Rights, the environment and Part V of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994

Using figures derived from the UK Home Office, this paper analyses and reviews the impact and deployment of Part V of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 since its enactment. This is done with special reference to its impact on citizenship and the regulation of ‘the environment’ and associated rural spaces. It is argued that, notwithstanding the actual use of the public order clauses in Part V of the Act, its underlying meanings are largely of a symbolic nature. Such symbolism is, however, a powerful indication of the defence of particularist constructions of rural space. It can also open out new conditions of possibility, providing a useful ‘oppressed’ status and media spectacle for a range of protesters and activists.

Liability of country foreignness and liability of regional foreignness: their effects on geographic diversification and firm performance

The costs of inter- and intra-regional diversification have been widely discussed in the existing international business literature, but the findings are mixed. Explanations for the mixed findings have important managerial implications, because business managers have to estimate accurately the costs of doing business within and across regions before they make their internationalization decisions. To explain the existing mixed findings, this study differentiates between liabilities of foreignness at the country and regional levels, and explores the joint effects of liability of country foreignness (LCF) and liability of regional foreignness (LRF) on the performance of internationalizing firms. Using data from 167 Canadian firms, we find that LCF may not necessarily be negatively correlated with intra-regional diversification, but LRF is positively correlated with inter-regional diversification. LCF moderates the relationship between LRF and inter-regional diversification, and also mediates the relationship between intra-regional diversification and firm performance. LRF mediates the relationship between inter-regional diversification and firm performance. Missing one or more of these variables may result in different cost estimates. Identification of the relationships between these variables helps to improve the accuracy of estimating the costs of doing business aboard.

Asset liability modelling and pension schemes: the application of robust optimization to USS

This paper uses a novel numerical optimization technique - robust optimization - that is well suited to solving the asset-liability management (ALM) problem for pension schemes. It requires the estimation of fewer stochastic parameters, reduces estimation risk and adopts a prudent approach to asset allocation. This study is the first to apply it to a real-world pension scheme, and the first ALM model of a pension scheme to maximise the Sharpe ratio. We disaggregate pension liabilities into three components - active members, deferred members and pensioners, and transform the optimal asset allocation into the scheme’s projected contribution rate. The robust optimization model is extended to include liabilities and used to derive optimal investment policies for the Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS), benchmarked against the Sharpe and Tint, Bayes-Stein, and Black-Litterman models as well as the actual USS investment decisions. Over a 144 month out-of-sample period robust optimization is superior to the four benchmarks across 20 performance criteria, and has a remarkably stable asset allocation – essentially fix-mix. These conclusions are supported by six robustness checks.

Circles of support and accountability: criminal justice volunteers as the 'Deliberative public'

This paper provides a review of the role played by volunteers within one particular offender management and reintegration scheme in the United Kingdom. Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) draw on the expertise of volunteer members of the public to create supportive monitoring frameworks around sex offenders following their release from prison. The paper presents evidence as to the motivations of these volunteers, and argues that they play a crucial role in the success of the scheme, as they provide an instrumentally-useful form of reintegrative social contact to a socially-excluded offender population, and perform a symbolically important role as representatives of the wider community in taking ownership of offender management practices on behalf of the wider society. This is particularly significant in grounding those processes in the communicative practices of the social sphere, providing powerful reasons for intervention that reinforce the work that COSA do.

Search engine liability for autocomplete suggestions: personality, privacy and the power of the algorithm

This article is concerned with the liability of search engines for algorithmically produced search suggestions, such as through Google’s ‘autocomplete’ function. Liability in this context may arise when automatically generated associations have an offensive or defamatory meaning, or may even induce infringement of intellectual property rights. The increasing number of cases that have been brought before courts all over the world puts forward questions on the conflict of fundamental freedoms of speech and access to information on the one hand, and personality rights of individuals— under a broader right of informational self-determination—on the other. In the light of the recent judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) in Google Spain v AEPD, this article concludes that many requests for removal of suggestions including private individuals’ information will be successful on the basis of EU data protection law, even absent prejudice to the person concerned.

A garantia constitucional do devido processo legal na investigação criminal defensiva: contraditório e ampla defesa

A presente monografia tem por finalidade, demonstrar a possibilidade de se adotar a Investigação Criminal Defensiva no Ordenamento Jurídico Brasileiro, tendo em vista as Garantias Constitucionais que a amparam no âmbito do Devido Processo Legal, em especial os Princípios Constitucionais da Ampla Defesa e do Contraditório, tendo em vista os benefícios que esse tipo de investigação poderia trazer à pessoa do indiciado, uma vez que poderia trazer um maior equilíbrio entre as partes, uma celeridade processual, além de uma maior amplitude de elementos que irão formar a convicção do órgão do Ministério Público.

Da revisão criminal e a indenização pelo erro judiciário

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo a analise do instituto da revisão criminal, do erro judiciário e a consequente indenização, a luz do direito processual penal brasileiro. Observando assim, a evolução da revisão criminal no decorrer do tempo, os seus aspectos legais, tais como, procedimento, finalidade e natureza jurídica, contemplando as vertentes doutrinárias a respeito do tema. Bem como as consequências de uma decisão, que contenha erro judiciário, sobre a dignidade da pessoa humana, discutindo se a indenização é realmente eficaz.

Da revisão criminal e a indenização pelo erro judiciário

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo a analise do instituto da revisão criminal, do erro judiciário e a consequente indenização, a luz do direito processual penal brasileiro. Observando assim, a evolução da revisão criminal no decorrer do tempo, os seus aspectos legais, tais como, procedimento, finalidade e natureza jurídica, contemplando as vertentes doutrinárias a respeito do tema. Bem como as consequências de uma decisão, que contenha erro judiciário, sobre a dignidade da pessoa humana, discutindo se a indenização é realmente eficaz.

Oferta de trabalho, comportamento criminal e redistribuição de renda

Este trabalho desenvolve e calibra um modelo de equilíbrio dinâmico de crime. O objetivo É estudar e quantificar os determinantes do comportamento criminal: aparato de polícia, condições do mercado de trabalho, perfil etário da população, composição do capital humano, crescimento econônomico e desigualdade de renda. Diferentemente dos trabalhos anteriores, o modelo considerado aqui leva em conta a decisão individual sobre lazer. Isso permite capturar as diferenças no padrão da oferta de trabalho que há entre criminosos e não criminosos. Uma implicação é que a sensibilidade da taxa de crime aos fatores que afetam comportamento criminal é modificada. Adicionalmente, investiga-se a viabilidade de uma política de redistribuição de renda enquanto alternativa a política de segurança pública.