1000 resultados para Capacidade absorção


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WATER-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS. Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, man ganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was supplied at an uniform rate of 0. 05 p. p. m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0, and 10.0 p. p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5.0 p. p.m.; copper- 0, 0. 02, and 0. 2 p. p. m.; molybdenum- 0, 0. 01, and 0. 1 p. p. m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity os the radiozinc (as zinc chloride) was 0. 15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, Zn65 was supplied at the level of 0. 10 microcuries per plant; in this case the radioative material was brushed either on the lower or on the upper surface or both two pairs of mature leaves. The absorption period was 8 weeks. The radioactivity assay showed the following results: 1 - Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affect the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more when compared with the control plants; when, however, these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution, an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered in the minus Cu treatment only. The effects of high levels of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2 - The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves an preferentially located in the lower surface - in this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorved and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. Chemical analyses for heavy metals, were carried out only in the plants received Zn65Cl2 in the nutrient solution; the results were as follows; 1 - Control plants had, per 1,000 gm, of dry weight the following amounts in mg.: Zn- 48 in the roots and 29 in the tops; Fe- 165 in the roots and 9 in the tops; Mn- 58 in the roots and 15 in the tops, Cu- 15 in the roots and 1. 2 in the tops; Mo- 2. 8 in the roots and 0. 45 in the tops. 2 - The effect of different levels of micronutrients in the composition of the plants can be summarized as follows: Fe and Zn- when omitted from the nutrient solution, the iron and zinc contents in the roots decreased, no variation being noted in the tops; the higher dosis caused an accumulation in the roots but no apparent effect in the tops; Mn- by omitting this micronutrient a decrease in its content in the roots was noted, where as the concentration in the tops was the same; Mo- no variation in roots and tops contents when molybdenum was omitted; higher dosis of manganese and molybdenum increased the amounts formed both in the roots and in the tops. 3 - The influence of the different concentrations of micronutrients heavy metals on the zinc content of the coffee plants can be described by saying that: Fe and Mo- no marked variation; Mn- no effect when omitted, reduced amount when the high dosis was supplied; Mn- when the plants did not receive manganese the zinc content in roots and tops was the same as in the control plants; a decrease in the zinc content of the total plant occurred when the high dosis was employed; Cu -the situation is similar to that described for manganese. Hence, results showed by the chemical analyses roughly correspond to those of the radioactivity assay; the use of the tracer technique, however, gave best informations along this line. SOIL-POTS EXPERIMENTS. The two types of soils which when selected support the most extensive coffee plantations in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: "arenito de Bauru", a light sandy soil and "terra roxa legitima", a red soil derived from basalt. Besides NPK containing salts, the coffee plants were given two doses of inert zinc (65 and 130 mg ZnCl2 per pot) and radiozinc at a total activity of 10(6) counts/minute. The results of the countings can be summarized as follows: 1 - When plants were grown in "arenito de Bauru" the activity absorbed as per cent of the total activity supplied was not affected by the dosis of inert zinc. The highest value found was around 0. 1 per cent. 2 - For the "terra roxa" plants, the situation is almost the same; there was, however, a slight increase in the absorption of the radiozinc when 130 mgm of ZnClg2 was given: a little above 0. 2 per cent of the activity supplied was absorbed. The results clearly show that the young coffee plants practically did not absorb none of the zinc supplied; two reasons at least could be pointed out to explain such a fact: 1 - Zinc fixation by an exchange with magnesium or by filling holes in the octahedral layer of aluminosilicates, probably kaolinite; 2 - No need for fertilizer zinc in the particular stage of life cycle under which the experiment was set up. The data from chemical analysis are roughly parallel to the above mentioned. When one attempts to compare - by taking data herein reported zinc uptake from nutrient solution, leaf brushing or from fertilizers in the soil, a practical conclusion can be drawn: the control of zinc deficiency in coffee plants should not be done by adding the zinc salts to the soil; in other words: the soil applications used so extensively in other countries seem not to be suitable for our conditions; hence zinc sprays should be used wherever necessary.

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In this paper the authors have studied the manganese absorption by the sugar cane plant, variety Co 419, in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month of life in the climate prevailing at Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From October to February (6 th to 10 th month of the plant life), which coincided with the rainy season, the manganese content was higher in the stalk than in the leaves, for both treatments, fertilized and unfertilized. There was a sharp decrease in manganese content in the stalks, after February, in both reatments. In the leaves there was little variation in manganese content throughout the plant tissue. The stalks from the unfertilized plots had a larger variation in manganese content, specially from the 6 th to the 10 th month. In the leaves of the sugar cane from the unfertilized plots, the manganese content varied from 116 to 220 ppm, whereas in the fertilized treatments thire was a variation from 150 to 220 ppm. From these results, althoug not being a foliar analyses, and considering the easy availability of manganese in acid soils, there must be enough of it, if we consider 40 ppm (EVANS, 1955) as a minimum for healthy plants.

