Design and physicochemical stability studies of paediatric oral formulations of sildenafil

Abstract Personalized medicine is a challenging research area in paediatric treatments. Elaborating new paediatric formulations when no commercial forms are available is a common practice in pharmacy laboratories; among these, oral liquid formulations are the most common. But due to the lack of specialized equipment, frequently studies to assure the efficiency and safety of the final medicine cannot be carried out. Thus the purpose of this work was the development, characterization and stability evaluation of two oral formulations of sildenafil for the treatment of neonatal persistent pulmonary hypertension. After the establishment of a standard operating procedure (SOP) and elaboration, the physicochemical stability parameters appearance, pH, particle size, rheological behaviour and drug content of formulations were evaluated at three different temperatures for 90 days. Equally, prediction of long term stability, as well as, microbiological stability was performed. Formulations resulted in a suspension and a solution slightly coloured exhibiting fruity odour. Formulation I (suspension) exhibited the best physicochemical properties including Newtonian behaviour and uniformity of API content above 90% to assure an exact dosification process.

Current and future trens in the quality control of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaticals : impacts on Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)

[Summary] 2. Roles of quality control in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. - 2.1. Pharmaceutical industry. - 2.2. Biopharmaceutical industry. - 2.3. Policy and regulatory. - 2.3.1. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). - 2.3.2. The European Medicine Agency (EMEA). - 2.3.3. The Japanese Ministry of Work, Labor and Welfare (MHLW). - 2.3.4. The Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic). - 2.3.5. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). - - 3. Types of testing. - 3.1. Microbiological purity tests. - 3.2. Physiochemical tests. - 3.3. Critical to quality steps. - 3.3.1. API starting materials and excipients. - 3.3.2. Intermediates. - 3.3.3. APIs (drug substances) and final drug product. - 3.3.4. Primary and secondary packaging materials fro drug products. - - 4. Manufacturing cost and quality control. - 4.1.1. Pharmaceutical manufacturing cost breakdown. - 4.1.2. Biopharmaceutical manufacturing cost breakdown. - 4.2. Batch failure / rejection / rework / recalls. - - 5. Future trends in the quality control of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. - 5.1. Rapid and real time testing. - 5.1.1. Physio-chemicals testing. - 5.1.2. Rapid microbiology methods

Disseny i creació d'una xarxa social multiplataforma basada en geolocalització

Estudi i disseny d'una app basada en la geolocalització d'elements i la compartició en un aplicatiu dissenyats per a mòbils multiplataforma basat en el model de les xarxes socials. Amb aquest projecte volem familiaritzar-nos amb en el desenvolupament sobre entorns mòbils i amb la utilització de estàndards sòlids que permetin una aplicació multi plataforma. Un altre objectiu a aconseguir amb aquest projecte, és el desenvolupament d’una API que permeti als usuaris de l’aplicació comunicar-se amb el cloud.Tant mateix caldrà que l’aplicació es comuniqui de forma eficient amb el cloud propi per obtenir dades, com són els punts d’interès (POIs) o amb el cloud extern per obtenir els mapes, en aquest cas, emprant les API de openstreetmap. Per aconseguir aquests objectius el projecte es dividirà fases, en la primera es perseguirà l’objectiu d’aconseguir una eina mòbil que permeti mostrar per pantalla, la ubicació del telèfon mòbil, amb els punts d’interès que es trobin en el seu radi d’acció. En una segona fase es desenvoluparà una API pròpia per a l’aplicació, que permeti la consulta dels punts d’interès, la publicació dels mateixos, etc..per últim s’integrarà l’aplicació mòbil amb la API del cloud, per mostrar la informació en els dispositius mòbils.

