Influence of Pulsed-Electric Field Irradiation in Crystallization

The growing pharmaceutical interest, among others, in the polymorphic composition of the emerging solid end-products from production processes has been traced to the need for attainment of high product purity. This is more so as the presence of different polymorphs may constitute physical impurity of the product. Hence, the need for optimization of the yield of desired product component(s) through controlled crystallization kinetics for instance. This study was carried out to investigate the impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) irradiation on the crystal morphology of glycine obtained by cooling crystallization (without seeding) from commercial glycine sample in distilled deionized water solution. In doing so, three different pulse frequencies (294, 950 and 145 Hz) and a case without PEF were studied at three cooling rates (5, 10 and 20 ºC/h). The crystal products obtained were analyzed for polymorphic composition by powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy while the particles characterization was done on Morphologi G3. The results obtained from this study showed that pulsed electric field irradiation had significant impact on metastability of the aqueous solution as well as on the polymorphic composition of the end product. With increasing PEF frequency applied, nucleation started earlier and the γ-glycine polymorph content of the product crystals increased. These were found to have been aided by cooling rate, as the most significant effect was observed at 5 ºC/h. It was also discovered that PEF application had no measurable impact on the pH of the aqueous solution as well as the size distribution of the particles. Cooling on the contrary was believed to be responsible for the broadening of the particle size distribution with a downward shift of the lower limit of the raw material from about 100 μm to between 10 and 50 μm.

Tunturi-Lapin liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma : Liikenneympäristö ja liikenneturvallisuustyön organisointi

Tunturi-Lapin liikenneympäristöä koskeva liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma on laadittu, jotta liikenneturvallisuusongelmat ja niihin ideoidut parantamistoimenpiteet ovat selvillä kuntien ja ELY-keskuksen toiminta- ja taloussuunnittelussa. Liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelman laatimisen yhteydessä organisoitiin kuntien liikenneturvallisuusryhmien toimintaa. Nykytilanteen arviointi on laadittu sidosryhmätyöskentelyn, asukaskyselyn, taustarekisterien analysoinnin, maastokäyntien sekä sidosryhmien kanssa käytyjen vuoropuhelujen avulla. Pääosa liikenneturvallisuusongelmista sijoittuvat valtion ylläpitämille maanteille ja niissä oleviin liittymiin sekä matkailukeskuksien tieverkolle. Suunnitelman ja liikenneturvallisuustyön tavoitteet pohjautuvat vuonna 2012 valmistuneeseen valtakunnalliseen liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelmaan Tavoitteet Todeksi. Liikenneympäristöön kohdistuvina toimenpiteinä on esitetty mahdollisimman kustannustehokkaita ja helposti toteutettavia ratkaisuja, joista osa on toteutettavissa ilman tarkempaa jatkosuunnittelua esim. kunnossapitourakoiden yhteydessä. Suuri osa esitetyistä toimenpiteistä parantaa kevyen liikenteen turvallisuutta ajoneuvoliikenteen ajonopeuksia hillitsemällä sekä pääteiden liittymien liikenneturvallisuutta. Keskeisimmille taajama-alueilla oleville maanteille ja kaduille on suunniteltu rakenteellisia hidasteita (töyssyjä sekä korotettuja suojateitä ja liittymiä) ja suojatiesaarekkeita. Myös kevyen liikenteen verkon täydentäminen ja väylien valaistuksen rakentaminen ovat esitettyjen toimenpiteiden listalla. Toimenpiteille on määritelty jatkotoimenpiteet niiden toteutusvalmiuden hahmottamiseksi sekä alustavat kustannusarviot ja toteuttamiselle ohjeellinen kiireellisyysjärjestys. Esitettyjen toimenpiteiden karkea kustannusarvio on yhteensä 23,3 miljoonaa euroa, josta kuntien osuus ovat noin viisi miljoonaa euroa (22 %) ja ELY-keskuksen osuus noin 18,3 miljoonaa euroa (88 %). Valtion ylläpitämille maanteille kohdistuville toimenpiteille on laskettu TARVA-ohjelmalla ns. heva-vähenemä eli vuosittaisten henkilövahinko-onnettomuuksien vähenemä. Laskennallinen heva-vähenemä on 0,8 onnettomuutta vuodessa, mikä tarkoittaa noin 8 henkilövahinkoon johtanutta onnettomuutta vähemmän 10 vuoden aikana.

De praedicamentis seorsim

Invokaatio: I.N.J.

