Software reuse: The Brazilian industry scenario

This paper aims at identifying some of the key factors in adopting an organization-wide software reuse program. The factors are derived from practical experience reported by industry professionals, through a survey involving 57 Brazilian small, medium and large software organizations. Some of them produce software with commonality between applications, and have mature processes, while others successfully achieved reuse through isolated, ad hoe efforts. The paper compiles the answers from the survey participants, showing which factors were more associated with reuse success. Based on this relationship, a guide is presented, pointing out which factors should be more strongly considered by small, medium and large organizations attempting to establish a reuse program. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Scalable model-based configuration management of security services in complex enterprise networks

Security administrators face the challenge of designing, deploying and maintaining a variety of configuration files related to security systems, especially in large-scale networks. These files have heterogeneous syntaxes and follow differing semantic concepts. Nevertheless, they are interdependent due to security services having to cooperate and their configuration to be consistent with each other, so that global security policies are completely and correctly enforced. To tackle this problem, our approach supports a comfortable definition of an abstract high-level security policy and provides an automated derivation of the desired configuration files. It is an extension of policy-based management and policy hierarchies, combining model-based management (MBM) with system modularization. MBM employs an object-oriented model of the managed system to obtain the details needed for automated policy refinement. The modularization into abstract subsystems (ASs) segment the system-and the model-into units which more closely encapsulate related system components and provide focused abstract views. As a result, scalability is achieved and even comprehensive IT systems can be modelled in a unified manner. The associated tool MoBaSeC (Model-Based-Service-Configuration) supports interactive graphical modelling, automated model analysis and policy refinement with the derivation of configuration files. We describe the MBM and AS approaches, outline the tool functions and exemplify their applications and results obtained. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

EXPLOITING A GENERIC APPROACH TO CONSTRUCT COMPONENT-BASED SYSTEMS SOFTWARE IN LINUX ENVIRONMENTS

Component-based software engineering has recently emerged as a promising solution to the development of system-level software. Unfortunately, current approaches are limited to specific platforms and domains. This lack of generality is particularly problematic as it prevents knowledge sharing and generally drives development costs up. In the past, we have developed a generic approach to component-based software engineering for system-level software called OpenCom. In this paper, we present OpenComL an instantiation of OpenCom to Linux environments and show how it can be profiled to meet a range of system-level software in Linux environments. For this, we demonstrate its application to constructing a programmable router platform and a middleware for parallel environments.

Is the unfolding of the group discussion off-pattern? Improving coordination support in educational forums using mobile devices

A forum is a valuable tool to foster reflection in an in-depth discussion; however, it forces the course mediator to continually pay close attention in order to coordinate learners` activities. Moreover, monitoring a forum is time consuming given that it is impossible to know in advance when new messages are going to be posted. Additionally, a forum may be inactive for a long period and suddenly receive a burst of messages forcing forum mediators to frequently log on in order to know how the discussion is unfolding to intervene whenever it is necessary. Mediators also need to deal with a large amount of messages to identify off-pattern situations. This work presents a piece of action research that investigates how to improve coordination support in a forum using mobile devices for mitigating mediator`s difficulties in following the status of a forum. Based on summarized information extracted from message meta-data, mediators consult visual information summaries on PDAs and receive textual notifications in their mobile phone. This investigation revealed that mediators used the mobile-based coordination support to keep informed on what is taking place within the forum without the need to log on their desktop computer. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Provenance in Agent-mediated Healthcare Systems

Agent-oriented cooperation techniques and standardized electronic healthcare record exchange protocols can be used to combine information regarding different facets of a therapy received by a patient from different healthcare providers at different locations. Provenance is an innovative approach to trace events in complex distributed processes, dependencies between such events, and associated decisions by human actors. We focus on three aspects of provenance in agent-mediated healthcare systems: first, we define the provenance concept and show how it can be applied to agent-mediated healthcare applications; second, we investigate and provide a method for independent and autonomous healthcare agents to document the processes they are involved in without directly interacting with each other; and third, we show that this method solves the privacy issues of provenance in agent-mediated healthcare systems.

