Conceptualization of a Behavior Modification Tool for University Systems and Doctoral Students

This paper describes a university based system relevant to doctoral students who have problems with themselves, their peers and research supervisors. Doctoral students have various challenges to solve and these challenges contribute to delays in their thesis submission. This tool aims at helping them think through their problem in a pre-counseling stage. The tool uses narratives and hypothetical stories to walk a doctoral student through options of responses he or she can make given the situation in the narrative. Narratives were developed after a preliminary survey (n=57) of doctoral students. The survey indicated that problems they experienced were: busy supervisors, negative competition from peers and laziness with self. The narrative scenarios in the tool prompt self-reflection and provide for options to chose from leading to the next scenario that will ensue. The different stages of the stimulus-response cycles are designed based on Thomas-Kilmann conflict resolution techniques (collaboration and avoidance). Each stimulus-response cycle has a score attached that reflects the student's ability to judge a collaborative approach. At the end of all the stages a scorecard is generated indicating either a progressive or regressive outcome of thesis submission.

Effects of Microstructural Heterogeneity on the Spallation Behavior of Materials

It is of utmost importance to understand the spallation behaviour of heterogeneous materials. In this paper, a driven nonlinear threshold model with stress fluctuation is presented to study the effects of microstructural heterogeneity on continuum damage evolution. The spallation behavior of heterogeneity material is analyzed with this model. The heterogeniety of mesoscopic units is characterized in terms of Weibull modulus m of strength distibution and stress fluctuation parameter k. At high stress, the maximum damage increases with m; while at low stress, the maximum damage decreases. In addition, for low stress, severe stress fluctuation causes higher damage; while for high stress, causes lower damage.

Spallation analysis with a closed trans-scale formulation damage evolution

A closed, trans-scale formulation of damage evolution based on the statistical microdamage mechanics is summarized in this paper. The dynamic function of damage bridges the mesoscopic and macroscopic evolution of damage. The spallation in an aluminium plate is studied with this formulation. It is found that the damage evolution is governed by several dimensionless parameters, i.e., imposed Deborah numbers De* and De, Mach number M and damage number S. In particular, the most critical mode of the macroscopic damage evolution, i.e., the damage localization, is deter-mined by Deborah number De+. Deborah number De* reflects the coupling and competition between the macroscopic loading and the microdamage growth. Therefore, our results reveal the multi-scale nature of spallation. In fact, the damage localization results from the nonlinearity of the microdamage growth. In addition, the dependence of the damage rate on imposed Deborah numbers De* and De, Mach number M and damage number S is discussed.

Material response and failure mechanism of unidirectional metal matrix composites under impulsive shear loading

The material response and failure mechanism of unidirectional metal matrix composite under impulsive shear loading are investigated in this paper. Both experimental and analytical studies were performed. The shear strength of unidirectional C-f/A356.0 composite and A356.0 aluminum alloy at high strain rate were measured with a modified split Hopkinson torsional bar technique. The results indicated that the carbon fibers did not improve the shear strength of aluminum matrix if the fiber orientation aligned with the shear loading axis. The microscopic inspection of the fractured surface showed a multi-scale zigzag feature which implied a complicated shear failure mechanism in the composite. In addition to testing, the micromechanical stress field in the composite was analyzed by the generalized Eshelby equivalent method (GEEM). The influence of cracking in matrix on the micromechanical stress field was investigated as well. The results showed that the stress distribution in the composite is quite nonhomogeneous and very high shear stress concentrations are found in some regions in the matrix. The high shear stress concentration in the matrix induces tensile cracking at 45 degrees to the shear direction. This in turn aggravates the stress concentration at the fiber/matrix interface and finally leads to a catastrophic failure in the composite. From the correlation between the analysis and experimental results, the shear failure mechanism of unidirectional C-f/A356.0 composite can be elucidated qualitatively.

Experimental Evidence of Critical Sensitivity in Catastrophe

The paper presents an experimental study on critical sensitivity in rocks. Critical sensitivity means that the response of a system to external controlling variable may become significantly sensitive as the system approaches its catastrophic rupture point. It is found that the sensitivities measured by responses on three scales (sample scale, locally macroscopic scales and mesoscopic scale) display increase prior to catastrophic transition point. These experimental results do support the concept that critical sensitivity might be a common precursory feature of catastrophe. Furthermore, our previous theoretical model is extended to explore the fluctuations in critical sensitivity in the rock tests.

