Brown bear, brown bear, what do you see?

El formato repetitivo está diseñado para ayudar a los niños a aprender los nombres de los colores y de los animales. Las ilustraciones collage a doble página, cuentan con un oso pardo, un pájaro rojo, un pato amarillo, un caballo azul, una rana verde, un gato morado, un perro blanco y una oveja negra, que invitan a descubrir la criatura que mostrarán a continuación. Imágenes identificables y repetición rítmica de preguntas y respuesta del texto es el patrón se repite una y otra vez, hasta que el pre-lector puede predecir fácilmente la siguiente rima. Una cosa que los lectores tal vez no pueden predecir, sin embargo, es el tipo de personaje que hará su aparición en el desenlace. Para lectura interactiva en voz alta entre el profesor y los alumnos y para lectura compartida.

El fantástico mundo de Guillermo Brown.

Estudio sobre la serie de relatos de Richmal Crompton, que tienen como protagonista a Guillermo Brown, analizando la personalidad de todos los personajes de la saga desde el punto de vista psicológico y social.

Entrevista con Reginald Brown, catedr??tico de la Universidad de Leeds (Inglaterra)

Transcripci??n de la entrevista con el Catedr??tico de la Universidad de Leeds de Inglaterra, Mr. Reginald Brown, en la que da detalles sobre la Instituci??n, sobre su relaci??n con el Krausismo, el sistema educativo ingl??s, las materias de ense??anza impartidas y los medios de ense??anza con los que contaba dicha Universidad.

Internal structure of chlorosomes from brown-colored Chlorobium species and the role of carotenoids in their assembly

Chlorosomes are the main light harvesting complexes of green photosynthetic bacteria. Recently, a lamellar model was proposed for the arrangement of pigment aggregates in Chlorobium tepidum chlorosomes, which contain bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c as the main pigment. Here we demonstrate that the lamellar organization is also found in chlorosomes from two brown-colored species (Chl. phaeovibrioides and Chl. phaeobacteroides) containing BChl e as the main pigment. This suggests that the lamellar model is universal among green sulfur bacteria. In contrast to green-colored Chl. tepidum, chlorosomes from the brown-colored species often contain domains of lamellar aggregates that may help them to survive in extremely low light conditions. We suggest that carotenoids are localized between the lamellar planes and drive lamellar assembly by augmenting hydrophobic interactions. A model for chlorosome assembly, which accounts for the role of carotenoids and secondary BChl homologs, is presented

No museu com a turma do Charlie Brown

Consciente da importância dos museus enquanto espaço de reflexão. educação, encontro e lazer, a professora da turma de Charlie Brown organiza uma excursão ao Museu de Arte da cidade. Após a visita os alunos devem preparar, para efeito de avaliação, um relatório sobre o Museu. Charlie Brown está preocupado com a perspectiva de ter que elaborar o referido relatório e tirar nota 10 (dez) para não perder o ano. No dia marcado para a visita, dois ônibus realizam o transporte das crianças da escola até as proximidades do Museu. Ao sairem dos ônibus, as crianças são organizadas em fila. No entanto, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Isaura, Beth Pimentinha e Márcia distanciam-se do grupo excursionista e terminam entrando, por engano, num Supermercado, julgando que estavam no Museu. A visita de Charlie Brown ao supermercado transcorre com normalidade. As listagens de preço são percebidas como catálogos de exposição; a campanha de preços baixos é percebida como uma estratégia do Museu para superar suas dificuldades financeiras; as latas empilhadas de extrato de tomate são percebidas como esculturas populares; alguns pernis (ou coisa parecida) são percebidos como ossos de dinossauros. A pequena Márcia, apesar de todos os argumentos de Beth Pimentinha, insiste em dizer que o Museu se parece muito com uma mercearia. Ao saírem do Supermercado, que fica ao lado do Museu, Charlie Brown e seus amigos encontram o outro grupo excursionista, entram no ônibus e voltam para casa. Charlie Brown prepara o seu relatório e depois de entregá-lo à professora, descobre, em conversa com amigos que não foram ao supermercado, que ele não foi ao "verdadeiro" Museu. No dia marcado para a entrega das notas, Charlie Brown está tenso e angustiado. No entanto, ao receber o resultado o seu rosto se ilumina. Ele tirou 10 (dez) e não perdeu o ano. A professora ainda anotou em seu relatório o seguinte comentário: "Sua analogia foi brilhante. Comparar o Museu ao supermercado foi uma idéia genial".

Movements, activity patterns and home range of a female brown bear (Ursus arctos, L.) in the Rodopi Mountain Range, Greece

Movements and activity patterns of an adult radio-tagged female brown bear accompanied by her cubs were documented for the first time in Rodopi area (NE Greece) from August 2000 to July 2002. Average daily movements were 2.45 +/- 2.26 SD km, (range 0.15-8.5 km). The longest daily range could be related to human disturbance (hunting activity). The longest seasonal distance (211 km), during Summer 2001 coincided with the dissolution of the family. With cubs, the female was more active during daytime (73 % of all radio-readings) than when solitary (28 %). The female switched to a more crepuscular behaviour, after separation from the yearling (July 2001). According to pooled data from 924 activity - recording sessions, during the whole monitoring period, the female was almost twice as active during day time while rearing cubs (51 % active) than when solitary (23 %). The autumn and early winter home range size of the family was larger (280 km(2)) than after the separation from the cubs (59 km(2)). During the family group phase, home range size varied from 258 km(2) in autumn to 40 km(2) in winter (average denning period lasted 107 days : December 2000-March 2001). The bear hibernated in the Bulgarian part of the Rodopi Range during winters of 2001 and 2002.

