Estudo genotípico de Trypanosoma cruzi: epidemiologia e caracterização molecular de isolados do homem, triatomíneos e mamíferos silvestres do Pará, Amapá e Maranhão

A doença de Chagas aguda (DCA) é endêmica na Amazônia Brasileira sendo a via oral a principal forma de transmissão com surtos familiares ou multifamiliares. Esta via independe da colonização de triatomíneos no domicílio e a ocorrência é regular com média de 100 casos/ano e 5% de óbitos. Apresenta distribuição espaço-temporal bem definida, colocando a enfermidade como emergência de importância em saúde pública nos estados do Pará, Amapá e Amazonas. A presença de mamíferos e triatomíneos silvestres, infectados naturalmente com o c e habitando distintos ecótopos terrestres e arbóreos, mantém um intenso ciclo enzoótico em toda a Amazônia. Perfis moleculares de linhagens de T. cruzi na região estão associados a hospedeiros mamíferos (incluindo o homem), triatomíneos, ecótopos e manifestações clínicas. Foram estudados quatro surtos de DCA ocorridos nos Municípios de Barcarena, Belém e Cachoeira do Arari no Estado do Pará e em Santana, no Estado do Amapá e abordados os aspectos epidemiológicos (parasitológico e sorológico manifestações clínicas, reservatórios e triatomíneos silvestres associados aos surtos). Foi investigado também em São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, o ciclo domiciliar e silvestre do T. cruzi, porém sem a ocorrência de casos de DCA. O estudo incluiu também a genotipagem molecular de T. cruzi pelo gene de mini-exon dos isolados (homem, mamíferos e triatomíneos silvestres) associados aos diferentes ciclos de transmissão. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi confirmado em 63 pacientes com a seguinte sensibilidade nos testes aplicados: 41,3% (26/63) pela gota espessa; 58,7% (37/63) no QBC; 79,4% (50/63) no xenodiagnóstico e 61,9% (39/63) na hemocultura. A sorologia de 2648 pessoas por hemaglutinação indireta (HAI) foi de 3,05% (81/2648) e imunofluorescência indireta IFI apresentaram respectivamente resultados de e 2,49% (66/2648) para IgG e 2,37 (63/2648) para IgM. Os resultados em São Luís foram todos negativos. Foram capturados 24 mamíferos, 13 Didelphis marsupialis, 1 Marmosa cinerea, 5 Philander opossum, 3 Metachirus nudicaudatus, 1 Oryzomys macconnelli, 1 Oecomys bicolor e 433 R. rattus. A taxa de infecção para T. cruzi foi de 7,14% (29/404). Um total de 3279 triatomíneos foi capturado sendo: Triatoma rubrofasciata (n=3008), com taxa de infecção (TI) de 30.46%, (39/128), Rhodnius robustus (n=137), com TI de 76% (79/104), R. pictipes (n=94), TI de 56,9% (49/86%), E. mucronatus (n=6) e P. geniculatus (n=12) com TI de 50% e as demais espécies sem infecção R. neglectus (n=5) e P. lignarius (n=6). As palmeiras foram os principais ecótopos dos triatomíneos silvestres. O urucurizeiro (S. martiana) apresentava infestação de 47,41% (101/213) dos triatomíneos; o “inajazeiro” (Maximiliana regia) 35,21% (75/213); o “babaçueiro” (Orbgnya. speciosa) 5,16% (11/213); o “dendezeiro” (Eleas melanoccoca) 1,87% (4/213) e a “bacabeira” (Oenocarpus bacaba) 10,32% (22/213). Para a genotipagem foram obtidos 46 isolados de tripanossomas de origem humana, 31 isolamentos de mamíferos silvestres e 74 amostras de triatomíneos. Todos os isolados foram caracterizados como da linhagem TcI de T. cruzi. Todos os casos humanos no Pará foram caracterizados como positivos por exame parasitológico. Nem todos os casos de Santana, Amapá, apresentaram casos parasitológicos positivos, pela demora do diagnóstico, mesmo assim estes foram definidos como DCA. Exames como xenodiagnóstico, hemocultura e o QBC® foram mais sensíveis do que a gota espessa. A sorologia por HAI e IFI (IgG e IgM) tiveram excelente sensibilidade para detectar os casos agudos em tempos distintos de infecção. O achado de mamíferos (D. marsupilais) e triatomíneos silvestres (R. pictipes e P. geniculatus) infectados com consideráveis taxas de infecção para T. cruzi no entorno das residências dos pacientes sustentam a importância destes hospedeiros associados à transmissão da DCA. Apesar de na Amazônia circularem vários genótipos de T. cruzi nos diferentes hospedeiros, neste trabalho foi identificada somente a linhagem TCI de T. cruzi, a mais predominante na Região. Em São Luís, Maranhão, embora sem registro de casos de DCA apresenta um ciclo domiciliar associados ao rato doméstico e o triatomíneo da espécie T. rubrofasciata, e um ciclo silvestre mantido por didelfídeos. Nos dois ciclos circulam a linhagem TCI de T. cruzi. Estudos com marcadores de maior resolução com isolados de T. cruzi regionais podem ajudar a esclarecer os ciclos de transmissão, as rotas de contaminação e os hospedeiros envolvidos em casos de DCA na Amazônia.

