Sociedade e gestão do risco: o aquífero Guarani em Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil

Contemporary society creates risks of all kinds, changing the meaning of this term. Although it may be associated with natural hazards, it gradually assumes a stronger relation with human actions, especially due to the use of technology. The use of land for agricultural and urban activities creates the possibility of contamination in the recharge area of the Guarani aquifer in the municipality of Ribeirao Preto, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This city is one of the most important in the state with high economic development. Besides this, it is located in the recharge area of the main reservoir of underground water of South Cone. This paper aims to discuss the management of groundwater use in Ribeirao Preto and reflects the risk that contamination and overexploitation might cause to the main city's water supply.

Fatores gravimétricos no Brasil para um modelo anelástico de Terra

Geodetic observations are affected by the disturbing potential of the luni-solar tide. Among those observations, the value of g obtained from gravimetric survey needs correction by the gravimetric factor. This correction is derived from the Numbers of Love, which depend on the adopted model of Earth. Because of this, it is necessary to update the correction since the gravimetric factor widely used in Brazil as delta = 1.20 does not consider local rheological variations and they are latitude dependent. A discrepancy of about 1% between the observed tidal gravimetric factors d of the ""Trans World Tidal Gravity Profiles"" (TWTGP), related to Brussels fundamental station, and those obtained by recent observations reported by Freitas and Ducarme ( 1991). Experiments based on inertial force effects also reveal a variation of about 0.5% in the observed d. A same order of magnitude difference is obtained for an anelastic Earth model when compared with a viscous-elastic model and even when different frequencies of tidal perturbations are considered. In this paper regression models are presented for gravimetric factors for the lunar components O(1) and M(2) in Brazil. These models were obtained from observations performed at stations belonging to the Brazilian segment of the TWTGP.

Estrutura populacional do camarão-branco Litopenaeus schmitti nas regiões estuarina e marinha da baixada santista, São Paulo, Brasil

The white-shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti distributes in West Atlantic Ocean, occurring along all Brazilian cost. Population structure in the Baixada Santista region was identified from samples obtained from artisanal and industrial fishery between June of 2005 and May of 2006. A total of 2.912 specimens were collected, being 2.138 females (1.008 in the estuary and 1.130 in the marine region) and 774 males ( 334 in the estuary and 440 in the marine region). Environmental parameters were annotated together the sampling, allowing to identify that water temperature influences directly the catches. Catches variations, length composition of samples by sex and gonadal maturation of females allowed to identify that: (i) estuary is used as a nursery area by individuals with small lengths, most young; (ii) marine region is used by larger individuals ( adults) and the spawning period extend from June to February, mainly between November and January. It was verified that estuarine fishery ( artisanal) focuses immature and in development individuals, with small lengths and, the marine fishery ( industrial) focuses adults during the whole year and, only in the summer, youngling from spawn. The length of first gonadal maturation of females was estimated in 15,8mm. These results and diagnoses must be considered in the management of L. schmitti fishery in Baixada Santista region.

Os faróis da sociedade de informação: uma análise crítica sobre a situação da competência em informação no Brasil

This paper presents and reviews the recommendations done by experts during the specialists meeting held in the city of Alexandria, Egypt, in the end of 2005 and, according to this information, the Brazilian situation is analyzed. Internationalization and institutionalization of information literacy and lifelong learning as essential factors to the development of the nations are also explored. Beacons of the Information Society translate the vision and concepts involved. In Brazil, the actions around information literacy are not a consensus. The challenges to be faced include: to discover forms to foster and to appropriately disseminate national and local knowledge, to advance discussions and deepen the subject, to discover adequate alternatives for disseminating information practices that encompass distinct professional groups and populations, to overcome structural development gaps. As a matter that permeates each and every process of learning, research, development, problem-solving and decision-making, information literacy went beyond the boundaries of librarianship and transformed itself into a world transdiciplinary movement, even under the aegis of different denominations and emphasis.