Regional variation in the microhardness and mineralization of vertebrae from brown and rainbow trout

Regional variation in properties of vertebral bone from brown Salmo trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhychus mykiss were explored by using microhardness tests. Statistically-significant positive correlations were identified between the microhardness of bone and its mineral content. In both brown and rainbow trout, the vertebrae from the caudal region were harder than those of the trunk region. There was a significant difference between the species; microhardness of bone from vertebrae of rainbow trout was greater than those from brown trout.

Thermogenic and metabolic consequences of thyroid hormone treatment in brown and white adipose tissue

Male rats were treated with triiodothyronine in the drinking water for 12 days. In vitro rates of isoprenaline stimulated lipolysis were significantly greater in brown but not white adipose tissue. Rates of [14C]glucose incorporation into triacylglycerols were significantly reduced in BAT (brown adipose tissue) and WAT (white adipose tissue) under basal and isoprenaline stimulated conditions. In a second experiment, hyperthyroid animals showed impaired weight gain, despite increased food intake during 19 days' treatment. Energy expenditure on days 5 and 12, and BAT core temperature differences (TBAT - TCORE) on day 19, were significantly greater than in control animals. Epididymal white fat pad weight was reduced and interscapular brown fat pad weight increased by triiodothyronine treatment.

Gut microbiota modulate the metabolism of brown adipose tissue in mice

A two by two experimental study has been designed to determine the effect of gut microbiota on energy metabolism in mouse models. The metabolic phenotype of germ-free (GF, n = 20) and conventional (n = 20) mice was characterized using a NMR spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling approach, with a focus on sexual dimorphism (20 males, 20 females) and energy metabolism in urine, plasma, liver, and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Physiological data of age-matched GF and conventional mice showed that male animals had a higher weight than females in both groups. In addition, conventional males had a significantly higher total body fat content (TBFC) compared to conventional females, whereas this sexual dimorphism disappeared in GF animals (i.e., male GF mice had a TBFC similar to those of conventional and GF females). Profiling of BAT hydrophilic extracts revealed that sexual dimorphism in normal mice was absent in GF animals, which also displayed lower BAT lactate levels and higher levels of (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate in liver, plasma, and BAT, together with lower circulating levels of VLDL. These data indicate that the gut microbiota modulate the lipid metabolism in BAT, as the absence of gut microbiota stimulated both hepatic and BAT lipolysis while inhibiting lipogenesis. We also demonstrated that (1)H NMR metabolic profiles of BAT were excellent predictors of BW and TBFC, indicating the potential of BAT to fight against obesity.

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 guards against Pseudomonas tolaasii brown-blotch lesions on the surface of post-harvest Agaricus bisporus supermarket mushrooms

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas tolaasii is a problematic pathogen of cultured mushrooms, forming dark brown 'blotches' on mushroom surfaces and causing spoilage during crop growth and post-harvest . Treating P. tolaasii infection is difficult, as other, commensal bacterial species such as Pseudomonas putida are necessary for mushroom growth, so treatments must be relatively specific. RESULTS: We have found that P. tolaasii is susceptible to predation in vitro by the δ-proteobacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. This effect also occurred in funga, where B. bacteriovorus was administered to post-harvest mushroom caps before and after administration of the P. tolaasii pathogen. A significant, visible improvement in blotch appearance, after incubation, was observed on administration of Bdellovibrio. A significant reduction in viable P. tolaasii cell numbers, recovered from the mushroom tissue, was detected. This was accompanied by a more marked reduction in blotch severity on Bdellovibrio administration. We found that there was in some cases an accompanying overgrowth of presumed-commensal, non-Pseudomonas bacteria on post-harvest mushroom caps after Bdellovibrio-treatment. These bacteria were identified (by 16SrRNA gene sequencing) as Enterobacter species, which were seemingly resistant to predation. We visualised predatory interactions occuring between B. bacteriovorus and P. tolaasii on the post-harvest mushroom cap surface by Scanning Electron Microscopy, seeing predatory invasion of P. tolaasii by B. bacteriovorus in funga. This anti-P. tolaasii effect worked well in post-harvest supermarket mushrooms, thus Bdellovibrio was not affected by any pre-treatment of mushrooms for commercial/consumer purposes. CONCLUSIONS: The soil-dwelling B. bacteriovorus HD100 preys upon and kills P. tolaasii, on mushroom surfaces, and could therefore be applied to prevent spoilage in post-harvest situations where mushrooms are stored and packaged for sale.

Impact of US Brown Swiss genetics on milk quality from low-input herds in Switzerland: interactions with grazing intake and pasture type

This study investigated the effect of, and interactions between, contrasting crossbreed genetics (US Brown Swiss [BS] × Improved Braunvieh [BV] × Original Braunvieh [OB]) and feeding regimes (especially grazing intake and pasture type) on milk fatty acid (FA) profiles. Concentrations of total polyunsaturated FAs, total omega-3 FAs and trans palmitoleic, vaccenic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids were higher in cows with a low proportion of BS genetics. Highest concentrations of the nutritionally desirable FAs, trans palmitoleic, vaccenic and eicosapentaenoic acids were found for cows with a low proportion of BS genetics (0-24% and/or 25-49%) on high grazing intake (75-100% of dry matter intake) diets. Multivariate analysis indicated that the proportion of OB genetics is a positive driver for nutritionally desirable monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs while BS genetics proportion was positive driver for total and undesirable individual saturated FAs. Significant genetics × feeding regime interactions were also detected for a range of FAs.