Les rationalisations du médium numérique

À partir d’observations personnelles sur l’importance de la technique et des technologies dans la production musicale, le projet de ce mémoire fut élaboré autour de la sociologie de la musique de Weber. En premier lieu, un questionnement du rapport entre musique, technologie et société permet d’établir de nombreuses voies pour la recherche concernant les médiations techniques de la musique. Ces médiations sont maintenant caractérisées par les changements issus de l’implantation de l’informatique dans de nombreuses sociétés et la modification des rapports de pouvoir et des rapports sociaux par les possibilités nouvelles offertes par le médium numérique. Si Internet semble avoir bouleversé l’industrie de la musique, de nouvelles possibilités de dépasser les limitations des technologies traditionnelles de la musique sont toutefois aussi apparues au sein de ce « système sociotechnique ». Ces modifications prennent la forme de philosophies, mais aussi de pratiques sociales qui se répandent, avant tout, auprès de la jeune génération, ce qu’il est possible d’observer par les changements dans les pratiques musicales. À partir des outils conceptuels de Weber, deux idéaltypes seront créés qui représentent autant de modes de diffusion de musique sur Internet. L’accent est mis sur la différence entre les pratiques sociales et musicales de ces modes de diffusions : l’un est basé sur des pratiques traditionnelles et greffé sur la nouvelle plateforme Internet, l’autre emprunte les caractéristiques de la diffusion de l’information en réseau caractéristique de la culture Internet et se caractérise par des pratiques dites réflexives. Ces idéaltypes, ainsi que les cas qui les constituent et qu’ils mettent en lumière, sont mis à profit pour discuter des motifs de l’action chez différents agents au cœur des pratiques de diffusion et, finalement, des modalités variées que prend la rationalisation de la diffusion de la musique à partir du médium numérique.

Étude de l’état de préparation organisationnelle à la Cyber santé en réadaptation

Introduction : La cyber santé (CS) a le potentiel d’améliorer l'efficience et l'efficacité des services de santé. Malgré cela, son adoption demeure problématique et jusqu’à 70 % des projets d’implantation échouent. Objectifs : Cette étude vise à évaluer l’état de préparation d’une organisation par rapport à la CS et à identifier les facteurs personnels qui influencent cet état. Méthode : Une étude transversale a été réalisée auprès de 137 cliniciens, 28 gestionnaires et 47 membres du personnel non clinique d’un centre de réadaptation à Montréal. Les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire auto administré sur l’état de préparation organisationnelle vis-à-vis la CS qui comprend trois sous échelles (Individu, Organisation et Technologie) avec chacune un score sur 100. Des données ont aussi été colligées sur le profil des utilisateurs, leur utilisation des technologies et leur style de réponse à la nouvelle information. Résultats : Les participants se perçoivent prêts à adopter la CS dans leur travail ( = 73.8, SD = 8.5) et perçoivent aussi favorablement les technologies disponibles ( = 73.8, SD = 7.2). Toutefois, le personnel perçoit le centre comme étant modérément prête ( = 66.6, SD = 9.8). La charge de travail perçue et la fonction au sein de l'organisation ont été identifiées comme ayant une influence sur l'état de préparation à la CS. Discussion : Ces résultats appuient la pertinence d’aborder l’état de préparation organisationnelle comme un concept multidimensionnel. À partir des résultats obtenus, des stratégies d'implantation adaptées ont pu être identifiées.

Évolution de familles de gènes par duplications et pertes : algorithmes pour la correction d’arbres bruités

Les gènes sont les parties du génome qui codent pour les protéines. Les gènes d’une ou plusieurs espèces peuvent être regroupés en "familles", en fonction de leur similarité de séquence. Cependant, pour connaître les relations fonctionnelles entre ces copies de gènes, la similarité de séquence ne suffit pas. Pour cela, il est important d’étudier l’évolution d’une famille par duplications et pertes afin de pouvoir distinguer entre gènes orthologues, des copies ayant évolué par spéciation et susceptibles d’avoir conservé une fonction commune, et gènes paralogues, des copies ayant évolué par duplication qui ont probablement développé des nouvelles fonctions. Étant donnée une famille de gènes présents dans n espèces différentes, un arbre de gènes (obtenu par une méthode phylogénétique classique), et un arbre phylogénétique pour les n espèces, la "réconciliation" est l’approche la plus courante permettant d’inférer une histoire d’évolution de cette famille par duplications, spéciations et pertes. Le degré de confiance accordé à l’histoire inférée est directement relié au degré de confiance accordé à l’arbre de gènes lui-même. Il est donc important de disposer d’une méthode préliminaire de correction d’arbres de gènes. Ce travail introduit une méthodologie permettant de "corriger" un arbre de gènes : supprimer le minimum de feuilles "mal placées" afin d’obtenir un arbre dont les sommets de duplications (inférés par la réconciliation) sont tous des sommets de "duplications apparentes" et obtenir ainsi un arbre de gènes en "accord" avec la phylogénie des espèces. J’introduis un algorithme exact pour des arbres d’une certaine classe, et une heuristique pour le cas général.