Lignin phenols used to infer organic matter sources to Sepetiba Bay - RJ, Brasil

Lignin phenols were measured in the sediments of Sepitiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and in bedload sediments and suspended sediments of the four major fluvial inputs to the bay: Sao Francisco and Guandu Channels and the Guarda and Cacao Rivers. Fluvial suspended lignin yields (Sigma 8 3.5-14.6 mgC 10 g dw(-1)) vary little between the wet and dry seasons and are poorly correlated with fluvial chlorophyll concentrations (0.8-50.2 mu gC L(-1)). Despite current land use practices that favor grassland agriculture or industrial uses, fluvial lignin compositions are dominated by a degraded leaf-sourced material. The exception is the Guarda River, which has a slight influence from grasses. The Lignin Phenol Vegetation Index, coupled with acid/aldehyde and 3.5 Db/V ratios, indicate that degraded leaf-derived phenols are also the primary preserved lignin component in the bay. The presence of fringe Typha sp. and Spartina sp. grass beds surrounding portions of the Bay are not reflected in the lignin signature. Instead, lignin entering the bay appears to reflect the erosion of soils containing a degraded signature from the former Atlantic rain forest that once dominated the watershed, instead of containing a significant signature derived from current agricultural uses. A three-component mixing model using the LPVI, atomic N:C ratios, and stable carbon isotopes (which range between -26.8 and -21.8 parts per thousand) supports the hypothesis that fluvial inputs to the bay are dominated by planktonic matter (78% of the input), with lignin dominated by leaf (14% of the input) over grass (6%). Sediments are composed of a roughly 50-50 mixture of autochthonous material and terrigenous material, with lignin being primarily sourced from leaf. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

CHARACTERIZATION OF AGROINDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SUCRO-ENERGETIC SECTORS OF BRASIL AND COLOMBIA

Concern about the growing demand of food and fuel has focused the attention on countries with conditions to provide for global requirements. Also, the build-up of an environmental awareness has compelled several governments to implement programs for the addition of biofuels to oil derivatives. Considering their relevance as world and South American producers, this study makes a characterization of the sucro-energetic sectors of Brazil and Colombia, based on a view of agro-industrial systems, industrial organization and transaction cost economy. The approach followed considered of a secondary information survey and in-depth interviews. The main differences found are centered on institutional development level and production volumes. However, the use of the same raw material, sugarcane, trade opening policies, cultural approaches and regional integration, are factors that could generate links of commercial exchange and technological cooperation between the two countries.

Decline in homicide rates in Sao Paulo, Brasil: a descriptive analysis

Objective. To describe homicide mortality in the municipality of Sao Paulo according to type of weapon, sex, race or skin color, age, and areas of socioeconomic inequalities, between 1996 and 2008. Method. For this ecological time-series study, data about deaths in the municipality of Sao Paulo were collected from the municipal program for improvement of mortality information, using International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. Homicide mortality rates (HMR) were calculated for the overall population and specifically for each sex, race or skin color, age range, type of weapon, and occurrence in social deprivation/affluence areas. HMR were adjusted for age using the direct method. The percentage age of variation in HMR was calculated for the study period. For areas of socioeconomic inequalities, the relative risk of death from homicide was calculated. Results. HMR fell 73.7% between 2001 and 2008. A reduction in HMR was observed in all groups, especially males (-74.5%), young men between 15 and 24 years of age (-78.0%), and residents in areas of extreme socioeconomic deprivation (-79.3%). The reduction occurred mostly in firearm homicide rates (-74.1%). The relative risk of death from homicide in areas of extreme socioeconomic deprivation, as compared to areas with some degree of socioeconomic deprivation, was 2.77 in 1996, 3.9 in 2001, and 2.13 in 2008. In areas of high socioeconomic deprivation, the relative risk was 2.07 in 1996 and 1.96 in 2008. Conclusions. To understand the reduction in homicide rates in the municipality of Sao Paulo, it is important to take into consideration macrodeterminants that affect the entire municipality and all population subgroups, as well as micro/local determinants that have special impact on homicides committed with firearms and on subgroups such as the young, males, and residents of areas of high socioeconomic deprivation.

