defence, these include 19 genes related to transcriptional regulation and signaling. Amongst these was the up-regulation of genes associated with ethylene synthesis and signaling. Seedlings expressing Spcdc25 produced 2-fold more ethylene than WT and exhibited a significant reduction in hypocotyl length both in darkness or when exposed to 10 ppm ethylene. Furthermore in Spcdc25 expressing plants, the cytokinin receptor AHK3 was down-regulated, and endogenous levels of iPA were reduced whereas endogeous IAA concentrations in the roots increased. Conclusions We suggest that the reduction in root width and change to a more isodiametric cell phenotype in the RAM in Spcdc25 expressing plants is a response to ethylene over-production. The increased rooting phenotype in Spcdc25 expressing plants is due to an increase in the ratio of endogenous auxin to cytokinin that is known to stimulate an increased rate of lateral root production. Overall, our data reveal important cross talk between cell division and plant growth regulators leading to developmental changes.

Evolution and biogenesis of microtubule-derived structures

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia Celular pelo Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa

The Role of Actin-Capping Protein and Src signalling in tissue growth and apoptosis during Drosophila wing development

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Developmental Biology

Remyelination in vitro following protein kinase C activator-induced demyelination.

In previous work we found that mezerein, a C kinase activator, as well as basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) induce demyelination and partial oligodendrocyte dedifferentiation in highly differentiated aggregating brain cell cultures. Here we show that following protein kinase C activator-induced demyelination, effective remyelination occurs. We found that mezerein or FGF-2 caused a transient increase in DNA synthesis following a pronounced decrease of the myelin markers myelin basic protein and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase. Both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes were involved in this mitogenic response. Within 17 days after demyelination, myelin was restored to the level of the untreated controls. Transient mitotic activity was indispensable for remyelination. The present results suggest that myelinating oligodendrocytes retain the capacity to reenter the cell cycle, and that this plasticity is important for the regeneration of the oligodendrocyte lineage and remyelination. Although it cannot be excluded that a quiescent population of oligodendrocyte precursor cells was present in the aggregates and able to proliferate, differentiate and remyelinate, we could not find evidence supporting this view.