Perturbational Finite Volume Method For The Solution of 2-D Navier-Stokes Equations on Unstructured and Structured Colocated Meshes

Based on the first-order upwind and second-order central type of finite volume( UFV and CFV) scheme, upwind and central type of perturbation finite volume ( UPFV and CPFV) schemes of the Navier-Stokes equations were developed. In PFV method, the mass fluxes of across the cell faces of the control volume (CV) were expanded into power series of the grid spacing and the coefficients of the power series were determined by means of the conservation equation itself. The UPFV and CPFV scheme respectively uses the same nodes and expressions as those of the normal first-order upwind and second-order central scheme, which is apt to programming. The results of numerical experiments about the flow in a lid-driven cavity and the problem of transport of a scalar quantity in a known velocity field show that compared to the first-order UFV and second-order CFV schemes, upwind PFV scheme is higher accuracy and resolution, especially better robustness. The numerical computation to flow in a lid-driven cavity shows that the under-relaxation factor can be arbitrarily selected ranging from 0.3 to 0. 8 and convergence perform excellent with Reynolds number variation from 102 to 104.

Microstructure and characteristics in the organic matrix layers of nacre

The direct observation of a type of microstructure in the organic matrix layers of nacre was obtained with a transmission electron microscope. The microstructure, which is referred to as mineral bridge in the biomineralization, is nanoscale and randomly distributed in the layers. Statistical analysis gives the distribution laws and characteristics of mineral bridges in the organic matrix layers. The existence of mineral bridges in nacre was confirmed, and it was shown that the microarchitecture of nacre should be described as a "brick-bridge-mortar" arrangement rather than traditional "brick and mortar" one.

Laser-surface-alloyed carbon nanotubes reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings

Carbon-nanotube sCNTd-reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings have been fabricated by laser surface alloying. Microstructural observation using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed that a large amount of CNTs remained with their or

Adlayer Structures of DL-Homocysteine and L-Homocysteine Thiolactone on Au(111) Surface: an in situ STM Study

The adsorption Of DL-homocysteine (Hcy) and L-homocysteine thiolactone (HTL) on Au(1 1 1) electrode was investigated in 0.1 M HClO4 by cyclic voltammetry and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Hcy and HTL molecules formed highly ordered adlayers on Au(1 1 1) surface. High-resolution STM images revealed the orientation and packing arrangement in the ordered adlayers. Hcy molecules formed (2root3 x 3root3)R30degrees adlayer structure and H-bonds between carboxyl groups were assumed to be responsible for the origin of tail-to-tail or head-to-head molecular arrangement, while HTL molecules formed (4 x 6) adlayer structure, and two different orientations and appearances in the ordered adlayer were found. Structural models were proposed for the two adlayers.

Dynamic function of damage and its implications

Dynamic function of damage is the key to the problem of damage evolution of solids. In order to understand it, one must understand its mesoscopic mechanisms and macroscopic formulation. In terms of evolution equation of microdamage and damage moment, a dynamic function of damage is strictly defined. The mesoscopic mechanism underlying self-closed damage evolution law is investigated by means of double damage moments. Numerical results of damage evolution demonstrate some common features for various microdamage dynamics. Then, the dynamic function of damage is applied to inhomogeneous damage field. In this case, damage evolution rate is no longer equal to the dynamic function of damage. It is found that the criterion for damage localization is closely related to compound damage. Finally, an inversion of damage evolution to the dynamic function of damage is proposed.

The effect of nucleation time on the growth of a microvoid in a viscoelastic material

In this paper, discussions are focused on the growth of a nucleated void in a viscoelastic material. The in situ tensile tests of specimens made of high-density polyethylene, filled with spherical glass beads (HDPE/GB) are carried out under SEM. The experimental result indicates that the microvoid nucleation is induced by the partially interfacial debonding of particles. By means of the Laplace transform and the Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method, a new analytical expression of the void strain at different nucleation times is derived. It can be seen that the strain of the nucleated void depends not only on the remote strain history, but also on the nucleation time. This expression is also illustrated by numerical examples, and is found to be of great usefulness in the study of damage evolution in viscoelastic materials.