Uma proposta de arquitetura de um ambiente de desenvolvimento de software distribuído baseada em agentes

A crescente complexidade das aplicações, a contínua evolução tecnológica e o uso cada vez mais disseminado de redes de computadores têm impulsionado os estudos referentes ao desenvolvimento de sistemas distribuídos. Como estes sistemas não podem ser facilmente desenvolvidos com tecnologias de software tradicionais por causa dos limites destas em lidar com aspectos relacionados, por exemplo, à distribuição e interoperabilidade, a tecnologia baseada em agentes parece ser uma resposta promissora para facilitar o desenvolvimento desses sistemas, pois ela foi planejada para suportar estes aspectos, dentre outros. Portanto, é necessário também que a arquitetura dos ambientes de desenvolvimento de software (ADS) evolua para suportar novas metodologias de desenvolvimento que ofereçam o suporte necessário à construção de softwares complexos, podendo também estar integrada a outras tecnologias como a de agentes. Baseada nesse contexto, essa dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar a especificação de uma arquitetura de um ADS distribuído baseada em agentes (DiSEN – Distributed Software Engineering Environment). Esse ambiente deverá fornecer suporte ao desenvolvimento de software distribuído, podendo estar em locais geograficamente distintos e também os desenvolvedores envolvidos poderão estar trabalhando de forma cooperativa. Na arquitetura proposta podem ser identificadas as seguintes camadas: dinâmica, que será responsável pelo gerenciamento da (re)configuração do ambiente em tempo de execução; aplicação, que terá, entre os elementos constituintes, a MDSODI (Metodologia para Desenvolvimento de Software Distribuído), que leva em consideração algumas características identificadas em sistemas distribuídos, já nas fases iniciais do projeto e o repositório para armazenamento dos dados necessários ao ambiente; e, infra-estrutura, que proverá suporte às tarefas de nomeação, persistência e concorrência e incorporará o canal de comunicação. Para validar o ambiente será realizada uma simulação da comunicação que pode ser necessária entre as partes constituintes do DiSEN, por meio da elaboração de diagramas de use case e de seqüência, conforme a notação MDSODI. Assim, as principais contribuições desse trabalho são: (i) especificação da arquitetura de um ADS distribuído que poderá estar distribuído geograficamente; incorporará a MDSODI; proporcionará desenvolvimento distribuído; possuirá atividades executadas por agentes; (ii) os agentes identificados para o DiSEN deverão ser desenvolvidos obedecendo ao padrão FIPA (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents); (iii) a identificação de um elemento que irá oferecer apoio ao trabalho cooperativo, permitindo a integração de profissionais, agentes e artefatos.

APSEE-Monitor: um mecanismo de apoio a visualização de modelos de processos de software

A tecnologia de processos de desenvolvimento de software ´e uma importante área de estudo e pesquisas na Engenharia de Software que envolve a construção de ferramentas e ambientes para modelagem, execução, simulação e evolução de processos de desenvolvimento de software, conhecidos como PSEEs (do inglês: Process-Centered Software Engineering Environments). Um modelo de processo de software é uma estrutura complexa que relaciona elementos gerenciáveis (i.e. artefatos, agentes, e atividades) que constituem o processo de software. Esta complexidade, geralmente, dificulta a percepção e entendimento do processo por parte dos profissionais envolvidos, principalmente quando estes profissionais têm acesso apenas a uma visão geral do modelo. Desta forma, há necessidade de mecanismos para visualização e acompanhamento dos processos, fornecendo informações adequadas aos diferentes estados, abstraindo as informações relevantes tanto as fases presentes no processo de desenvolvimento quanto ao agente envolvido, além de facilitar a interação e o entendimento humano sobre os elementos do processo. Estudos afirmam que a maneira como são apresentadas as informações do modelo de processo pode influenciar no sucesso ou não do desenvolvimento do software, assim como facilitar a adoção da tecnologia pela indústria de software. Este trabalho visa contribuir nas pesquisas que buscam mecanismos e cientes para a visualização de processos de software apresentando a abordagem APSEE-Monitor destinada ao apoio a visualização de processos de software durante a sua execução. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar um modelo formal de apoio a visualização de processos capaz de extrair dados de processos e organizá-los em sub-domínios de informações de interesse do gerente de processos. Neste trabalho aplica-se o conceito de múltiplas perspectivas como uma estratégia viável para a abstração e organização das informações presentes no modelo de processos. A solução proposta destaca-se por estender a definção original de perspectivas e fornecer uma estratégia de extração dos dados através de uma especificação formal utilizando o paradigma PROSOFT-Algébrico. Além disso, o trabalho apresenta um conjunto de requisitos relativos a interação entre gerentes de processos e PSEEs, a definição formal das perspectivas, uma gramática que define a linguagem de consulta aos processos, e um protótipo da aplicação.

