Ultrastructural studies of oogenesis in Bolinus brandaris(Gastropoda: Muricidae).

Ultrastructural studies of oogenesis in Bolinus brandaris are described. Although the initial phase of oogenesis is common to most animal species, vitellogenesis can be considered a species-specific characteristic. In the vitellogenesis of B.brandaris, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula play a relevant role in the formation of myelinised membranous systems. Nuclear envelope, Golgi body and the oocyte plasma membrane invaginations are three possible origins for annulate lamellae. The latter can be considered membranous reservoirs. There are two sources for the vitellum: exogenous (from follicular cells) and endogenous (from the endoplasmic reticulum of the same oocyte).

Archaoegastropoda del Plioceno del Empordà (Girona). Descriptiva y Sistemática

En el presente trabajo se describen y figuran siete especies diferentes de Archaeogastropoda (Gastropoda) procedentes de los yacimientos del Empordà, Girona (España).

Sobre el término «olistopaleobiocenosis» Calzada (1978)

Se hace un análisis critico del término olistopaleobiocenosis propuesto por Calzada (1978 a). Se concluye que dicho término es innecesario y contradictorio, induciendo a error, ya que en realidad sirve para designar tanatocenosis, las cuales ya han sido completamente caracterizadas en otros trabajos.

Algunos datos paleoecológicos y tafonómicos de un yacimiento pliocénico del Ampurdán

The fossiliferous beds of the 'Cementerio de Ciurana (Gerona) ', have been studied from Taphonomy and Paleoeco.. logy viewpoints. The mode of formation of the fossil assem.. blages hardly implicates transport and the vertical successiori seems to represent a regressive sequence from former normal marine conditions.

Nuevas aportaciones al conocimiento de las formaciones pliocénicas de l'Alt Empordà, Girona

En esta nota se da una lista de los Moluscos fósiles hallados en las arcillas azules de la base de los niveles de Sant Mori-Sant Miquel de Fluva y otra de la a fauna contenida en los niveles amarillentos superiores. La primera demuestra que las arcillas azules basales corresponden a un Plioceno inferior-medio, mientras que tanto los niveles arenosos como los calcareníticos de la zona de Sant Mori-Sant Miquel de Fluvià corresponderían a un Plioceno medio-superior.

Distribución geográfica y cronoestratigráfica de Palliolum (Lissochlamys) excisum (Mollusca, Pectinidae) en España

Palliolum (L.) excisum (Bronn) se encuentra en España en tres áreas: Cordillera Litoral (Cordillera Costero-Catalana), región de Alicante (Cordilleras Béticas) y Depresión del Guadalquivir. En las dos primeras tiene una distribución puntual, mientras que en la última son frecuentes las localidades en las que se presenta. Litológicamente es una especie que va asociada a las facies detríticas finas, faltando en las facies gruesas y carbonatadas. En la región maditerránea y en la atlántica del sur de Europa tiene una edad pliocénica. Sólo en el Camping Francás (España) correspondería al Mioceno superior y no se puede descartar la posibilidad de que esta localidad pudiera pertenecer al Plioceno. En el contravertido yacimiento de Dar-Bel-Hamri (Marruecos) presenta una posición estratigráfica dudosa y su edad se ha considerado como Massiniense.

Shaping mechanisms of metal specificity in a family of metazoan Metallothioneins: evolutionary differentiation of Mollusc MTs.