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Evaluaci��n de cinco cepas de Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli en el cultivo del frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. Rev. 84

Esta investigaci��n se realiz�� en el Centro Experimental "La Compa����a" ubicada en San Marcos, Carazo, con el objetivo de evaluar la adaptabilidad de las cepas en las condiciones estudiadas, determinar cu��l de las cepas es la m��s infectiva y efectiva en cuanto a la nodulaci��n y determinar su efecto en el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo del frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. Rev. 84. Los factores evaluados fueren 5 cepas de Rhisoblum leguminosearum by. phaseoli y 3 testigos: 1 Testigo Absoluto (no inoculado. no fertilizado) Y 2 Testigos Relativos (no inoculados y fertilizados). El dise��o experimental utilizado fue el de bloques completos al azar (SCA), con 4 repeticiones. La parcela experimental del ensayo fue de 32 (8 m x 4 m), la distancia de siembra fue de 0.1 m entre plantas y 0.4 m entre surcos. Las variables analizadas fueron: n��mero; eficiencia y peso seco de n��dulos por planta, peso seco de ��rea foliar y rendimiento. Los datos se procesaron usando an��lisis de varianza (AHUEVA) y se utiliz�� la prueba de rangos m��ltiples de DUNCAN (P ��� 0. 05). No se observ�� diferencias significativas para las variables de nodulaci��n y rendimiento, determin��ndose efecto significativo s��lo para el peso seco de ��rea foliar en la I y II etapa de evaluaci��n Sin embargo, se determin�� quo la cepa CR-436 fue la que present�� mayor infectividad en el sistema radicular y la cepa CIAT-899, la que present�� el mejor porcentaje de efectividad nodular y con la que se obtuvo el mayor promedio de peso seco de ��rea foliar. El mejor rendimiento fue obtenido con la cepa CR-436.

Micro- and macroscopic characterizations of the viscoelastic fracture of resin-based fibre composites

Micro- and macroscopic characterizations of the viscoelastic fracture of a unidirectional carbon-fibre-reinforced epoxy composite are presented. First, the micro-cracking behavior of the material is studied by the use of scanning electron microscopy; the in situ creep cracking process is observed and the crack propagation is measured. In order to obtain insight into the mechanisms of the observed creep cracking, macroscopic investigations were also carried out. Finite-element method simulations were carried out to calculate the stress distribution and the variation of stresses with time. A theoretical analysis of the orthotropy of viscoelastic fracture behavior of the material is also conducted.

Efecto de los cultivos antecedentes y m��todos de control de malezas sobre la cenosis y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo de la soya (Glycine max (L) Merr.) c.v. tropical

Se realiz�� un estudio de rotaci��n de cultivos y m��todos de control de malezas en el cultivo de soya, en terrenos del Instituto "Rigoberto L��pez P��rez" de Managua, sobre un suelo de textura franco - arcillosa. La siembra se realiz�� el 26 de Agosto de 1989, utilizando un dise��o de parcelas divididas en bloques completamente al azar, siendo el factor "A": Cultivos antecedentes; al= ma��z, a2= pepinillo; y el factor "B": M��todos de control de malezas; b1= fomesaf��n (0.351 l/ha) en post-emergencia; b2= limpia en per��odo cr��tico y b3= limpias peri��dicas. Este experimento se realiz�� con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de estos factores sobre la din��mica de las malezas y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya. Los resultados reflejan que el cultivo antecedente ma��z representa la menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de malezas al momento de la cosecha siendo la especie m��s abundante Cenchrus brownii y el cultivo antecedente pepinillo la menor diversidad con mayor abundancia de la especie Sida acuta. El efecto de este factor sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya indica que se obtuvieron diferencias significativas solamente para el peso de 1000 semillas con 135.59 g (gramos) a favor del cultivo antecedente ma��z; adem��s se obtiene el mayor n��mero de ramas por planta, rendimiento y peso seco de la paja con 1615.65 y 5266.67 kg/ha respectivamente. Las otras variables registran un comportamiento similar. En cuanto al efecto de loe m��todos de control de malezas; la menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de las malezas se present�� en el m��todo con limpia peri��dica y el mayor valor cuando se aplic�� fomesaf��n en post-emergencia siendo para este caso la especie m��s abundante Sida acota. La diversidad fue similar al momento de la cosecha donde la especie C.brownii se ve favorecida por las limpias peri��dicas, no obstante las variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya se presentaron diferencias significativas ��nicamente para el peso de 1000 semillas obteni��ndose 139.26 g a favor de las limpias en per��odo cr��tico, adem��s se obtiene el mayor n��mero de ramas por planta; pero se presenta el menor n��mero de vaina por planta y peso seco de la paja con 4750 kg/ha. Por otro lado, el mayor rendimiento se obtuvo cuando se aplic�� fomesaf��n en post-emergencia y el menor cuando se utilizaron limpias peri��dicas con valores de 1547.88 y 1462.15 kg/ha respectivamente. Con fomesaf��n se present�� adem��s la menor poblaci��n y n��mero de vainas por planta y con limpias peri��dicas el menor peso de 1000 semillas con 122,93 g, el menor rendimiento con 1462.15 kg/ha, pero present�� el mayor peso seco de paja con 5025 kg/ha.