Evaluation of Reducibility of Trunk Asymmetry in Lateral Bending

The value of the lateral bending test is important in the assessment of spinal curve mobility and prediction of surgical outcome in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, radiographic bending tests are unable to assess the reducibility of trunk asymmetry. This study aims to exploit surface topography measurement in order to evaluate the changes in shape of the trunk (a) between bending and neutral standing positions, and (b) between standing pre- and post-operative visits, in a cohort of adolescents with AIS having undergone surgical correction; and to correlate the differences measured in cases (a) and (b). Our cohort includes 13 patients with right thoracic AIS. Each patient had their 3D trunk surface digitized with a multi-head InSpeck system in standing posture (at the pre-op and post-op visits) and in maximum voluntary right and left bending (at the pre-op visit). We developed a novel trunk shape analysis method which produces a set of inclined trunk cross-sections allowing comparison between different postures. Two asymmetry indices, trunk rotation (TR) and back surface rotation (BSR), were computed in all cases and a statistical analysis was performed. Our correlation study (Pearson test) showed fair correlations in most cases between the changes in side-bending and those post-surgery, with the strongest relationship (p-value < 0.01) when combining the TR measurements from both bendings. These results provide evidence that the bending test can be used to assess trunk asymmetry reducibility. The proposed approach could provide a non-invasive trunk asymmetry reducibility test for routine clinical use in AIS surgery planning.

Noninvasive Clinical Assessment of Trunk Deformities Associated With Scoliosis

Besides the spinal deformity, scoliosis modifies notably the general appearance of the trunk resulting in trunk rotation, imbalance, and asymmetries that constitutes patients' major concern. Existing classifications of scoliosis, based on the type of spinal curve as depicted on radiographs, are currently used to guide treatment strategies. Unfortunately, even though a perfect correction of the spinal curve is achieved, some trunk deformities remain, making patients dissatisfied with the treatment received. The purpose of this study is to identify possible shape patterns of trunk surface deformity associated with scoliosis. First, trunk surface is represented by a multivariate functional trunk shape descriptor based on 3-D clinical measurements computed on cross sections of the trunk. Then, the classical formulation of hierarchical clustering is adapted to the case of multivariate functional data and applied to a set of 236 trunk surface 3-D reconstructions. The highest internal validity is obtained when considering 11 clusters that explain up to 65% of the variance in our dataset. Our clustering result shows a concordance with the radiographic classification of spinal curves in 68% of the cases. As opposed to radiographic evaluation, the trunk descriptor is 3-D and its functional nature offers a compact and elegant description of not only the type, but also the severity and extent of the trunk surface deformity along the trunk length. In future work, new management strategies based on the resulting trunk shape patterns could be thought of in order to improve the esthetic outcome after treatment, and thus patients satisfaction.

Automatic Segmentation Framework for Primary Tumors From Brain MRIs Using Morphological Filtering Techniques

This paper describes a novel framework for automatic segmentation of primary tumors and its boundary from brain MRIs using morphological filtering techniques. This method uses T2 weighted and T1 FLAIR images. This approach is very simple, more accurate and less time consuming than existing methods. This method is tested by fifty patients of different tumor types, shapes, image intensities, sizes and produced better results. The results were validated with ground truth images by the radiologist. Segmentation of the tumor and boundary detection is important because it can be used for surgical planning, treatment planning, textural analysis, 3-Dimensional modeling and volumetric analysis

A New Fast Fractal Modeling Approach for the Detection of Microcalcifications in Mammograms

In this paper, a novel fast method for modeling mammograms by deterministic fractal coding approach to detect the presence of microcalcifications, which are early signs of breast cancer, is presented. The modeled mammogram obtained using fractal encoding method is visually similar to the original image containing microcalcifications, and therefore, when it is taken out from the original mammogram, the presence of microcalcifications can be enhanced. The limitation of fractal image modeling is the tremendous time required for encoding. In the present work, instead of searching for a matching domain in the entire domain pool of the image, three methods based on mean and variance, dynamic range of the image blocks, and mass center features are used. This reduced the encoding time by a factor of 3, 89, and 13, respectively, in the three methods with respect to the conventional fractal image coding method with quad tree partitioning. The mammograms obtained from The Mammographic Image Analysis Society database (ground truth available) gave a total detection score of 87.6%, 87.6%, 90.5%, and 87.6%, for the conventional and the proposed three methods, respectively.