Background: The degree of metal binding specificity in metalloproteins such as metallothioneins (MTs) can be crucial for their functional accuracy. Unlike most other animal species, pulmonate molluscs possess homometallic MT isoforms loaded with Cu+ or Cd2+. They have, so far, been obtained as native metal-MT complexes from snail tissues, where they are involved in the metabolism of the metal ion species bound to the respective isoform. However, it has not as yet been discerned if their specific metal occupation is the result of a rigid control of metal availability, or isoform expression programming in the hosting tissues or of structural differences of the respective peptides determining the coordinative options for the different metal ions. In this study, the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) Cu-loaded and Cd-loaded isoforms (HpCuMT and HpCdMT) were used as model molecules in order t o elucidate the biochemical and evolutionary mechanisms permitting pulmonate MTs to achieve specificity for their cognate metal ion. Results: HpCuMT and HpCdMT were recombinantly synthesized in the presence of Cd2+, Zn2+ or Cu2+ and corresponding metal complexes analysed by electrospray mass spectrometry and circular dichroism (CD) and ultra violet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. Both MT isoforms were only able to form unique, homometallic and stable complexes (Cd6-HpCdMT and Cu12-HpCuMT) with their cognate metal ions. Yeast complementation assays demonstrated that the two isoforms assumed metal-specific functions, in agreement with their binding preferences, in heterologous eukaryotic environments. In the snail organism, the functional metal specificity of HpCdMT and HpCuMT was contributed by metal-specific transcription programming and cell-specific expression. Sequence elucidation and phylogenetic analysis of MT isoforms from a number of snail species revealed that they possess an unspecific and two metal-specific MT isoforms, whose metal specificity was achieved exclusively by evolutionary modulation of non-cysteine amino acid positions. Conclusion: The Roman snail HpCdMT and HpCuMT isoforms can thus be regarded as prototypes of isoform families that evolved genuine metal-specificity within pulmonate molluscs. Diversification into these isoforms may have been initiated by gene duplication, followed by speciation and selection towards opposite needs for protecting copper-dominated metabolic pathways from nonessential cadmium. The mechanisms enabling these proteins to be metal-specific could also be relevant for other metalloproteins.

Un conjunt faunístic de finals de l'Antiguitat Tardana al jaciment de Santa Margarida (Martorell, Baix Llobregat)

El present treball analitza les restes de fauna procedents de la UE 3006 de l'església de Santa Margarida (s. VIII d.C.). El conjunt és compost majoritàriament per deixalles alimentàries de macromamífers, aus i mol·luscs. La ponderació del nombre de restes, l'anàlisi de la representació anatòmica i l'estudi de les traces d'origen antròpic han permés establir la composició de la cabana ramadera al jaciment i els patrons de gestió dels animals amb fins alimentaris (corba de mortalitat i patró d'especejament dels animals). El conjunt dóna testimoni de l'alimentació d'origen càrnic del baix clergat a finals de l'Antiguitat tardana.

Un conjunt faunístic de finals de l'Antiguitat tardana al jaciment de Santa Margarida (Martorell, Baix Llobregat)

El present treball analitza les restes de fauna procedents de la UE 3006 de l¿església de Santa Margarida (s. VIII d.C.). El conjunt és compost majoritàriament per deixalles alimentàries de macromamífers, aus i mol·luscs. La ponderació del nombre de restes, l¿anàlisi de la representació anatòmica i l¿estudi de les traces d¿origen antròpic han permés establir la composició de la cabana ramadera al jaciment i els patrons de gestió dels animals amb fins alimentaris (corba de mortalitat i patró d¿especejament dels animals). El conjunt dóna testimoni de l¿alimentació d¿origen càrnic del baix clergat a finals de l¿Antiguitat tardana.

Chemical defenses in Sacoglossan Opisthobranchs: Taxonomic trends and evolutionary implications

Sacoglossan sea slugs (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) are one of the few groups of specialist herbivores in the marine environment. Sacoglossans feed suctorially on the cell sap of macroalgae, from which they 'steal' chloroplasts (kleptoplasty) and deterrent substances (kleptochemistry), retaining intracellularly both host plastids and chemicals. The ingested chloroplasts continue to photosynthesize for periods ranging from a few hours or days up to 3 months in some species. Shelled, more primitive sacoglossans feed only on the siphonalean green algal genus Caulerpa, and they do not have functional kleptoplasty. The diet of sacoglossans has radiated out from this ancestral food. Among the shell-less Plakobranchidae (=Elysiidae), the more primitive species feed on other siphonales (families Derbesiaceae, Caulerpaceae, Bryopsidaceae and Codiaceae) and fix carbon, while the more 'advanced' species within the Plakobranchidae and Limapontioidae have a more broad dietary range. Most of these 'advanced' species are unable to fix carbon because the chloroplasts of their food algae are mechanically disrupted during ingestion. Mesoherbivores are likely to be eaten if they live on palatable seaweeds, their cryptic coloration and form not always keeping them safe from predators. Sacoglossans prefer to live on and eat chemically defended seaweeds, and they use ingested algal chemicals as deterrents of potential predators. The most ancestral shelled sacoglossans (Oxynoidae) and some Plakobranchidae such as Elysia translucens, Thuridilla hopei and Bosellia mimetica have developed a diet-derived chemical defense mechanism. Oxynoids and Thuridilla hopei are able to biomodify the algal metabolites. However, the Plakobranchidae Elysia timida and E. viridis, together with Limapontioidea species, are characterized by their ability to de novo synthesize polypropionate metabolites. A whole analysis of kleptoplasty and chemical defenses in sacoglossans may offer a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of these specialized opisthobranchs. In this paper we summarize some of the latest findings, related mainly to Mediterranean species, and offer a plausible evolutionary scenario based on the biological and chemical trends we can distinguish in them.