Molecular mechanisms for the regulation of skin homeostasis

L'ubiquitination est une modification des protéines conservée, consistant en l'addition de résidus « ubiquitine » et régulant le destin cellulaire des protéines. La protéine « TRAF-interacting protein » TRAIP (ou TRIP) est une ligase E3 qui catalyse l'étape finale de l'ubiquitination. TRAIP est conservé dans l'évolution et est nécessaire au développement des organismes puisque l'ablation de TRAIP conduit à la mort embryonnaire aussi bien de la drosophile que de la souris. De plus, la réduction de l'expression de TRAIP dans des kératinocytes épidermiques humains réprime la prolifération cellulaire et induit un arrêt du cycle cellulaire en phase Gl, soulignant le lien étroit entre TRAIP et la prolifération cellulaire. Comme les mécanismes de régulation de la prolifération jouent un rôle majeur dans l'homéostasie de la peau, il est important de caractériser la fonction de TRAIP dans ces mécanismes. En utilisant des approches in vitro, nous avons déterminé que la protéine TRAIP est instable, modifiée par l'addition d'ubiquitine et ayant une demi-vie d'environ 4 heures. Nos analyses ont également révélé que l'expression de TRAIP est dépendante du cycle cellulaire, atteignant un pic d'expression en phase G2/M et que l'induction de son expression s'effectue principalement au cours de la transition Gl/S. Nous avons identifié le facteur de transcription E2F1 comme en étant le responsable, en régulant directement le promoteur de TRAIP. Aussi, TRAIP endogène ou surexprimée est surtout localisée au niveau du nucléole, une organelle nucléaire qui est désassemblée pendant la division cellulaire. Pour examiner la localisation subcellulaire de TRAIP pendant la mitose, nous avons imagé la protéine TRAIP fusionnée à une protéine fluorescente, à l'intérieur de cellules vivantes nommées HeLa, à l'aide d'un microscope confocal. Dans ces conditions, TRAIP est majoritairement localisée autour des chromosomes en début de mitose, puis est arrangée au niveau de l'ADN chromosomique en fin de mitose. La détection de TRAIP endogène à l'aide d'un anticorps spécifique a confirmé cette localisation. Enfin, l'inactivation de TRAIP dans les cellules HeLa par interférence ARN a inhibé leur capacité à s'arrêter en milieu de mitose. Nos résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme sous-jacent peut être lié au point de contrôle de l'assemblage du fuseau mitotique. - Ubiquitination of proteins is a post-translational modification which decides the cellular fate of the protein. The TRAF-interacting protein (TRAIP, TRIP) functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase mediating addition of ubiquitin moieties to proteins. TRAIP interacts with the deubiquitinase CYLD, a tumor suppressor whose functional inactivation leads to skin appendage tumors. TRAIP is required for early embryonic development since removal of TRAIP either in Drosophila or mice by mutations or knock¬out is lethal due to aberrant regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, shRNA- mediated knock-down of TRAIP in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) repressed cell proliferation and induced a Gl/S phase block in the cell cycle. Additionally, TRAIP expression is strongly down- regulated during keratinocyte differentiation supporting the notion of a tight link between TRAIP and cell proliferation. We thus examined the biological functions of TRAIP in epithelial cell proliferation. Using an in vitro approach, we could determine that the TRAIP protein is unstable, modified by addition of ubiquitin moieties after translation and exhibits a half-life of 3.7+/-1-6 hours. Our analysis revealed that the TRAIP expression is modulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner, reaching a maximum expression level in G2/M phases. In addition, the expression of TRAIP was particularly activated during Gl/S phase transition and we could identify the transcription factor E2F1 as an activator of the TRAIP gene promoter. Both endogenous and over-expressed TRAIP mainly localized to the nucleolus, a nuclear organelle which is disassembled during cell division. To examine the subcellular localization of TRAIP during M phase, we performed confocal live-cell imaging of a functional fluorescent protein TRAIP-GFP in HeLa cells. TRAIP was distributed in the cytoplasm and accumulated around mitotic chromosomes in pro- and meta-phasic cells. TRAIP was then confined to chromosomal DNA location in anaphase and later phases of mitosis. Immune-detection of endogenous TRAIP protein confirmed its particular localization in mitosis. Finally, inactivating TRAIP expression in HeLa cells using RNA interference abrogated the cells ability to stop or delay mitosis progression. Our results suggested that TRAIP may involve the spindle assembly checkpoint.

Male mutation bias and possible long-term effects of human activities.

The ability of a population to adapt to changing environments depends critically on the amount and kind of genetic variability it possesses. Mutations are an important source of new genetic variability and may lead to new adaptations, especially if the population size is large. Mutation rates are extremely variable between and within species, and males usually have higher mutation rates as a result of elevated rates of male germ cell division. This male bias affects the overall mutation rate. We examined the factors that influence male mutation bias, and focused on the effects of classical life-history parameters, such as the average age at reproduction and elevated rates of sperm production in response to sexual selection and sperm competition. We argue that human-induced changes in age at reproduction or in sexual selection will affect male mutation biases and hence overall mutation rates. Depending on the effective population size, these changes are likely to influence the long-term persistence of a population.