Diagnóstico molecular e relações filogenéticas entre nove espécies de Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A novel association between Rhodnius neglectus and the Livistona australis palm tree in an urban center foreshadowing the risk of Chagas disease transmission by vectorial invasions in Monte Alto City, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Characterization of antibiosis to the redbanded stink bug Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in soybean entries

Stink bugs are among the major pests of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] worldwide. Piezodorus guildinii [Westwood] (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the predominant pest species, causing more severe damage in many regions than other stink bugs. Its attack reduces yield and quality of the beans. Plant resistance is a valuable strategy in integrated pest management that can reduce insect populations below economic injury level. Here, we report the resistance of 17 soybean entries to P. guildinii. PI 229358, PI 274454, L1-1-01, IAC 19, PI 171451, PI 227687, IAC 100, IAC 78-2318, PI 274453, and IAC 74-2832 caused high nymphal mortality (greater than 90 %), indicating the expression of antibiosis. IAC 100, IAC 74-2832, PI 274453, and IAC 24 also increased the length of the nymphal stage of P. guildinii, showing the same mechanism of resistance. Our findings may be useful for breeding programs that focus on the resistance of soybeans to insects.

Assessing antixenosis of soybean entries against Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Leishmaniose visceral: situação atual e controle

In Brazil, the importance of leishmaniosis it is seen in its high incidence and huge distribution, as well as the possibility of became a lethal disease. It´s a zoonosis of canids, felines, rodents e marsupials, that is transmitted to men through vector bugs. Visceral leishmaniosis, the most serious and prevalent form, strongly became as an emergent and endemic disease, seeing in many Brazilian states, also bringing a lot of problems to public health. Because of this, it´s notable that the increase of urbanization in the last 20 years put in quest all the control strategies existent, the measures implanted until today were incapable to eliminate the transmission as to impede the occurrence of new epidemics. The prevention of dogs through imunoprophylaxis appear as an alternative, however to have a safe use it´s needed other studies, that can bring real results. The research below shows the increase of visceral leishmaniosis during the years, associated mainly to human cases, besides of dismember the tries used or that will be used with objective of dicrease the spread of leishmaniosis

Cytochemical study of Rhodnius neglectus and Rhodnius prolixus salivary gland cells (Hemiptera, Triatominae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Resistência de genótipos de soja a Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas)(HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Behavior of Orius insidiosus preying on Aphis gossypii reared on transgenic and conventional cotton varieties

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Study on Chagas disease occurrence in the municipality of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, Brazilian Amazon

Introduction: Studies on Chagas disease deal with the perspective of its occurrence in the Amazon region, which is directly correlated to the population growth and the spread of the bug biotope. The state of Rondônia has an immense source of vectors (Triatomine) and reservoirs of Trypanosoma cruzi. Environmental changes brought forth by the deforestation in the region may cause vector behavior changes and bring these vectors to a closer contact with humans, increasing the probability of vector infection. Methods: This study was carried out to check the occurrence of Chagas disease in the municipality of Monte Negro, Rondônia, Brazil, based on a random sampling of the farms and people wherein blood collection from the population and capturing triatomines were done. The blood samples were submitted to serologic tests to detect antibodies of the IgG class against T. cruzi. The triatomines that were collected had their digestive tract checked for the presence of trypanosomatidae with morphology resembling that of the T. cruzi. Results: The population examined was mostly from other states. From the 322 bugs examined on the microscope, 50% showed parasites with morphology compatible with T. cruzi. From the serology of 344 random samples of human blood, 1.2% was found positive, 6% showed inconclusive results, and 92.8% were negative. Conclusions: Monte Negro shows low prevalence of human infection by T. cruzi and none active vector transmission; however, preventive and surveying measures, which are not performed until now, shall be taken due to the abundance of vectors infected by trypanosomatidae.