Historia Nova do Brasil: revisiting a polemical work

This article discusses the texts and purposes of the Historia Nova do Brasil series, a joint production of the Ministerio da Educacao e Cultura and the Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (Iseb) launched in 1964 and soon aborted by the military dictatorship. The intent is to reconstitute its context to present the many influences on this project and to examine its impact and the debates and disputes that resulted, to try to recover the details of this important effort at renewing the teaching of history in Brazil.

A crise do transporte a??reo no Brasil: 2006-2007

Este estudo de caso aborda a crise vivida pelo setor de transporte a??reo brasileiro nos anos de 2006 e 2007. Deflagrada por um acidente de vulto, a crise teve como protagonistas os controladores de tr??fego a??reo, que, sob suspeita de falha funcional e comunica????o dif??cil com as autoridades do setor, reagiram por meio de uma estrat??gia de opera????o-padr??o (greve branca). Essa situa????o, somada ?? escassez de pessoal, provocou, de novembro de 2006 at?? meados de 2007, o descontrole operacional dos principais aeroportos do pa??s, com grandes preju??zos aos usu??rios. Um novo acidente a??reo, no decorrer da crise, agravou ainda mais a situa????o do setor, expondo defici??ncias estruturais e profissionais ?? opini??o p??blica brasileira, em uma ??rea at?? ent??o considerada segura. O caso relata as tentativas de equacionamento da crise por parte das autoridades respons??veis pela pol??tica de transporte a??reo, frente ao descontentamento e ??s reivindica????es dos controladores de tr??fego a??reo e ?? indigna????o da sociedade. O objetivo do estudo de caso ?? ilustrar uma situa????o de crise e de processo de negocia????o, tendo sido originalmente utilizado em uma oficina sobre negocia????es no setor p??blico. O caso pode ser utilizado como material de apoio em cursos que abordem, entre outros, os seguintes t??picos: negocia????o, gest??o de crises, comunica????o e planejamento estrat??gico

Atividade pioneira na Pol??cia Rodovi??ria Federal e no Brasil: fiscaliza????o de excesso de peso

Anteriormente ?? implementa????o da iniciativa, a situa????o encontrada no trabalho de fiscaliza????o ao excesso de peso nos ve??culos que transitam nas rodovias federais era a de que as multas aplicadas n??o surtiam o efeito de inibir tal pr??tica, uma vez que destinavam-se somente aos propriet??rios dos ve??culos. Atualmente, ap??s a detec????o e autua????o do excesso de peso, confecciona-se um Boletim de Ocorr??ncia Policial que ?? encaminhado ao Minist??rio P??blico Federal, visando ?? responsabiliza????o das empresas que embarcaram as cargas. A partir da??, os envolvidos s??o acionados judicialmente e ?? apresentado o Termo de Ajuste de Conduta. Ap??s o acionamento judicial, as empresas se comprometem a n??o mais transitarem com excesso de peso e assim o fazem. Todo esse servi??o ?? divulgado pela m??dia (emissoras de TV, r??dios e jornais) e por meio da Assessoria de Comunica????o Social do Minist??rio P??blico Federal de Minas Gerais. Sempre acompanhada pelo Poder Judici??rio, essa inova????o j?? ?? vivenciada em algumas cidades e, em outras, est?? em fase de estudos

O censo Suas como processo de aprimoramento e institucionaliza????o da pol??tica de assist??ncia social no Brasil