Erythropoietin reduces the expression of myostatin in mdx dystrophic mice

Erythropoietin (EPO) has been well characterized as a renal glycoprotein hormone regulating red blood cell production by inhibiting apoptosis of erythrocyte progenitors in hematopoietic tissues. EPO exerts regulatory effects in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal degenerative disorder of skeletal and cardiac muscle. In this study, we tested the possible therapeutic beneficial effect of recombinant EPO (rhEPO) in dystrophic muscles in mdx mice. Total strength was measured using a force transducer coupled to a computer. Gene expression for myostatin, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Myostatin expression was significantly decreased in quadriceps from mdx mice treated with rhEPO (rhEPO=0.60±0.11, control=1.07±0.11). On the other hand, rhEPO had no significant effect on the expression of TGF-β1 (rhEPO=0.95±0.14, control=1.05±0.16) and TNF-α (rhEPO=0.73±0.20, control=1.01±0.09). These results may help to clarify some of the direct actions of EPO on skeletal muscle.

STABILITY OF OILS HEATED BY MICROWAVE: UV - SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EVALUATION

The effects of microwave heating on the oxidative stability of refined canola, corn and soybean oils were determined by absorptivity in the UV spectrum and by chemical analysis (peroxide and acid values). Samples were heated in a microwave oven (800 W, 2,450 MHz) for 0 to 36 min. Microwave heating produced oxidative degradation in the three oils. Absorptivity at 232 and 270 nm increased gradually with an increase in microwave exposure time (0-36 min) for canola, corn and soybean oils. Values of absorptivity at 232 nm increased from 4.812, 3.568 and 4.183 to 10.579, 12.874 and 15.950 after 36 min of heating canola, corn and soybean oil, respectively. The absorptivity at 232nm, due to the formation of conjugated dienes, was a good index for measuring the degradation of microwaved samples. UV scanning (220 - 320 nm) detected alterations in the spectrum of microwaved samples. Acid value also increased within 36 min of heating for all oils. Peroxide value showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in the initial stage of heating (0-6 min) for all oils. After this period it could not be correlated with absorptivity at 232 nm, due to the instability of hydroperoxides at high temperatures.

Produção de amilase por rizóbios, usando farinha de pupunha como substrato

As amilases estão entre as mais importantes enzimas industriais e são de grande interesse na biotecnologia atual. Embora elas possam ser derivadas de diversas fontes, as de origem microbiana são geralmente as mais procuradas pelas indústrias. As espécies do gênero Bacillus são consideradas as principais fontes de amilases. Apesar disso, a busca por novas fontes microbianas vem crescendo em todo o mundo. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a produção de amilase por rizóbios nativos, usando farinha de pupunha como substrato. Neste estudo, foi adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Foram determinados ainda os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis pH do meio, proteína extracelular, biomassa celular, diâmetro médio da colônia (DMC), diâmetro médio do halo (DMH), índice enzimático (IE) e atividade amilolítica das bactérias selecionadas. Dos 19 isolados com atividade amilolítica em meio YMA modificado, sete (36,8%) exibiram "IE" > 2,1, o que permite considerá-los bons produtores de amilase. Os "IE" apresentados pelos isolados INPA R-987, 950 e 915B foram significativamente inferiores (p < 0,01) aos mostrados pelas bactérias INPA R-926, 975 e 957. A atividade amilolítica variou significativamente (p < 0,01) entre as bactérias investigadas. Os isolados INPA R-975 e R-926 apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior (1,00 U.min-1.mL-1) e a menor (0,31 U.min-1.mL-1) média de atividade. Em termos gerais, a proteína extracelular correlacionou-se positivamente com "IE" (r = 0,52*; p < 0,05) e "DMH" (r = 0,55*; p < 0,05). A biomassa celular apresentou correlações positivas com atividade amilolítica (r = 0,55*; p < 0,05) e "DMH" (r = 0,54*; p < 0,05) e negativa com o pH final do meio de cultivo (r = 0,93**; p < 0,01).

