1000 resultados para Acúmulo de nutrientes


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição corporal e a eficiência de utilização de nutrientes por pacus alimentados com dieta suplementada com cromo trivalente e mantidos em duas densidades de estocagem. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso com 24 tratamentos, em esquema fatorial: quatro níveis de cromo na ração (0, 6, 12, 18 mg kg-1), duas densidades de estocagem (4 e 20 kg m-3) e três períodos de avaliação (30, 60 e 90 dias) com quatro repetições. Foram observados aumentos significativos na eficiência de retenção de proteína bruta e na porcentagem de proteína bruta na carcaça, diminuição de eficiência de retenção de gordura e menores valores de porcentagem de gordura na carcaça dos pacus alimentados com ração suplementada. O nível de cromo de 6 mg kg-1 foi suficiente para possibilitar, na menor densidade, o maior acúmulo de proteína e menor teor de gordura na carcaça, ao passo que, na maior densidade, a exigência de cromo foi mais alta (12 mg kg-1), para obtenção de resultados semelhantes. Pacus alimentados com dietas suplementadas com cromo apresentaram carne mais magra, com menor teor de gordura, até 60 dias de experimento.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Two experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions to study the accumulation and distribution of dry mass and macronutrients in maize and Ipomoea hederifolia. Plants of both species had grown, separately, in pots with sand substrate and irrigation with nutrient solution. Treatments were represented by the times of evaluation, realized in intervals of 14 days, starting at 21 days after emergence (DAE). A maize plant showed slight growth up to 30 DAE, when dry mass allocation was higher in roots and leaves (80%); while an I. hederifolia plant, up to 50 DAE, when the allocation of dry mass was higher in offshoots and leaves (79). Dry mass accumulation was almost five times greater in maize (134 g per plant) than in I. hederifolia (29 g per plant). The average values of N and K contents were greater in I. hederifolia. Maximum accumulations of macronutrients by maize were 1,431; 474; 1,832; 594; 340, and 143 mg per plant, while by I. hederifolia, 727; 52; 810; 350; 148, and 65 mg per plant, for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. Mean accumulation rate of dry mass and macronutrients by maize plants was crescent up to 87 DAE, reaching the maximum value at 103 DAE; while being crescent up to 121 DAE by I. hederifolia plants, reaching the maximum value at 138 DAE. Thus, beyond the interference on harvesting process, a population of I. hederifolia also can compete with maize crop for nutrients.

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

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In tropical regions there is rapid decomposition of plant material deposited on the soil, and the ability to recycle nutrients through this decomposition is one of the most important aspects of cover crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield and nutrient release from forage crops intercropped with maize for silage, and soybean in succession. The study was conducted in the experimental area of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira campus, Brazil. The experiment consisted of maize for silage intercropped with four forage species (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, Urochloa ruziziensis, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, and Panicum maximum cv. Aries) sown in three modalities: in the maize row, together with fertilizer; broadcast at maize sowing; and broadcast in the V4 stage of maize, in a randomized block design in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement with four replications. The evaluation of nutrient release was performed during the soybean cropping that followed the intercropping by the litter bag method at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing of soybean. Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania showed higher dry matter yield when sown by broadcasting at maize sowing. Sowing of forages in the maize row, and through broadcasting at maize sowing led to greater dry matter yield for straw formation. Intercropping of maize with forages in the autumn is an alternative for increasing the amount of straw and cycling of macronutrients in a no-till system. Potassium was the nutrient with the greatest accumulation in the forage straws (up to 150 kg ha(-1)), with 100 % release at 90 days after sowing soybean. The forage straws are thus an excellent alternative for cycling of this nutrient. Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania sown by broadcasting at the time of maize sowing showed greater phosphorus cycling (13 kg ha(-1)). Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania broadcast in the V4 stage of maize is the option with least potential for straw production and nutrient cycling, while the other options (forages and sowing modalities) have higher potential for use, at the criteria of machine availability for setting up intercropping with corn.

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Knowledge of the amount of nutrients accumulated in the plant provides important information that can assist in the fertilization of crops program. To study the salt effect caused by high amounts of fertilizers applied by fertigation, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the FCA/UNESP, Botucatu, SP. The experiment lasted 90 days (01/11/11 to 29/01/12) constituting five levels of electrical conductivity (1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, and 12.0 dS m-1), fertigation two management (M1: traditional management, M2: management by controlling the ionic concentration of the soil solution) and two varieties of beets (Early Wonder and Itapuã) blocks with 4 repeats forming a 5x2x2 factorial. From the dry weight of shoots and roots was determined the levels of micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn mg kg-1), and by multiplying the dry matter accumulation was determined in these plant . The accumulation of micronutrients in different parts of the plant followed the order: Fe> Mn> Zn> B> Cu for the different management fertigation studied. The Cu, Fe, Mn element present responses to increased soil salinity leading to greater absorption.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The proper use of management strategies, such as grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization are primordial to the success of integrated crop-livestock system. Several studies have demonstrated the influence of grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization on dynamics of forage production and nutrient cycling. However, most this researches studying these strategies in isolation and little is known about the interaction of these factors in the management of an integrated crop-livestock system. In this context, the aim of this study is to determine the best management strategy involving sward height and nitrogen fertilization, permitting greater forage production and improved efficiency in the use of nitrogen soil by a black oat ‘BRS 139’ plus ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ pasture in integrated crop-livestock system. The experiment was realized in Abelardo Luz – SC, in an area of 14 ha, where has been conducted an experiment in long term with integrated crop-livestock system under no-tillage since 2012. The experimental design is a randomized block design with three replications in a factorial design (2x2), the first factor was the grazing intensity (high and low), characterized by two sward height management (10 and 25 cm), and the second included the time factor application of N in the system: N applied on pasture (N-pasture) and N applied on the culture of grain (N-grain), at dose of 200 kg N ha stocking and variable stocking rate. The previous crop to pasture was corn. The nitrogen fertilization of pasture increased tiller density, forage density, participation of ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ and percentage of ryegrass leaves in forage mass. Forage mass was less at low sward height on average, however the percentage of ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ and rye leaves was greater and dead material was lower in this treatment. With nitrogen fertilization of pasture it was possible to double the amount of forage accumulated in periods with further development of ryegrass, furthermore, the total production of DM was increased in 38.4% and the shoot N concentration in 28.6%. When the nitrogen fertilization is applied in pasture, it is possible to keep black oat ‘BRS 139’ plus ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ pasture with an average sward height of 11 cm. The residual effect of N applied at corn was not sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of pasture and the forage production was affected by periods with N deficiency, while a single application of 200 kg N ha was sufficient to meet the N requirements throughout the forage accumulation period. The black oat ‘BRS 139’ plus ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ pasture is efficient in use and recovery of the nitrogen applied in both treatments of sward height.