O Censo Suas ?? um processo de monitoramento que coleta dados por meio de um formul??rio eletr??nico preenchido pelas secretarias e conselhos de Assist??ncia Social. ?? realizado anualmente desde 2007, por meio de uma a????o integrada entre a Secretaria de Assist??ncia Social e a Secretaria de Avalia????o e Gest??o da Informa????o. Esse processo alcan??ou sua maturidade com a incorpora????o de novos question??rios para a coleta de informa????es sobre ??rg??os gestores, Conselhos e entidades privadas de Assist??ncia Social. Em 2010, 99,2% dos munic??pios preencheram 28.519 question??rios. Assim, a Assist??ncia Social aprimorou seu processo de tomada de decis??o, expandindo a rede e a cobertura dos servi??os. Com os indicadores e as metas de desenvolvimento dos Centros de Refer??ncia de Assist??ncia Social (Cras), apurados com base no Censo, foram retroalimentados a????es e projetos de assist??ncia social, institu??dos processos gradativos de adequa????o dos servi??os ??s normas e constitu??dos processos de planejamento para melhoria da gest??o e do controle social do Sistema ??nico de Assist??ncia Social (Suas)

Reforma da administra????o p??blica e cultura pol??tica no Brasil: uma vis??o geral

Texto bastante did??tico que compreende uma revis??o da evolu????o da administra????o p??blica brasileira, dos anos 30 aos 90, incluindo tra??os da heran??a colonial. Enfoca a deteriora????o da administra????o p??blica federal e discute diretrizes para a reforma do Estado no Brasil, apontando problemas e resist??ncias pol??ticas a serem enfrentadas

Mudan??a de paradigma na presta????o de servi??os pela Receita Federal do Brasil

A Receita Federal do Brasil (RFB) instituiu o Servi??o Interativo de Atendimento Virtual, com o objetivo de propiciar atendimento aos contribuintes de forma interativa, por interm??dio da internet, com o uso de certificados digitais. Esse servi??o preconiza a disponibiliza????o de op????es de atendimento, que, em virtude do sigilo fiscal, eram disponibilizados somente nas unidades da RFB, o que obrigava o comparecimento dos contribuintes a elas. A implanta????o dessas op????es de atendimento vem promovendo a melhoria da seguran??a e da qualidade dos servi??os prestados aos contribuintes, aumentando a comodidade de acesso e a rapidez na resolu????o de problemas, reduzindo as filas existentes em diversas unidades da RFB, reduzindo os custos na presta????o de servi??os e no uso deles, al??m de possibilitar melhor aloca????o de m??o-de-obra

Sistema de custos e informa????es gerenciais do Banco Central do Brasil

O Banco Central do Brasil desenvolveu e implantou, no per??odo de abril de 2002 a mar??o de 2003, Sistema de Custos e Informa????es Gerenciais, utilizando o m??todo de custeio baseado em atividades - Activity Based Costing (ABC), destinado a apurar os custos das atividades, dos projetos, dos processos e dos produtos e servi??os ofertados pela Institui????o, distribu??dos pela sua estrutura organizacional. O sistema, mais do que um enfoque voltado para o simples controle e redu????o de custos, constitui-se em significativo instrumento de apoio gerencial, ao propiciar a utiliza????o mais racional de todos os recursos consumidos. Ademais, apresenta-se como iniciativa pioneira vez que, pelo que se tem not??cia, inexistem experi??ncias semelhantes em organiza????es com este porte e com a amplitude adotada neste caso, tanto no ??mbito governamental brasileiro, quanto no que se refere aos demais bancos centrais espalhados pelo mundo

O novo olhar sobre a gest??o de pessoas do setor p??blico, na nova idade da democracia no Brasil

Em 2003, a Radiobr??s inovou seu estilo de gest??o ao propor a forma????o de 17 Grupos de Trabalho sobre assuntos estrat??gicos da empresa, com a participa????o volunt??ria dos empregados. Nesses grupos foram elaborados projetos estruturados como forma de buscar solu????es criativas, inovadoras e econ??micas para os problemas espec??ficos da empresa, introduzindo dessa forma a Gest??o Participativa que evolui para a gest??o pela inclus??o e pela educa????o