Ontologia de LinkedIn : El primer pas per inferir informació a partir de les ofertes de feina

Amb aquest treball de final de carrera de la titulació d'enginyeria tècnica en informàtica de gestió es pretén fer una primera aproximació al món de l'anàlisi semàntic de webs. Consisteix, per una banda, en la creació d'una ontologia per emmagatzemar informació provinent de la web de LinkedIn de manera que després pugui ser analitzada i permeti filtrar les dades de manera pràctica evitant l'excés d'informació no útil. Per altra banda, el treball inclou el desenvolupament d'una aplicació per a l'obtenció de la informació de la web de LinkedIn de manera automàtica, i un mètode per a la importació a l'ontologia creada.

Ontologia del LinkedIn : Primer pas per inferir informació a partir de les ofertes de feina

El cas que ens ocupa és la xarxa social LinkedIn. La quantitat d'ofertes i demandes de feina fan a vegades difícil extreure'n la informació necessària. Es vol crear una ontologia per tal de nodrir les dades presents en la web LinkedIn amb informació semàntica. Mitjançant el programari Protégé es pretén crear aquesta ontologia i, mitjançant les API que ofereix LinkedIn, un mitjà per inferir informació respecte a les ofertes i demandes de feina.

Design and physicochemical stability studies of paediatric oral formulations of sildenafil

Personalized medicine is a challenging research area in paediatric treatments. Elaborating new paediatric formulations when no commercial forms are available is a common practice in pharmacy laboratories; among these, oral liquid formulations are the most common. But due to the lack of specialized equipment, frequently studies to assure the efficiency and safety of the final medicine cannot be carried out. Thus the purpose of this work was the development, characterization and stability evaluation of two oral formulations of sildenafil for the treatment of neonatal persistent pulmonary hypertension. After the establishment of a standard operating procedure (SOP) and elaboration, the physicochemical stability parameters appearance, pH, particle size, rheological behaviour and drug content of formulations were evaluated at three different temperatures for 90 days. Equally, prediction of long term stability, as well as, microbiological stability was performed. Formulations resulted in a suspension and a solution slightly coloured exhibiting fruity odour. Formulation I (suspension) exhibited the best physicochemical properties including Newtonian behaviour and uniformity of API content above 90% to assure an exact dosification process.

Teor e composição do óleo essencial de cinco acessos de mentrasto

This study aimed to analyse the content and the composition of the essential oil of five accesses of mentrasto (Ageratum conyzoides). Five accesses of mentrasto with three repetitions were used. The accesses were obtained in Mariana-MG (AMA), Piranga-MG (API), Visconde do Rio Branco (ARB) and Viçosa-MG (AVB and AVP). The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and the identification of the oil components by CG and GC/MS. The ARB access presented the higher essential oil content, that is 0.70% (P < 0.05). Eleven chemical compounds were identified. The precocene I was the main constituent in the access API, and the precocene II was the main constituent in the accesses AMA, ARB, AVB and AVP.

Separação e determinação quantitativa dos alcanos lineares e dos cíclicos/ramificados em petróleos brasileiros por aduto de ureia e cromatografia gasosa: um estudo de caso revisitado

A complete analysis of oils and their fractions allows correlations to be defined between their composition and derivatives or related geological materials. This work focused on optimization and implementation of a method for separation and quantification of n-alkanes in Brazilian oil samples by urea adduction and GC-FID techniques. Ten samples with different ºAPI were analyzed in triplicate to quantify individual n-alkanes and cyclic/branched alkane fraction. For individual quantification of n-alkanes, internal standardization with deuterated n-tetracosane was used. The use of urea adduction for the separation and quantification of n-alkanes was highly effective, with recovery values of above 80%.

Applications of graph transformation in tools for domain-specific modeling languages