A Framework supporting collaboration on the distributed design of integrated systems

The work described in this thesis aims to support the distributed design of integrated systems and considers specifically the need for collaborative interaction among designers. Particular emphasis was given to issues which were only marginally considered in previous approaches, such as the abstraction of the distribution of design automation resources over the network, the possibility of both synchronous and asynchronous interaction among designers and the support for extensible design data models. Such issues demand a rather complex software infrastructure, as possible solutions must encompass a wide range of software modules: from user interfaces to middleware to databases. To build such structure, several engineering techniques were employed and some original solutions were devised. The core of the proposed solution is based in the joint application of two homonymic technologies: CAD Frameworks and object-oriented frameworks. The former concept was coined in the late 80's within the electronic design automation community and comprehends a layered software environment which aims to support CAD tool developers, CAD administrators/integrators and designers. The latter, developed during the last decade by the software engineering community, is a software architecture model to build extensible and reusable object-oriented software subsystems. In this work, we proposed to create an object-oriented framework which includes extensible sets of design data primitives and design tool building blocks. Such object-oriented framework is included within a CAD Framework, where it plays important roles on typical CAD Framework services such as design data representation and management, versioning, user interfaces, design management and tool integration. The implemented CAD Framework - named Cave2 - followed the classical layered architecture presented by Barnes, Harrison, Newton and Spickelmier, but the possibilities granted by the use of the object-oriented framework foundations allowed a series of improvements which were not available in previous approaches: - object-oriented frameworks are extensible by design, thus this should be also true regarding the implemented sets of design data primitives and design tool building blocks. This means that both the design representation model and the software modules dealing with it can be upgraded or adapted to a particular design methodology, and that such extensions and adaptations will still inherit the architectural and functional aspects implemented in the object-oriented framework foundation; - the design semantics and the design visualization are both part of the object-oriented framework, but in clearly separated models. This allows for different visualization strategies for a given design data set, which gives collaborating parties the flexibility to choose individual visualization settings; - the control of the consistency between semantics and visualization - a particularly important issue in a design environment with multiple views of a single design - is also included in the foundations of the object-oriented framework. Such mechanism is generic enough to be also used by further extensions of the design data model, as it is based on the inversion of control between view and semantics. The view receives the user input and propagates such event to the semantic model, which evaluates if a state change is possible. If positive, it triggers the change of state of both semantics and view. Our approach took advantage of such inversion of control and included an layer between semantics and view to take into account the possibility of multi-view consistency; - to optimize the consistency control mechanism between views and semantics, we propose an event-based approach that captures each discrete interaction of a designer with his/her respective design views. The information about each interaction is encapsulated inside an event object, which may be propagated to the design semantics - and thus to other possible views - according to the consistency policy which is being used. Furthermore, the use of event pools allows for a late synchronization between view and semantics in case of unavailability of a network connection between them; - the use of proxy objects raised significantly the abstraction of the integration of design automation resources, as either remote or local tools and services are accessed through method calls in a local object. The connection to remote tools and services using a look-up protocol also abstracted completely the network location of such resources, allowing for resource addition and removal during runtime; - the implemented CAD Framework is completely based on Java technology, so it relies on the Java Virtual Machine as the layer which grants the independence between the CAD Framework and the operating system. All such improvements contributed to a higher abstraction on the distribution of design automation resources and also introduced a new paradigm for the remote interaction between designers. The resulting CAD Framework is able to support fine-grained collaboration based on events, so every single design update performed by a designer can be propagated to the rest of the design team regardless of their location in the distributed environment. This can increase the group awareness and allow a richer transfer of experiences among them, improving significantly the collaboration potential when compared to previously proposed file-based or record-based approaches. Three different case studies were conducted to validate the proposed approach, each one focusing one a subset of the contributions of this thesis. The first one uses the proxy-based resource distribution architecture to implement a prototyping platform using reconfigurable hardware modules. The second one extends the foundations of the implemented object-oriented framework to support interface-based design. Such extensions - design representation primitives and tool blocks - are used to implement a design entry tool named IBlaDe, which allows the collaborative creation of functional and structural models of integrated systems. The third case study regards the possibility of integration of multimedia metadata to the design data model. Such possibility is explored in the frame of an online educational and training platform.