DNA polymerase activity in trophoblast giant cells in the mouse /

In the developing mouse embryo, the diploid trophectoderm is known to undergo a diploid to giant cell transformation. These cells arise by a process of endoreduplication, characterized by replication of the entire genome without subsequent mitosis or cell division, leading to polyploidy and the formation of giant nuclei. Studies of 13.5 day rat trophoblast derived from the parietal yolk sac have indicated a relatively low rate of DNA polymerase a activity, the noinnal eukaryotic replicase, in comparison to that of DNA polymerase g. These results have suggested that endoreduplication in trophoblast giant cells may not employ the normal replicase enzyme, DNA polymerase a. In order to determine whether a 'switch' from DNA polymerase to DNA polymerase is a necessary concomitant of the diploid to giant cell transformation, two distinct populations of trophoblast giant cells, the primary giant cell derived from the mural trophectoderm and the secondary giant cell derived from the polar trophoectoderm were used. These two populations of trophoblast giant cells can be obtained from the tissue outgrowths of 3.5da blastocysts and the extraembryonic ectoderm (EX) and ectoplacental cone (EPC) of 7.5 day embryos respectively. Tissue outgrowths were treated with aphidicolin, a specific reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA polymerase a, on various days after explantation. The effect of aphidicolin treatment was assessed both qualitatively, using autoradiography and quantitatively by scintillation counting and Feulgen staining. 3 DNA synthesis was measured in control and treated cultures after a Hthymidine pulse. Scintillation counts of the embryo proper revealed that DNA synthesis was consistently inhibited by greater than 907. in the presence of aphidicolin. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in the EX and EPC varied between 81-957. and 82-987. respectively, indicating that most DNA synthesis was mediated by DNA polymerase a, but that a small but significant amount of residual synthesis was indicated. A qualitative approach was then applied to determine whether the apparent residual DNA synthesis was restricted to a subpopulation of giant cells or whether all giant cells displayed a low level of DNA synthesis. Autoradiographs of the ICM of blastocysts and the embryo proper of 7.5da embryos, which acted as diploid control population, was completely inhibited regardless of duration in explant culture. In contrast, primary trophoblast giant cells derived from blastocysts and secondary giant cells derived from the EX and EPC were observed to possess some heavily labelled cells after aphidicolin treatment. These results suggest that although DNA polymerase a is the primary replicating enzyme responsible for endoreduplication in mouse trophoblast giant cells, some nonactivity is also observed. A DNA polymerase assay employing tissue lysates of outgrown 7.5da embryo, EX and EPC tissues was used to attempt to confirm the presence of higher nonactivity in tissues possessing trophoblast giant cells. Employing a series of inhibitors of DNA polymerases, it would appear that DNA polymerase a is the major polymerase active in all tissues of the 7.5da mouse embryo. The nature of the putative residual DNA synthetic activity could not be unequivically determined in this study. Therefore, these results suggest that both primary and secondary trophoblast giant cells possess and use DNA polymerase a in endoreduplicative DNA synthesis. It would appear that the high levels of DNA polymerase g activity reported in trophoblast tissue derived from the 13.5 da rat yolk sac was not a general feature of all endoreduplication.

Étude de l’activité de Staufen1 dans la régulation traductionnelle de certains ARNm