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Em uma formação de restinga na Ilha do Mel, Paranaguá-PR, foram avaliadas, mensalmente, a serapilheira produzida e a acumulada, em quadrados de 0,25 m², durante um ano (julho/1996-junho/1997). A decomposição, mensal e anual, foi estimada, indiretamente, pela razão entre serapilheira produzida e acumulada. A produção anual de serapilheira de 5,1 t.ha-1 encontra-se no limite inferior aos obtidos em outras florestas tropicais, e decorre, provavelmente, do solo arenoso e pobre em nutrientes. A produção e a decomposição foram sazonais, mais intensa durante o período mais quente e chuvoso, estando relacionadas, principalmente, à temperatura. O pequeno acúmulo de serapilheira (5,5t.ha-1.ano -1), e a ausência de variações mensais significativas neste compartimento denotam o sincronismo entre estes processos, que, aliado a taxa de decomposição anual relativamente baixa (kL = 0,92), representa grande valor adaptativo para o ecossistema, pois, pode minimizar as perdas por lixiviação e permitir um melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes e água disponíveis momentaneamente. Tais mecanismos, bem como o caráter perenifólio das espécies, escleromorfia, e uma rede de raízes superficiais, possibilitam o desenvolvimento da comunidade vegetal sob as condições oligotróficas do solo. Estes, além do clima, parecem exercer uma forte influencia na determinação dos padrões de produção e decomposição da serapilheira.

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A preocupação com o aumento da concentração de gases de efeito estufa (GEE - CO2, CH4 e N2O) na atmosfera fez com que a comunidade científica quantificasse a emissão destes pelas diversas atividades antrópicas, para melhor entendimento do impacto de cada uma neste processo. Nesses levantamentos, a atividade agropecuária mundial é considerada como responsável por 25% dos GEE emitidos no planeta (IPCC, 2001), e esta percentagem também é a mesma observada no setor agropecuário brasileiro. Os solos representam o terceiro maior compartimento de carbono (C) terrestre, por isso são crescentes os esforços em identificar práticas agropecuárias que promovam o acúmulo ou a manutenção da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). No entanto, estudos sobre a dinâmica deste elemento são realizados, geralmente, sem levar em consideração a sua interação com outros nutrientes. Deve-se considerar que no solo, o C encontra-se em forma orgânica, formando compostos de natureza variável.

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A fenologia foliar tem sido utilizada como uma característica importante na seleção dos clones de Hevea spp., enquanto o teor de nutrientes na serapilheira é um bom indicador da ciclagem de nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da periodicidade de emissão de fluxos foliares na floração de copa de Hevea pauciflora, estado nutricional e qualidade da serapilheira. Foram avaliadas 15 plantas de 10 anos de idade dos clones de copa CNS G 112, CNS G 124 e CBA 2. Nas condições edafoclimáticas da Amazônia tropical úmida, a emissão de folhas e de floração de H. pauciflora ocorre com maior intensidade no segundo semestre (início do período chuvoso). A H. pauciflora apresenta maior acúmulo de serapilheira que a floresta primária e os teores foliares de 22,18 g kg-1 de N, 1,47 g kg-1 de P, 5,77 g kg-1 de K, 3,79 g kg-1 de Ca, 2,09 g kg-1 de Mg, 16,15 mg kg-1 de B, 6,14 mg kg-1 de Cu, 53,87 mg kg-1 de Fe, 66,20 mg kg-1 de Mn e 48,44 mg kg-1 de Zn podem ser utilizados como referência para essa espécie de seringueira.

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A trial was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition in the aerial part of lettuce, cv. 'Elisa', irrigated with wastewater treated with constructed wetland and source deposit water, grown on a Rhodic Hapludox Soil, using the irrigation systems sprinkle, subsurface drip and surface drip irrigation. The experiment was carried out from August 17th to October 3rd of 2001 and the chemical analyses of the lettuce were accomplished to 47 days after transplanting of the seedling. The aerial part of the lettuce was analyzed as for the levels of total nitrogen, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, sodium, boron, cobalt and molybdenum. The sodium and the sulfur presented higher levels than the maximum suitable in the aerial part of the lettuce and the smallest level of magnesium, while other chemical elements analyzed were normal and appropriate considering the standard for well-nourished plants, not being influenced by the water type. The sodium was the chemical element that presented the highest levels in the aerial part of the lettuce in the treatments irrigated with wastewater, presenting significant difference in relationship to the treatments irrigated with source deposit water in the three irrigation systems. The use of the different irrigation systems by the application of wastewater treated with constructed wetland did not interfere in the levels of nutrients in the aerial part of the lettuce.