Networking Notch : regulation of Notch traffic and signaling crosstalk

Utvecklingen av flercelliga organismer är en mångfacetterad process som kräver kommunikation celler emellan. Under utvecklingen av en organism måste cellerna göra vissa val, vilket bestämmer riktningen för deras fortsatta utveckling. Utgående från dessa val erhåller cellerna egenskaper som är karaktäristiska för olika celltyper. Notch-signalräckan är en viktig reglerare av valet mellan olika cellöden. Notch-signalräckan aktiveras när Notch-receptorer som uttrycks på ytan av en cell binder till Notch-ligander som uttrycks på ytan av en annan närliggande cell. Denna avhandling belyser mekanismerna som reglerar omsättningen av såväl Notch-receptorer som -ligander till och från cellmembranen, samt ökar förståelsen för hur dessa mekanismer påverkar Notch-medierade cellöden i stamceller. Internalisering av Notch receptorer anses nödvändigt för fullständig aktivering av Notch-signalvägen. De bakomliggande molekylära mekanismerna är dock fortfarande oklara. Vi har upptäckt att atypiskt protein kinas C&#950; (aPKC&#950;) reglerar internaliseringen av Notch-receptorer. aPKC&#950; fosforylerar Notch, vilket leder till receptorns internalisering, men effekten är beroende av receptorns signaleringsstatus. Vi visar att aPKC&#950; reglerar Notch-signaleringen och styr både neuroners och muskelcellers differentiering. Ytterligare har vi analyserat samspelet mellan cellskelettet och Notch-signalvägen. Våra resultat visar att intermediärfilamenten, en del av cellskelettet, är viktiga reglerare av Notch-signaleringen både under neuronal och vaskulär utveckling. Intermediärfilamenten vimentin och GFAP reglerar uttrycket av Notch-ligander vid cellmembranen i hjärnans stödceller, astrocyterna, och påverkar därmed neuronala stamcellers cellödesbeslut. Vimentin är även viktigt reglerare av Notch-signalräckan vid angiogenesen. Celler som saknar vimentin uppvisar avvikande Notch-signalering emedan möss som saknar vimentin påvisar en fördröjd utveckling av vaskulaturen under embryonalstadiet. ------------------------------------------------- Monisoluisten organismien kehittyminen on monimutkainen prosessi, joka vaatii viestintää solujen välillä. Kehittymisen aikana solut joutuvat tiettyjen valintojen eteen, mitkä tulevat määrittämään niiden erilaistumisen suunnan. Solut omaksuvat solutyypille ominaisia ominaisuuksia näihin valintoihin perustuen Notch-signalointireitti säätelee solujen erilaistumista eri suuntiin. Notch-signalointireitti aktivoituu, kun Notch-reseptori yhden solun pinnalla sitoo Notch-ligandin toisen, viereisen solun solukalvolla. Tutkimukseni lisää tuntemusta Notch-reseptoreiden ja ligandien solun sisäisestä liikennöinnistä ja sitä säätelevistä mekanismeista, sekä tämän säätelyn vaikutuksista kantasulojen erilaistumiseen. Notch-signalointireitin aktivoituminen vaatii reseptoreiden ja ligandien sisäistämisen solukalvolta, mutta taustalla olevat ja sisäistymistä säätelevät mekanismit ovat vielä epäselviä. Tutkimukseni osoittaa, että atyyppinen proteiinikinaasi C&#950; (aPKC&#950;) säätelee Notch-reseptoreiden endosytoosia. Endosytoosin lopputulos riippuu siitä onko reseptori aktivoitunut ligandin välityksellä vai ei. Tuloksemme osoittavat aPKC&#950; säätelevän Notch-signalointia ja kontrolloivan sekä hermosolujen, että lihassolujen erilaistumista. Analysoimme myös Notch-signaloinnin ja solun tukirangan vuorovaikutuksia. Välikokoiset filamentit, jotka ovat osa tukirankaa, säätelevät Notch-signalointia neuronaalisen erilaistumisen sekä verisuonten uudismuodostumisen aikana. Vimentiini ja GFAP ovat välikokoisia säikeitä, jotka säätelevät Notch-ligandien ekspressiota astrosyyttien, eli aivojen hermotukisolujen solukalvolla. Vimentiini säätelee myös Notch-signalointireittiä angiogeneesin aikana. Vimentiiniä vailla olevilla soluilla ilmenee heikentynyttä Notch-signalointia, joka voidaan liittää hiirillä ilmenevään vimenttiinin puutteesta johtuvaan viivästyneeseen verisuonien kehitykseen.

Mathematical modeling of microwave dried celery leaves and determination of the effective moisture diffusivities and activation energy

Celery (Apium graveolens L. var. secalinum Alef) leaves with 50±0.07 g weight and 91.75±0.15% humidity (~11.21 db) were dried using 8 different microwave power densities ranging between 1.8-20 W g-1, until the humidity fell down to 8.95±0.23% (~0.1 db). Microwave drying processes were completed between 5.5 and 77 min depending on the microwave power densities. In this study, measured values were compared with predicted values obtained from twenty thin layer drying theoretical, semi-empirical and empirical equations with a new thin layer drying equation. Within applied microwave power density; models whose coefficient and correlation (R²) values are highest were chosen as the best models. Weibull distribution model gave the most suitable predictions at all power density. At increasing microwave power densities, the effective moisture diffusivity values ranged from 1.595 10-10 to 6.377 10-12 m2 s-1. The activation energy was calculated using an exponential expression based on Arrhenius equation. The linear relationship between the drying rate constant and effective moisture diffusivity gave the best fit.