Design, implementation and application of a generic framework for integrated regional land-use modeling

Land use is a crucial link between human activities and the natural environment and one of the main driving forces of global environmental change. Large parts of the terrestrial land surface are used for agriculture, forestry, settlements and infrastructure. Given the importance of land use, it is essential to understand the multitude of influential factors and resulting land use patterns. An essential methodology to study and quantify such interactions is provided by the adoption of land-use models. By the application of land-use models, it is possible to analyze the complex structure of linkages and feedbacks and to also determine the relevance of driving forces. Modeling land use and land use changes has a long-term tradition. In particular on the regional scale, a variety of models for different regions and research questions has been created. Modeling capabilities grow with steady advances in computer technology, which on the one hand are driven by increasing computing power on the other hand by new methods in software development, e.g. object- and component-oriented architectures. In this thesis, SITE (Simulation of Terrestrial Environments), a novel framework for integrated regional sland-use modeling, will be introduced and discussed. Particular features of SITE are the notably extended capability to integrate models and the strict separation of application and implementation. These features enable efficient development, test and usage of integrated land-use models. On its system side, SITE provides generic data structures (grid, grid cells, attributes etc.) and takes over the responsibility for their administration. By means of a scripting language (Python) that has been extended by language features specific for land-use modeling, these data structures can be utilized and manipulated by modeling applications. The scripting language interpreter is embedded in SITE. The integration of sub models can be achieved via the scripting language or by usage of a generic interface provided by SITE. Furthermore, functionalities important for land-use modeling like model calibration, model tests and analysis support of simulation results have been integrated into the generic framework. During the implementation of SITE, specific emphasis was laid on expandability, maintainability and usability. Along with the modeling framework a land use model for the analysis of the stability of tropical rainforest margins was developed in the context of the collaborative research project STORMA (SFB 552). In a research area in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, socio-environmental impacts of land-use changes were examined. SITE was used to simulate land-use dynamics in the historical period of 1981 to 2002. Analogous to that, a scenario that did not consider migration in the population dynamics, was analyzed. For the calculation of crop yields and trace gas emissions, the DAYCENT agro-ecosystem model was integrated. In this case study, it could be shown that land-use changes in the Indonesian research area could mainly be characterized by the expansion of agricultural areas at the expense of natural forest. For this reason, the situation had to be interpreted as unsustainable even though increased agricultural use implied economic improvements and higher farmers' incomes. Due to the importance of model calibration, it was explicitly addressed in the SITE architecture through the introduction of a specific component. The calibration functionality can be used by all SITE applications and enables largely automated model calibration. Calibration in SITE is understood as a process that finds an optimal or at least adequate solution for a set of arbitrarily selectable model parameters with respect to an objective function. In SITE, an objective function typically is a map comparison algorithm capable of comparing a simulation result to a reference map. Several map optimization and map comparison methodologies are available and can be combined. The STORMA land-use model was calibrated using a genetic algorithm for optimization and the figure of merit map comparison measure as objective function. The time period for the calibration ranged from 1981 to 2002. For this period, respective reference land-use maps were compiled. It could be shown, that an efficient automated model calibration with SITE is possible. Nevertheless, the selection of the calibration parameters required detailed knowledge about the underlying land-use model and cannot be automated. In another case study decreases in crop yields and resulting losses in income from coffee cultivation were analyzed and quantified under the assumption of four different deforestation scenarios. For this task, an empirical model, describing the dependence of bee pollination and resulting coffee fruit set from the distance to the closest natural forest, was integrated. Land-use simulations showed, that depending on the magnitude and location of ongoing forest conversion, pollination services are expected to decline continuously. This results in a reduction of coffee yields of up to 18% and a loss of net revenues per hectare of up to 14%. However, the study also showed that ecological and economic values can be preserved if patches of natural vegetation are conservated in the agricultural landscape. -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Supporting co-operative work in apron control and resource management offices on airports

A high demand exists to increase the efficiency of present airport ground facilities and the co-ordination of traffic and services. The Traffic Office plays a crucial role in managing the airport. The main tasks of the Traffic Office is management of equipment, services, and ressources based on the flight schedule and resolving conflicts arising from deviations from the schedule. A new tool will support information exchange between Traffic Office and other facilities on the airport.

Identifying the factors governing attitude towards the e-Agriservice among dairy farmers in Maharashtra, India

Information and communication technology (ICT) projects have a great potential to revolutionise the information delivery system by bridging the gap between farmers and extension personnel. aAQUA (Almost All Questions Answered) portal was launched by the Developmental Informatics Laboratory (DIL) at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India in 2003 as an information providing system to deliver technology options and tailored information for the problems and queries raised by Indian dairy farmers. To measure the effectiveness of this service the attitudinal dimensions of the users of aAQUA e-Agriservice were investigated using a 22 item scale. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 120 dairy farmers from which data were collected and subjected to factor analysis to identify the underlying constructs in this research. From the attitude items, four components were extracted and named as the pessimistic, utility, technical and efficacy perspective, which influenced the development of varied level of attitudinal inclination towards the e-Agriservice. These components explained 64.40 per cent of variation in the attitude of the users towards the aAQUA e-Agriservice. This study provides a framework for technically efficient service provision that might help to reduce the pessimistic attitude of target population to adopt e-Agriservice in their farming system. The results should also be helpful for researchers, academics, ICT based service providers and policy makers to consider these perspectives while planning and implementing ICT projects.

