XDX, Mg/Ca, and delta18O analyses of core top sediments

Mg/Ca and d18O data for four species of planktic foraminifera (G. ruber (white), G. sacculifer (without sac), N. dutertrei, and P. obliquiloculata) from core top sediments from the tropical Pacific, Atlantic, and western Indian Ocean. Deepwater calcite saturation values (Delta[CO3**2-]) at the sites range from 55 to -23 µmol/kg.

Molecular mechanism of activation-triggered subunit exchange in Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.

Activation triggers the exchange of subunits in Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), an oligomeric enzyme that is critical for learning, memory, and cardiac function. The mechanism by which subunit exchange occurs remains elusive. We show that the human CaMKII holoenzyme exists in dodecameric and tetradecameric forms, and that the calmodulin (CaM)-binding element of CaMKII can bind to the hub of the holoenzyme and destabilize it to release dimers. The structures of CaMKII from two distantly diverged organisms suggest that the CaM-binding element of activated CaMKII acts as a wedge by docking at intersubunit interfaces in the hub. This converts the hub into a spiral form that can release or gain CaMKII dimers. Our data reveal a three-way competition for the CaM-binding element, whereby phosphorylation biases it towards the hub interface, away from the kinase domain and calmodulin, thus unlocking the ability of activated CaMKII holoenzymes to exchange dimers with unactivated ones.

Molecular mechanism of activation-triggered subunit exchange in Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.

Activation triggers the exchange of subunits in Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), an oligomeric enzyme that is critical for learning, memory, and cardiac function. The mechanism by which subunit exchange occurs remains elusive. We show that the human CaMKII holoenzyme exists in dodecameric and tetradecameric forms, and that the calmodulin (CaM)-binding element of CaMKII can bind to the hub of the holoenzyme and destabilize it to release dimers. The structures of CaMKII from two distantly diverged organisms suggest that the CaM-binding element of activated CaMKII acts as a wedge by docking at intersubunit interfaces in the hub. This converts the hub into a spiral form that can release or gain CaMKII dimers. Our data reveal a three-way competition for the CaM-binding element, whereby phosphorylation biases it towards the hub interface, away from the kinase domain and calmodulin, thus unlocking the ability of activated CaMKII holoenzymes to exchange dimers with unactivated ones.

The large- and small-scale Ca IIK structure of the Milky Way from observations of Galactic and Magellanic sightlines

Aims. The large and small-scale (pc) structure of the Galactic interstellar medium can be investigated by utilising spectra of early-type stellar probes of known distances in the same region of the sky. This paper determines the variation in line strength of Ca ii at 3933.661 Å as a function of probe separation for a large sample of stars, including a number of sightlines in the Magellanic Clouds. 

Methods. FLAMES-GIRAFFE data taken with the Very Large Telescope towards early-type stars in 3 Galactic and 4 Magellanic open clusters in Ca ii are used to obtain the velocity, equivalent width, column density, and line width of interstellar Galactic calcium for a total of 657 stars, of which 443 are Magellanic Cloud sightlines. In each cluster there are between 43 and 111 stars observed. Additionally, FEROS and UVES Ca ii K and Na i D spectra of 21 Galactic and 154 Magellanic early-type stars are presented and combined with data from the literature to study the calcium column density - parallax relationship. 

Results. For the four Magellanic clusters studied with FLAMES, the strength of the Galactic interstellar Ca ii K equivalent width on transverse scales from ∼0.05-9 pc is found to vary by factors of ∼1.8-3.0, corresponding to column density variations of ∼0.3-0.5 dex in the optically-thin approximation. Using FLAMES, FEROS, and UVES archive spectra, the minimum and maximum reduced equivalent widths for Milky Way gas are found to lie in the range ∼35-125 mÅ and ∼30-160 mÅ for Ca ii K and Na i D, respectively. The range is consistent with a previously published simple model of the interstellar medium consisting of spherical cloudlets of filling factor ∼0.3, although other geometries are not ruled out. Finally, the derived functional form for parallax (π) and Ca ii column density (N_CaII) is found to be π(mas) = 1 / (2.39 × 10^-13 × N_CaII (cm^-2) + 0.11). Our derived parallax is ∼25 per cent lower than predicted by Megier et al. (2009, A&A, 507, 833) at a distance of ∼100 pc and ∼15 percent lower at a distance of ∼200 pc, reflecting inhomogeneity in the Ca ii distribution in the different sightlines studied.

Konsekwencje wychowywania się w rodzinie z problemem alkoholowym - bagaż na ca��e życie

The article is dedicated to the problems of children raised by one or both parents addicted to alcohol who experience a negative impact of that situation in the area of their psychosocial functioning (in the current phase of their lives, as well as in adulthood).

Influência de feixes de condutores em linhas de transmissão UAT CA

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2015.

Frequency of elemental events of intracellular Ca��⁺ dynamics

The dynamics of intracellular Ca��⁺ is driven by random events called Ca��⁺ puffs, in which Ca��⁺ is liberated from intracellular stores. We show that the emergence of Ca��⁺ puffs can be mapped to an escape process. The mean first passage times that correspond to the stochastic fraction of puff periods are computed from a novel master equation and two Fokker-Planck equations. Our results demonstrate that the mathematical modeling of Ca��⁺ puffs has to account for the discrete character of the Ca��⁺ release sites and does not permit a continuous description of the number of open channels.