Tecnologias de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários no controle de percevejos pragas na cultura da soja

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Biological control of the bronze bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus, in eucalyptus plantations in Brazil

The bronze bug Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae) was detected in Brazil in 2008 and infested >180 000 ha of eucalyptus plantations in 2011. The bronze bug can cause a reduction of 10–15% in wood productivity after 2 years of heavy infestation. Although there is not an effective control method known, biological control is the main control strategy studied. An exotic egg parasitoid, Cleruchoides noackae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), was imported from Australia in 2012, reared in a laboratory and released in three Brazilian regions. Parasitoids were recovered at release points after 20–30 d. In 2013, preliminary evaluations demonstrated parasitoid establishment in these areas, and the parasitoid was recovered in adjacent areas after 1 year of release. Bioassays confi rmed egg parasitism of 15–20% by C. noackae. Other native natural enemies were studied. We found green lacewing Chrysoperla externa and predatory bugs Supputius cincticeps and Atopozelus opsimus preying on nymphs and/or adults of T. peregrinus. Another promising possibility is entomopathogenic fungi. Commercial formulations of Beauveria bassiana were tested with success in lab and fi eld conditions. Fusarium proliferatum and Paecilomyces cateniannulatus caused mortality of T. peregrinus in natural epizooties. After 5 years of research, it is possible to develop an integrated pest management system (IPM) for eucalyptus plantations based on biocontrol strategy for bronze bug.

RB34-71 Effects of Inflation and Deflation Upon Nebraska Agriculture, 1914 to 1932

Nebraska farmers prospered during the period which followed the depression of the nineties and preceded the beginning of the World War. To be sure the prosperity was not uniformly distributed either by years or by areas. The corn crop was unusually short in a large portion of the state in 1901 and an almost total failure in many of the southern counties in 1913. Chinch bugs did considerable injury in 1901 and the Hessian fly in 1905 and 1914. There was noticeable damage from insects in some areas in other years. No part of the state, however, suffered from long-continued drouth or repeated ravages of insect pests. The depression of 1907 affected credit and prices very severly for a few months, but recovery was rapid and within less than a year business was again moving forward. This 1934 research bulletin covers the problems of inflation and deflation; changes in the prices of various commodities during inflation and deflation; prices and purchasing power of Nebraska farm products, 1914 to 1932; adjustments during inflation and deflation; the effect of wages on Nebraska agriculture; taxes; Nebraska farm income; changes in types of farming in Nebraska, 1914 to 1932; the banking situation; Nebraska farm land prices; and the effects of inflation and deflation upon Nebraska businesses.

First observation of alternative food usage (extrafloral nectar) by the assassin bug Atopozelus opsimus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

First observation of alternative food usage (extrafloral nectar) by the assassin bug Atopozelus opsimus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Assassin bugs (Reduviidae) are voracious insects that prey on other arthropods. Recent evidences have pointed out that these predators also feed on plant derived substances in rare opportunities. The present study describes the feeding behavior of the reduviid Atopozelus opsimus on extrafloral nectaries of Inga vera (Fabaceae) in a Neotropical savanna area. It was investigated if the insects feed more frequently of extrafloral nectar or prey, and if individuals of different stages of development vary according to feeding behavior. Notably, the results suggest that the diet of all instars and adults consist mainly of extrafloral nectar (N = 1013), in detriment of captured prey ingestion (N = 18). Also, there was no variation on feeding behavior and life stage.

Evolutionary Insights from Bat Trypanosomes: Morphological, Developmental and Phylogenetic Evidence of a New Species, Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) erneyi sp nov., in African Bats Closely Related to Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi and Allied Species

Parasites of the genus Trypanosoma are common in bats and those of the subgenus Schizotrypanum are restricted to bats throughout the world, with the exception of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi that also infects other mammals and is restricted to the American Continent. We have characterized trypanosome isolates from Molossidae bats captured in Mozambique, Africa. Morphology and behaviour in culture, supported by phylogenetic inferences using SSU (small subunit) rRNA, gGAPDH (glycosomal glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and Cyt b (cytochrome b) genes, allowed to classify the isolates as a new Schizotrypanum species named Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) erneyi sp. nov. This is the first report of a Schizotrypanum species from African bats cultured, characterized morphologically and biologically, and positioned in phylogenetic trees. The unprecedented finding of a new species of the subgenus Schizotrypanum from Africa that is closest related to the America-restricted Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi marinkellei and T. cruzi provides new insights into the origin and evolutionary history of T. cruzi and closely related bat trypanosomes. Altogether, data from our study support the hypothesis of an ancestor trypanosome parasite of bats evolving to infect other mammals, even humans, and adapted to transmission by triatomine bugs in the evolutionary history of T. cruzi in the New World. (c) 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.