Adaptive intelligent agent approach to guide the web navigation on the PLAN-G distance learning platform

Hypermedia systems based on the Web for open distance education are becoming increasingly popular as tools for user-driven access learning information. Adaptive hypermedia is a new direction in research within the area of user-adaptive systems, to increase its functionality by making it personalized [Eklu 961. This paper sketches a general agents architecture to include navigational adaptability and user-friendly processes which would guide and accompany the student during hislher learning on the PLAN-G hypermedia system (New Generation Telematics Platform to Support Open and Distance Learning), with the aid of computer networks and specifically WWW technology [Marz 98-1] [Marz 98-2]. The PLAN-G actual prototype is successfully used with some informatics courses (the current version has no agents yet). The propased multi-agent system, contains two different types of adaptive autonomous software agents: Personal Digital Agents {Interface), to interacl directly with the student when necessary; and Information Agents (Intermediaries), to filtrate and discover information to learn and to adapt navigation space to a specific student

Local model predictive control experiences with differential driven wheeled mobile robots

This work extends a previously developed research concerning about the use of local model predictive control in differential driven mobile robots. Hence, experimental results are presented as a way to improve the methodology by considering aspects as trajectory accuracy and time performance. In this sense, the cost function and the prediction horizon are important aspects to be considered. The aim of the present work is to test the control method by measuring trajectory tracking accuracy and time performance. Moreover, strategies for the integration with perception system and path planning are briefly introduced. In this sense, monocular image data can be used to plan safety trajectories by using goal attraction potential fields

El manejo de los acervos digitales en la UNAM

Se describe la iniciativa actual que realiza la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) en torno a la administración de sus acervos digitales. Se presenta el modelo de manejo de recursos digitales y sus tres principales divisiones: publicaciones formales, páginas institucionales y otros recursos (literatura gris y bases de datos). Posteriormente se detallan tres proyectos específicos dentro de este marco: RAD repositorio institucional de la UNAM, sistema de revistas digitales UNAM y UNIBIO (Unidad de Informática para la Biodiversidad). Por último se describen los principales retos a futuro, principalmente la importancia del cabildeo con autoridades universitarias acerca del valor de la correcta administración de recursos digitales, la necesidad de desarrollar indicadores más eficientes para medir producción, impacto y visibilidad de recursos digitales y temas relacionados con el mantenimiento y preservación de los mismos.

Open Government Data

Linked Open data – a platform for modern science, engineering, education and business. In the more recent talk, Sir Nigel Shadbolt speaks about "The Value of Openess - The Open Data Institute and Publically Funded Open Data" during the Natural History Museum of London Informatics Horizons event.

Perfil Logístico de Colombia - Sector Farmacéutico

Hoy en día, la competitividad del sector logístico de un país constituye una de las bases para capitalizar las nuevas oportunidades de negocio que actualmente ofrecen los mercados internacionales. Sin embargo, la compleja infraestructura de Colombia sumado a las extensas cadenas de suministro de algunos de los principales sectores que conforman la economía nacional, no solo han afectado el desempeño del sector logístico colombiano, sino también han impedido que numerosas empresas colombianas logren aprovechar los 13 acuerdos comerciales vigentes entre Colombia y más de 50 países del continente americano y europeo. Este es el caso del sector farmacéutico colombiano, donde la complejidad del sector logístico nacional ha impedido en algunos casos, cumplir con los requerimientos del cliente, optimizar los tiempos de respuesta y disminuir los costos de distribución demandados por la industria. En este contexto, la investigación que nos compete describe de manera inicial y a través de indicadores macroeconómicos, la realidad del sector farmacéutico a nivel nacional e internacional. Posteriormente, los indicadores de productividad y competitividad de la industria farmacéutica nacional son abordados mediante el análisis de todas las actividades demandadas por cada uno de los eslabones que conforman la cadena de suministros del sector. Adicionalmente, el estudio comprende las problemáticas actuales del sector farmacéutico nacional y un caso de estudio relacionado con los costos que demandaría la exportación de un producto farmacéutico hacia el mercado internacional. Finalmente, mediante la opinión directa de 20 laboratorios farmacéuticos nacionales e internacionales, la presente investigación le brinda al lector un acercamiento hacia la realidad que atraviesa la industria farmacéutica colombiana en cuanto a la competitividad de sus procesos logísticos.