Vanishing Clams on an iberian beach: local consequences and global implication of accelerating loss of shells to tourism

Multi-decadal increase in shell removal by tourists, a process that may accelerate degradation of natural habitats, was quantified via two series of monthly surveys, conducted thirty years apart (1978-1981 and 2008-2010) in one small embayment on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Over the last three decades, the local tourist arrivals have increased almost three-fold (2.74), while the area has remained unaffected by urban encroachment and commercial fisheries. Concomitantly, abundance of mollusk shells along the shoreline decreased almost three-fold (2.62) and displayed a tight inverse correlation with tourist arrivals. A four-fold increase in tourist arrivals observed globally over the last 30 years has likely induced a comparable worldwide acceleration in shell removal from marine shorelines and exerted multiple negative (but currently unquantifiable) habitat changes that may include increased beach erosion, changes in carbon and calcium cycles, and decline in diversity and abundance of organisms dependent on shell availability.

Ancient protostome origin of chemosensory ionotropic glutamate receptors and the evolution of insect taste and olfaction.

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are a highly conserved family of ligand-gated ion channels present in animals, plants, and bacteria, which are best characterized for their roles in synaptic communication in vertebrate nervous systems. A variant subfamily of iGluRs, the Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), was recently identified as a new class of olfactory receptors in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, hinting at a broader function of this ion channel family in detection of environmental, as well as intercellular, chemical signals. Here, we investigate the origin and evolution of IRs by comprehensive evolutionary genomics and in situ expression analysis. In marked contrast to the insect-specific Odorant Receptor family, we show that IRs are expressed in olfactory organs across Protostomia--a major branch of the animal kingdom that encompasses arthropods, nematodes, and molluscs--indicating that they represent an ancestral protostome chemosensory receptor family. Two subfamilies of IRs are distinguished: conserved "antennal IRs," which likely define the first olfactory receptor family of insects, and species-specific "divergent IRs," which are expressed in peripheral and internal gustatory neurons, implicating this family in taste and food assessment. Comparative analysis of drosophilid IRs reveals the selective forces that have shaped the repertoires in flies with distinct chemosensory preferences. Examination of IR gene structure and genomic distribution suggests both non-allelic homologous recombination and retroposition contributed to the expansion of this multigene family. Together, these findings lay a foundation for functional analysis of these receptors in both neurobiological and evolutionary studies. Furthermore, this work identifies novel targets for manipulating chemosensory-driven behaviours of agricultural pests and disease vectors.

Algunos datos paleoecológicos y tafonómicos de un yacimiento pliocénico del Ampurdán

The fossiliferous beds of the 'Cementerio de Ciurana (Gerona) ', have been studied from Taphonomy and Paleoeco.. logy viewpoints. The mode of formation of the fossil assem.. blages hardly implicates transport and the vertical successiori seems to represent a regressive sequence from former normal marine conditions.

Correlación bioestratigráfica entre las sucesiones miocénicas marinas de Sant Pau d'0rdal y Sant Llorenc d'Hortons (Depresión del Vallès - Penedès, Barcelona)

En base a los moluscos fósiles y a criterios sedimentológicos, se realiza una reconstrucción paleoambiental del sector de Sant Pau d'Ordal y de La Pedrera de Sant Llorenq d'Hortons y se deduce la equivalencia lateral de ambas localidades, a las que se atribuye una edad Langhiense-Serravaliense inferior. La presencia del pterópodo Vaginella austriaca, KITTL citado por primera vez en diversos yacimientos del Penedis, permite afirmar que durante este periodo existió una buena comunicación entre el golfo del Penedes y el mar abierto.