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The status of zinc in sugar cane, variety Co 419, troughout its life cyle, was studid in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month, from an experiment carried on under the conditions of soil and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiment consisted of 6plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized ones received 40 kg of N (ammonium sulfate), 100 kg P2O5 (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium cloride) per hectare, just before planting. The zinc content was determined by the Zincon method, after separation of zinc from other ions by means of the ion Exchange Resin III, Merck. The results obtained show that there was a tendency to decrease the zinc level in the stalks, whereas it kept more or less constant in the leaves; there was an exception in January, when the zinc level in the stalks had a sharp raise: 38-90-20 and 28-60-23 ppm for the fertilized an unfertilized treatments. There was a parallelism in the absorption of zinc by the plants from 4 hills of both treatments, through the whole - plantcycle but, the total amount taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due to its greater mass production.

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This paper describes the results obtained from the determination of iron in sugar cane according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. The iron was determined by 1-10- phenanthroline method, in samples cut monthly from 7th to 15th month from an experiment consisted de 3 plots fertilized with amonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium cloride. The concentration of iron in the stalks and in the leaves varies according to the age of the plant. A ton of fresh stalks 15 months old contains 78,71 g of iron.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a determinação da concentração de cobre e o estudo das quantidades absorvidas do elemento citado, pela cana de açúcar Co 419, crescendo em condições de campo na região de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. As amostras eram provenientes de 3 repetições, de um tratamento no qual as nlantas sofreram adu-bação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, variando as plantas de 6 a 15 meses de idade. O método utilizado na determinação do cobre, foi o do dietilditiocarbamato de sódio. A concentração de cobre apresentou um relativo decréscimo, com o aumento de idade da planta, variando os teores de cobre no colmo de 7,4 a 62,8 ppm e na folha de 10,0 a 30,0 ppm. Quanto a absorção do cobre, a planta apresentou um aumento proporcional a idade. A mesma absorveu maior quantidade no 14.° mês, 412,2 miligramas de cobre, por 4 touceiras.

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In this paper the authors describe the results obtained from the determination of molybdenum in sugar cane plant, grown in soils and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The molybdenum was determined in samples cut monthly from the 8th to 14th month, from an experiment consisting of 6 plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized treatment received 40 kg N (ammonium sulfate) 100 kg P2O3, (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium chloride) per hectare, just before planting. Molybdenum was determined by thiocyanate-stannous chloride method, using carbon tetrachloride-butyl alcohol misture, for extrating the colored complex. The results obtained show a parallelism in the absorption of molybdenum by the plants of both treatments. The concentration of molybdenum in the stalks have a tendency to decrease, where as it kept more or less constant in leaves, with a exception in the 14° month when it rised probable because of a migration of molybdenum of the stalks to the leaves. The total amount molybdenum taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due its greater mass prodution.

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O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos sobre a determinação da capacidade de troca de cátions do solo, através da determinação do cálcio por fotometria de chama. A amostra de solo (2g) foi prèviamente saturada com íons cálcio, o excesso do reagente foi lavado e o cálcio deslocado do solo, mediante extração com solução normal de acetato de amônio pH 7. A determinação do cálcio, contido no extrato, foi feita mediante o emprêgo do fotômetro de chama Coleman modêlo 21. Os dados obtidos, demonstraram que a técnica adotada, além de sua simplicidade e rapidez, fornece resultados cuja precisão é satisfatória.

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O presente trabalho descreve a determinação da capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC) do solo e de argilas, através da troca isotópica com cálcio radioativo, 20Ca45. Foi determinada a CTC de oito amostras de solo e de quatro de argilas, tendo sido feitas 5 pesagens de cada amostra de cada um dos materiais, a fim de se avaliar a precisão do método. O cálculo da CTC foi feito mediante a expressão: X = a1/a2 c - c a1 = atividade específica do cálcio da solução de equilíbrio antes de entrar em contato com o solo. a2 = atividade específica do cálcio da solução de equilíbrio após o contato com o solo. c = número de e.mg de cálcio da solução de equilíbrio e calculado para 100g de solo. X = capacidade de troca de cations em e.mg por 100g de solo.