The use of domain-specific languages (DSLs) has been proposed as an approach to cost-e ectively develop families of software systems in a restricted application domain. Domain-specific languages in combination with the accumulated knowledge and experience of previous implementations, can in turn be used to generate new applications with unique sets of requirements. For this reason, DSLs are considered to be an important approach for software reuse. However, the toolset supporting a particular domain-specific language is also domain-specific and is per definition not reusable. Therefore, creating and maintaining a DSL requires additional resources that could be even larger than the savings associated with using them. As a solution, di erent tool frameworks have been proposed to simplify and reduce the cost of developments of DSLs. Developers of tool support for DSLs need to instantiate, customize or configure the framework for a particular DSL. There are di erent approaches for this. An approach is to use an application programming interface (API) and to extend the basic framework using an imperative programming language. An example of a tools which is based on this approach is Eclipse GEF. Another approach is to configure the framework using declarative languages that are independent of the underlying framework implementation. We believe this second approach can bring important benefits as this brings focus to specifying what should the tool be like instead of writing a program specifying how the tool achieves this functionality. In this thesis we explore this second approach. We use graph transformation as the basic approach to customize a domain-specific modeling (DSM) tool framework. The contributions of this thesis includes a comparison of di erent approaches for defining, representing and interchanging software modeling languages and models and a tool architecture for an open domain-specific modeling framework that e ciently integrates several model transformation components and visual editors. We also present several specific algorithms and tool components for DSM framework. These include an approach for graph query based on region operators and the star operator and an approach for reconciling models and diagrams after executing model transformation programs. We exemplify our approach with two case studies MICAS and EFCO. In these studies we show how our experimental modeling tool framework has been used to define tool environments for domain-specific languages.

Construction Plan Image Service for Mobile Devices

The forthcoming media revolution of exchanging paper documents to digital media in construction engineering requires new tools to be developed. The basis of this bachelor’s thesis was to explore the preliminary possibilities of exporting imagery from a Building Information Modelling –software to a mobile phone on a construction yard. This was done by producing a Web Service which uses the design software’s Application Programming Interface to interact with a structures model in order to produce the requested imagery. While mobile phones were found lacking as client devices, because of limited processing power and small displays, the implementation showed that the Tekla Structures API can be used to automatically produce various types of imagery. Web Services can be used to transfer this data to the client. Before further development the needs of the contractor, benefits for the building master and inspector and the full potential of the BIM-software need to be mapped out with surveys.

Europeana content priorities

David Smithin esitys Europeana työpajassa 20.11.2012 Helsingissä.

Prevalência de colonização por estreptococos do grupo B em gestantes atendidas em maternidade pública da região Nordeste do Brasil

OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalência da colonização pelo estreptococo do grupo B (EGB) em gestantes em pródromos ou em trabalho de parto. MÉTODOS: foram colhidas culturas vaginal e retal de 201 gestantes atendidas no setor de admissão de maternidade pública da região Nordeste do Brasil (São Luís, Maranhão). As amostras obtidas foram inoculadas em meio seletivo de Todd Hewith e, posteriormente, subcultivadas em placas de ágar sangue. O teste de CAMP (Christie, Atkins, Munch-Petersen) foi utilizado para identificação do EGB, confirmado sorologicamente pelo sistema de microteste kit Api 20 Strep da BioMérieux. As amostras positivas para EGB foram submetidas ao teste de sensibilidade para antibióticos. Foram estudadas as variáveis sociodemográficas, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos e desfechos perinatais. Na análise estatística foram utilizados os programas Epi-Info 3.3.2, da Organização Mundial de Saúde e o Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versão 14.0. A razão de prevalência foi utilizada como medida de risco, considerando como nível de significância p<0,05, aceitando-se poder de 80%. RESULTADOS: a prevalência da colonização materna pelo EGB foi de 20,4%. Não foi encontrada associação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas ou antecedentes gineco-obstétricos, com a maior presença de colonização pelo EGB. Houve dois desfechos infecciosos entre os recém-natos de mães colonizadas, porém as hemoculturas foram negativas. Foram encontradas taxas de resistência elevadas para os seguintes antibióticos: clindamicina, 25,4%; eritromicina, 23,6% e ceftriaxona 12,7%. CONCLUSÕES: a prevalência da colonização materna pelo EGB foi elevada, semelhante à descrita em outros estudos. As taxas elevadas de resistência aos antimicrobianos, especialmente ceftriaxona, indicam a necessidade de mais estudos para determinar a sorotipagem deste agente e os protocolos de orientação para uso racional de antimicrobianos.