Cálculo de Kt/V em hemodiálise: comparação entre fórmulas

INTRODUÇÃO: A qualidade da diálise oferecida aos pacientes em diálise pode ser mensurada pelo Kt/V, o qual pode ser calculado de diversas maneiras. OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados de Kt/V obtidos por meio das fórmulas de Lowrie (L) e de Daugirdas (D) com os resultados mensurados pelo monitor de clearence on-line - Online Clearence Monitor (OCM). MÉTODO: Estudo observacional transversal com 59 pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). Os dados foram coletados na mesma sessão de diálise: (ureia pré-diálise e pós-diálise) e o resultado de Kt/V foi obtido pelo OCM da máquina Fresenius 4008S (Fresenius Medical Care AG, Bad Homburg, Alemanha). RESULTADO: Foram analisadas 95 sessões, em que prevaleceu o sexo masculino, 56% (33), com idade média de 57 + 14 anos. A hipertensão arterial com 42% (25), diabetes com 12% (7) e glomerulonefrite com 8% (5) foram as causas mais frequentes da doença renal crônica (DRC). O Kt/V médio obtido pela fórmula de L, de D e pelo OCM foi de 1,31; 1,41 e 1,32, respectivamente. A comparação entre as fórmulas de L e D mostra que há diferença estatística p = 0,008 com a correlação de Pearson de 0,950. Entre D e OCM a diferença também é significativa: p = 0,011 e r = 0,346, provavelmente devido a perda convectiva, avaliada pela equação de D e não observadas por OCM e L. A comparação entre L e OCM não foi significativa p = 0,999 e r = 0,577. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que o OCM pode ser utilizado como um norteador para ajuste da dose de diálise em tempo real.

Chassis frame design of a mobile platform equipped with robotic arms

The overall objective of the thesis is to design a robot chassis frame which is a bearing structure of a vehicle supporting all mechanical components and providing structure and stability. Various techniques and scientific principles were used to design a chassis frame.Design principles were applied throughout the process. By using Solid-Works software,virtual models was made for chassis frame. Chassis frame of overall dimension 1597* 800*950 mm3 was designed. Center of mass lieson 1/3 of the length from front wheel at height 338mm in the symmetry plane. Overall weight of the chassis frame is 80.12kg. Manufacturing drawing is also provided. Additionally,structural analysis was done in FEMAP which gives the busting result for chassis design by taking into consideration stress and deflection on different kind of loading resembling real life case. On the basis of simulated result, selected material was verified. Resulting design is expected to perform its intended function without failure. As a suggestion for further research, additional fatigue analysis and proper dynamic analysis can be conducted to make the study more robust.

Intellectual capital, knowledge management practices and firm performance

Researchers have widely recognised and accepted that firm performance is increasingly related to knowledge-based issues. Two separately developed literature streams, intellectual capital (IC) and knowledge management (KM), have been established as the key discussions related to knowledge-based competitive advantage of the firm. Intellectual capital has provided evidence on the strategic key intangible resources of the firm, which could be deployed to create competitive advantage. Knowledge management, in turn, has focused on the managerial processes and practices which can be used to leverage IC to create competitive advantage. Despite extensive literature on both issues, some notable research gaps remain to be closed. In effect, one major gap within the knowledge management research is the lack of understanding related to its influence on firm performance, while IC researchers have articulated a need to utilise more finegrained conceptual models to better understand the key strategic value-creating resources of the firm. In this dissertation, IC is regarded as the entire intellectual capacity, knowledge and competences of the firm that can be leveraged to achieve sustained competitive advantage. KM practices are defined as organisational and managerial activities that enable the firm to leverage its IC to create value. The objective of this dissertation is to answer the research question: “What is the relationship between intellectual capital, knowledge management practices and firm performance?” Five publications have addressed the research question using different approaches. The first two publications were systematic literature reviews of the extant empirical IC and KM research, which established the current state of understanding regarding the relationship between IC, KM practices and firm performance. Publications III and IV were empirical research articles that assessed the developed conceptual model related to IC, KM practices and firm performance. Finally, Publication V was among the first research papers to merge IC and KM disciplines in order to find out which configurations could yield organisational benefits in terms of innovation and market performance outcomes.

Le Petit journal. Supplément du dimanche

1909/01/31 (Numéro 950).

L'Écho de Paris

1886/10/18 (Numéro 950).

L'Écho de Paris

1910/08/15 (Numéro 950).

« Le Zele que doibvent avoir [les princes] à l'estat de l'Eglise ».

Commençant par : « Tres haulte et tres excellente princesse et ma tres redoubtée dame, en la saincte Escripture et theologie des crestiens... » et finissant par : «... il fera tousjours de bonnes choses et pour luy et pour les autres » .