Sensitisation waves in a bidomain fire-diffuse-fire model of intracellular Ca��⁺ dynamics

We present a bidomain threshold model of intracellular calcium (Ca��⁺) dynamics in which, as suggested by recent experiments, the cytosolic threshold for Ca��⁺ liberation is modulated by the Ca��⁺ concentration in the releasing compartment. We explicitly construct stationary fronts and determine their stability using an Evans function approach. Our results show that a biologically motivated choice of a dynamic threshold, as opposed to a constant threshold, can pin stationary fronts that would otherwise be unstable. This illustrates a novel mechanism to stabilise pinned interfaces in continuous excitable systems. Our framework also allows us to compute travelling pulse solutions in closed form and systematically probe the wave speed as a function of physiologically important parameters. We find that the existence of travelling wave solutions depends on the time scale of the threshold dynamics, and that facilitating release by lowering the cytosolic threshold increases the wave speed. The construction of the Evans function for a travelling pulse shows that of the co-existing fast and slow solutions the slow one is always unstable.

Towards a predictive model of Ca��⁺ puffs

We investigate key characteristics of Ca��⁺ puffs in deterministic and stochastic frameworks that all incorporate the cellular morphology of IP[subscript]3 receptor channel clusters. In a first step, we numerically study Ca��⁺ liberation in a three dimensional representation of a cluster environment with reaction-diffusion dynamics in both the cytosol and the lumen. These simulations reveal that Ca��⁺ concentrations at a releasing cluster range from 80 µM to 170 µM and equilibrate almost instantaneously on the time scale of the release duration. These highly elevated Ca��⁺ concentrations eliminate Ca��⁺ oscillations in a deterministic model of an IP[subscript]3R channel cluster at physiological parameter values as revealed by a linear stability analysis. The reason lies in the saturation of all feedback processes in the IP[subscript]3R gating dynamics, so that only fluctuations can restore experimentally observed Ca��⁺ oscillations. In this spirit, we derive master equations that allow us to analytically quantify the onset of Ca��⁺ puffs and hence the stochastic time scale of intracellular Ca��⁺ dynamics. Moving up the spatial scale, we suggest to formulate cellular dynamics in terms of waiting time distribution functions. This approach prevents the state space explosion that is typical for the description of cellular dynamics based on channel states and still contains information on molecular fluctuations. We illustrate this method by studying global Ca��⁺ oscillations.

Conferencia sobre el ALCA, el TLC CA- EE.UU

Introducción ¿Por qué Centroamérica pone tanto empeño en la prosecución de un acuerdo que implica concesiones sustanciales a EE.UU. y que, además, exige a los países centroamericanos un elevado esfuerzo de adecuación y de reducciones arancelarias? Ante el nuevo TLC de Centroamérica con los EE.UU. se pueden anticipar negociaciones en agricultura, integración de servicios y en el contenido de las leyes salariales y de regulación ambiental, Asimismo, la apertura del mercado de seguros, las telecomunicaciones, aeropuertos, etc. En la agenda de EE.UU. no se excluye nada. Todos los bienes y servicios estarán incluidos, desde productos agrícolas fuertemente subsidiados en EE.UU., hasta el agua potable seguridad social, educación universitaria y ciertos servicios bancarios

La inversión y el trabajo en el TLC CA-EE.UU

Reflexiones introductorias Para comprender las implicaciones del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Centroamérica es necesario ubicarlo dentro de las tendencias predominantes del capitalismo actual. Las que nos parecen centrales para los efectos de esta ponencia –sabiendo que no son las únicas– son: la sobreacumulación, sobreproducción y concentración del capital, la ubicación de altas proporciones de capital en esferas no productivas y la creciente competencia de países asiáticos que sólo en la segunda mitad del siglo XX adquieren un papel destacado en el mercado mundial y, en particular, en el estadounidense.

La propiedad intelectual en el TLC CA-EE.UU. con énfasis en la propiedad intelectual de seres vivos

Introducción El capítulo de propiedad intelectual (PI) es simultáneamente uno de los más desmentidos y mas imprecisos del Tratado. Ello deja abiertas posibilidades para que Estados Unidos presione a fin de conseguir eventualmente concesiones más allá de lo estipulado en el texto actual. Su lectura pone de manifiesto la agobiante tendencia –que ya se observa en el Acuerdo en Aspectos Relacionados con la Propiedad Intelectual (ADPIC o TRIPs), de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC)– enel sentido de buscar imponer un régimen homogéneo de PI, concebido sin consideración alguna al grado de desarrollo de cada país y de la soberanía de cada nación para darse sus propias leyes y normativa en éste y otros campos…

El TLC CA-EE.UU. Repercusiones en el sector agropecuario de Costa Rica

Introducción El pecado inicial del Tratado y, en general, de toda su negociación, es haber aceptado un tratamiento desigual que, al contrario de los que sostienen sus negociadores y defensores, es desigual, pero no a favor de nuestros países, sino a favor de la gran potencia del norte…

El TLC CA-EE.UU. y el Instituto Nacional de Seguros costarricense

Introducción Nuestra seguridad social está definida por al Constitución Política y algunas leyes, e integrada por instituciones, empresas y monopolios estatales, a lo que se les dio una responsabilidad social para con todos los costarricenses y extranjeros que viven en el país.