Sorotipagem de amostras de Streptococcus suis isoladas de suínos em granjas dos Estados de São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Paraná

Infecções causadas por Streptococcus suis são muito comuns em países onde a indústria de carne suína é desenvolvida. Estas infecções estão relacionadas a casos clínicos de broncopneumonia, meningite, artrite, pericardite, miocardite, endocardite, poliserosite fibrinosa, septicemia, rinite e aborto. Esta bactéria também foi descrita como patógeno de ruminantes e humanos. No Brasil há evidências clínicas da existência de processos infecciosos causados por S. suis afetando mais de 50% das granjas em Estados como São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Paraná. No presente estudo foram isoladas 51 amostras de S. suis de granjas do Estados acima referidos, coletadas de diferentes casos clínicos como septicemia, meningite, artrite e pneumonia, tendo sido obtidas ou em cultura pura ou como patógeno de maior predominância nos tecidos de suínos. Este material foi semeado em Columbia ágar sangue adicionado de 5% de sangue bovino e incubado a 37°C por 24 horas. Para a identificação bioquímica as colônias que apresentavam a-hemólise, bem como as amostras padrão, foram submetidas a testes convencionais para a confirmação da espécie S. suis, tais como: hidrólise de arginina, teste de Voges-Proskauer, e produção de ácido a partir de vários carboidratos (inulina, salicina, trealose, lactose, sacarose, sorbitol, manitol e glicerol). As amostras também foram testadas para habilidade de crescimento em meio de TSA com 6,5% de NaCl e para a produção de amilase. Todas as amostras que fizeram parte desta pesquisa foram testadas pelo sistema Api 20 Strep para confirmação dos resultados obtidos nos testes convencionais. Para a sorotipagem foram produzidos antissoros de 1 a 8. Outras amostras não pertencentes a estes sorotipos também foram sorotipadas. O antissoro produzido em coelhos foi titulado pelo teste de aglutinação em tubo com 2-mercaptoetanol e pelo teste de reação capsular e, quando adequados, foram usados no teste de co-aglutinação, para a sorotipagem das amostras de S. suis. A sorotipagem das 51 amostras isoladas mostraram os seguintes resultados: 30 (58,8%) foram classificadas como sorotipo 2, 11 (21,6%) das amostras como sorotipo 3, sete (13,72%) como sorotipo 7, duas (3,92%) como sorotipo 1 e uma amostra como pertencente ao sorotipo14 (1,96%). Este é o primeiro relato do isolamento de um grande número de amostras de S. suis no Brasil, de casos típicos de processos infecciosos causados por esta bactéria. Também foi realizada a sorotipagem dos isolados, mostrando uma alta prevalência do sorotipo 2, quando comparada com a dos demais sorotipos encontrados.

Phenotypical characterization of Candida spp. isolated from crop of parrots (Amazona spp.)

The purpose of this study was to characterize Candida isolates from crop of parrots. Forty baby parrots of genus Amazona, species aestiva and amazonica that were apprehended from wild animal traffic were used: 18 presented ingluvitis and 22 other alterations, but showing general debilitation. Samples were seeded on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol after be obtained by the introduction of urethral probe through the esophagus. Based on morphology and biochemical reactions (API 20C) Candida was confirmed; it was still searched the production of proteinase and phospholipase, virulence factors for Candida species. Candida spp. were isolated from 57.5% parrots, being 72.2% from birds with ingluvitis and 45.5% from without ones. Twenty-five strains of Candida were isolated, 60% and 40%, respectively from parrots with and without ingluvitis, and were speciated: 28% C. humicola, 24% C. parapsilosis, 20% C. guilliermondii, 20% C. famata, and 8% C. albicans. These results demonstrate that C. albicans is not the most frequent species isolated, and it is the first report that shows C. guilliermondii, C. famata, and C. humicola causing infection in parrots. Many isolates presented filamentation (76%), 100% produced proteinase and 68% phospholipase. The observation of Candida spp. producing virulence factors reinforce the pathogenic role of these yeasts in the cases studied.