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O presente trabalho estuda a capacidade de infiltração do solo para fins de irrigação por aspersão, através de dois métodos conhecidos, isto é, do infiltrômetro cilíndrico de Muntz-modificado (ESALQ 1963) e de irrigação por aspersão. No primeiro, mede-se a quantidade de água absorvida pelo solo num intervalo de tempo, água essa que se mantém à uma carga constante dentro do cilindro. No segundo, mede-se a água absorvida, por diferença entre a quantidade de água aplicada por aspersão e a enxurrada. O infiltrômetro cilíndrico usado foi o do tipo de anéis concêntricos. Obteve-se boa correlação entre os dados obtidos pelos dois métodos (r = 0,89). Foram introduzidas modificações no infiltrômetro de Muntz a fim de obter-se uma carga hidráulica constante e maior sensibilidade nas leituras. Da correlação a ser obtida para experimentos em todos os tipos de solo, será permitido ao agricultor fazer êle próprio as determinações da capacidade de infiltração apenas com o infiltrômetro, cujos resultados deverão ser ajustados com fatôres de correção, segundo tabelas que doravante estaremos organizando para cada tipo de solo, declive do terreno e natureza da cobertura vegetal.

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O presente trabalho relata os dados obtidos sôbre a concentração e a quantidade de macronutritntes, N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S no tronco, ramos, fôlhas e frutos do cafeeiro, Coffea arabica, L, variedade mundo novo [(B. Rodr.) Choussy], aos dez anos de idade e crescendo em solo latossólico da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba. São apresentados também os dados obtidos nas mesmas condições, sôbre o pêso de diversas partes (tronco, ramos, fôlhas e frutos) do cafeeiro.

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Young coffee plants were allowed to absorb radiophosphate via leaves during 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes and via roots during 24 hours. It was verified that leaf absorption was almost twice more intense than root uptake despite the considerable difference in time of contact which would favour the latter. Translocation of leaf applied material was also more marked.

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O presente trabalho foi realizado em um vinhedo comercial na região de Jundiaí com a finalidade de se estudar o efeito do modo de aplicação do superfosfato-P32 na sua absorção pela videira. A variedade IAC 313 foi a escolhida. Os resultados dêste ensaio permitem concluir preliminarmente que, para as condições de solo e da variedade estudada, a absorção do fósforo do superfosfato aplicado em cobertura se efetua de maneira mais rápida do que quando em profundidade.

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Para determinar a absorção de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e enxofre em 5 espécies de forragens, conduziu-se um ensaio em vasos ao ar livre. Cada 28 dias até aos 84 dias colhiam-se plantas para a determinação de pêso de matéria sêca, bem como para a análise quantitativa dos macronutrientes. Verificou-se que o máximo de crescimento foi atingido pelo capim napier seguido do colonião, jaraguá, gordura e pangola. O potássio e nitrogênio são absorvidos em maior quantidade do que o cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e enxôfre. As quantidades de nutrientes extraídos pelas plantas aos 84 dias de idade em g por kg de matéria sêca se acham ilustradas abaixo.

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Plantas de beringela da var. Hibrida F. Piracicaba nº 100 foram cultivadas em vasos contendo sílica e irrigados com solução nutritiva completa. Quando as plantas atingiram 36 dias de idade da germinação, foram colhidas amostras de 10 em 10 dias até aos 126 dias para determinação do pêso da matéria fresca e sêca, assim como, análises químicas quantitativas para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. 0 crescimento e a absorção de nutrientes é lenta até aos 56 dias intensificando-se com o crescimento da planta. Uma população de 20.000 plantas correspondentes a um ha absorvem 88,8 kg de nitrogênio, 9,8 kg de fósforo, 142 kg de potássio, 43,1 kg de cálcio, 13,4 kg de magnésio e 5,4 kg de enxofre.

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Êste trabalho apresenta dados referentes à determinação do íon nitrato em extratos aquosos de vegetais e em extratos de solos obtidos com solução de ácido sulfúrico 0,01 N. Em ambos os casos, a matéria orgânica presente mostrou forte interferência, impedindo totalmente a determinação do ânion nas soluções, sem qualquer tratamento prévio. Os extratos aquosos de vegetais foram tratados com peróxido de hidrogênio em presença de carbonato de magnésio, para a eliminação de quantidades consideráveis de materia orgânica. Os extratos de solos que apresentam quantidades menores do interferente, foram analisados através de uma técnica diferente. Uma alíquota da amostra, tratada com sulfato de hidrazina para a eliminação total do nitrato, foi usada como prova em branco, na correção das absorbâncias. Após o tratamento inicial, as soluções foram tratadas com os ácidos sulfúrico, perclórico e clorídrico para a formação do cloreto de nitrosilo, o qual mostra um máximo de absorção em 230 milimicrons.