Le transport et la traduction localisée des ARN messagers sont observés chez plusieurs organismes et sont requis pour de multiples phénomènes tels la mémoire, la division cellulaire asymétrique et l’établissement des axes durant le développement. Staufen, une protéine liant l’ARN double-brin, a été identifié dans un premier temps chez la mouche à fruits Drosophila melanogaster. Il a été montré, chez cet organisme, que Staufen est requis pour la localisation des messagers bicoid et oskar aux pôles antérieur et postérieur de l’ovocyte, respectivement. Également, Staufen est requis afin que la répression traductionnelle du messager oskar soit levée une fois qu’il est bien localisé. Chez les mammifères, Stau1 est une protéine ubiquiste qui est présente dans des complexes prenant la forme de granules dans les dendrites des neurones. Également, Stau1 peut interagir de façon indépendante de l’ARN avec le ribosome et cofractionner tant avec la sous-unité 40S qu’avec la sous-unité 60S du ribosome dans un gradient de saccharose. L’implication de Stau1 dans un mécanisme permettant la dérépression traductionnelle de certains ARNm chez les mammifères était donc une voie d’investigation intéressante. Nous avons donc décidé de vérifier si Stau1 mammifère avait la capacité de stimuler la traduction d’un ARNm cellulaire via un mécanisme régulé. Au moment où cette thèse a été entreprise, aucun ARNm cellulaire lié par Stau1 n’avait été identifié chez les mammifères. Des structures d’ARN double-brin ont donc été employées afin de réprimer la traduction d’un ARNm rapporteur. C’est ainsi que nous avons montré que Stau1 peut stimuler la traduction d’un ARNm lorsqu’il lie celui-ci dans sa région 5’ non-traduite. Par la suite, en employant des micropuces d’ADN, nous avons identifié des messagers cellulaires dont la distribution dans les polysomes lourds est modifiée par Stau1. En effet, un groupe de messagers est enrichi dans les polysomes lourds suite à une surexpression de Stau1, ce qui suggère que Stau1 stimule la traduction de cette population d’ARNm. Afin d’identifier un mécanisme potentiel de régulation de l’activité traductionnelle de Stau1, nous nous sommes intéressés à la capacité d’auto-association de cette protéine. Nous avons montré que Stau1, tout comme plusieurs protéines liant l’ARN double-brin, est en mesure de s’associer à lui-même, et ce, d’une façon indépendante de l’ARN. Nous avons identifié les déterminants impliqués mettant ainsi au jour un nouveau mécanisme pouvant influencer les activités cellulaires de Stau1. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse suggèrent donc que Stau1 est en mesure de stimuler la traduction d’une sous-population précise d’ARN messagers au sein de la cellule permettant ainsi de jeter un regard nouveau sur l’implication de cette protéine dans divers phénomènes au sein de l’organisme.

The role of NHL-2 in regulating C.elegans P granule function

La divison cellulaire asymétrique est un processus essentiel qui permet aux cellules souches de s’auto-renouveller et de produire une cellule fille destinée à la différenciation. La lignée germinale de C. elegans, totipotente et immortelle, est une lignée de cellules souches qui contient des organites ribonucléoprotéiques appelés granules P. Au cours du développement ces derniers sont toujours localisés spécifiquement dans les cellules précurseurs de la lignée germinals, suggérant qu’ils sont des déterminants de la lignée germinale. De façon intéressante, des granules ribonucléoprotéiques, comme les P bodies impliqués dans le contrôle post-transcriptionnel, ont été observés chez tous les organismes. Néanmoins, la fonction précise des granules P de C. elegans est inconnue. Récemment, notre laboratoire a montré que NHL-2, un homologue de Mei-P26 de Drosophile, colocalise avec les granules P dans des embryons précoces et joue un rôle dans la division cellulaire asymétrique et dans la polarité cellulaire. Tous les granules P contiennent NHL- 2, ce qui nous a mené à poser l’hypothèse que NHL-2 régule la biogenèse et la fonction des granules P. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse par imagerie et quantification de l'intensité de PGL-1, un composant essentiel des granules P, dans des embryons fixés. Nos résultats montrent que dans des embryons mutants pour nhl-2 il y a une réduction du nombre de granules P, de l'intensité de fluorescence moyenne (IFM) et de l'intensité de fluorescence total (IFT) de PGL-1. Une analyse plus poussée a montré qu'il existe deux populations distinctes d’embryons mutants pour nhl-2 : l’une présente une intensité de PGL-1 comparable à celle d’une population sauvage alors que le second groupe présente une forte réduction des quantités de PGL-1 et est comparable à des mutants pour pgl-1. Cette variabilité est aussi observée dans le phénotype de stérilité de nhl-2 mutant à des températures élevées. Globalement, nos résultats suggèrent que la perte de fonction de NHL-2 perturbe la prolifération des cellules germinales ainsi que la formation et/ou la stabilité des granules P au cours des étapes précoces du développement des précurseurs de la lignée germinals. D’autre part, ils suggèrent que la fonction de NHL-2 pourrait être partiellement redondants avec les autres régulateurs de la stabilité des granules P. Mots-clés : Granules P, NHL-2, Cellules germinals.